Ohelo Ai Hawaiian Blueberries Are Iconic for Magnum's Double Jeopardy

Summary: Ohelo ai Hawaiian blueberries are iconic for Magnum's Double Jeopardy as the ancient story and the Dec. 4, 2020, episode are about absent brothers.

The fruits of ohelo ai, Hawaii's endemic blueberry (Vaccinium reticulatum), can display great color ranges, including black, blue, orange, purple, red and yellow; Kalahaku Overlook, Haleakala National Park, East Maui; Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2001, 14:56:19: Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Ohelo ai Hawaiian blueberries are iconic for Magnum's Double Jeopardy as the ancient story about the fruit and the Dec. 4, 2020, crime action drama television series episode are about absent brothers.

Director Bryan Spicer and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter Lenkov bring private investigators Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks) and Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) a missing brother case. Ancient Hawaiian culture considered, and its current continuation as traditional Hawaiian culture copies in considering, collecting berries a commemoration of a young couple and their child. The beautiful young bride Hina despaired of marital bliss with her elderly, ill-tempered husband, Chief Olopana, whose much younger brother, Kahikiula, displayed handsomeness, intelligence and manners.

His absent, exquisite wife excusing herself for berry expeditions with his absent, exquisite brother and the enamored couple engendering an equally exquisite son, Kamapua'a, embittered Olopana.

Vaughan MacCaughey, Professor at The College of Hawaii, fit Hawaiian blueberries into The Food Plants of the Ancient Hawaiians for The Scientific Monthly Jan. 1, 1917.

Ancient Hawaiian culture gives biogeographical origins of Hawaiian blueberries to the berry bush, grown, on a lava field, from the dead body of Kamapua'a's sister-in-law Kaohelo. Hawaiian blueberries, hailed locally as cranberries, huckleberries, lingonberries and ohelo ai (from Hawaiian 'ōhelo and 'ai, "edible"), honor volcano goddess Pele, mother of Kamapua'a's daughter Ka'owakaikalani. The Ericaceae (from Latin erīcē, "heather" and -āceae, "resembling") family member inhabits ash dunes, cinder beds and lava flows on Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Maui, Moloka'i and O'ahu.

Ohelo ai Hawaiian blueberries journey through five-plus-year life cycles as cinder soil-tolerant, wind-resistant perennial shrubs at 2,000- to 12,140-foot (609.6- to 3,700-meter) altitudes above sea level.

The Hawaiian islands-only endemic, known scientifically by Sir James Edward Smith's (Dec. 2, 1759-March 17, 1828) taxonomy, keeps vulnerable nēnē Hawaiian geese (Branta sandvicensis) nutritiously nourished.

Sunlit, well-draining maximum 100-inch (2,540-millimeter) annual rainfall leads to each cross-pollinated or self-pollinated fruit lodging 50 to 200 non-viable, small, white-brown or viable, plump, brownish seeds. Elliptical, round or triangle-shaped, brown-white to red-brown seeds manifest six- to 12-month viabilities at temperatures of 93.2 to 96.8 degrees Fahrenheit (34 to 36 degrees Celsius). Nineteen-day germinations necessitate daylight temperatures of 80-plus degrees Fahrenheit (26.66 degrees Celsius), 14 hours of daylight and night-time temperatures of 55 degrees Fahrenheit (12.77 degrees Celsius).

Ohelo ai Hawaiian blueberries, organized scientifically as Vaccinium reticulatum (from Greek ὑάκινθος, "hyacinth-blue" or Latin bacca, "berry" and from Latin rēticulātus, "net-like"), occur June through November.

Flower production prompts within 50 to 60 days black, blue-purple, green-yellow, orange-yellow, pink, red, red-purple or yellow berries with 0.25- to 0.50-inch (0.64- to 1.27-centimeter) diameters.

Green-yellow, red, red-striped yellow or yellow, single, tube-shaped, 0.25-inch- (0.64-centimeter-) long flowers with five petals and 10 stamens queue at the leaf bases of five-year-old bushes. The scientific name respects net-like veins on evergreen, leathery, oval, shiny-smooth to furry or hairy-surfaced, smooth-edged or toothed, 0.38- to 1.25-inch- (0.96- to 3.18-centimeter-) long leaves. The bushy perennials sustain underground-stemmed rhizomes (from Greek ῥίζα, "root") as three-year-olds and 3.94- to 51.18- to 78.74-inch (0.1- to 1.3- to 2-meter) heights as five-plus-year-olds.

Absent brothers and romantic trysts thematically team Hina and Kahikiula around ohelo ai Hawaiian blueberries with Higgins and Ethan Shah (Jay Ali) after emergency medical care.

Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks) and Thomas Sullivan Magnum (Jay Hernandez) in "Double Jeopardy," first episode of Magnum P.I.'s third season; Juliet's gunshot wound in "Double Jeopardy" numbers as her third in the series, with her first gunshot wounding in "I Saw the Sun Rise" (Season I pilot) and second in "Blood in the Water" (Season I episode 19): Magnum P.I. @ MagnumPICBS, via Facebook Dec. 4, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The fruits of ohelo ai, Hawaii's endemic blueberry (Vaccinium reticulatum), can display great color ranges, including black, blue, orange, purple, red and yellow; Kalahaku Overlook, Haleakala National Park, East Maui; Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2001, 14:56:19: Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_011107-0043_Vaccinium_reticulatum.jpg; Forest and Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental @ http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24175635629; Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24175635629/

Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks) and Thomas Sullivan Magnum (Jay Hernandez) in "Double Jeopardy," first episode of Magnum P.I.'s third season; Juliet's gunshot wound in "Double Jeopardy" numbers as her third in the series, with her first gunshot wounding in "I Saw the Sun Rise" (Season I pilot) and second in "Blood in the Water" (Season I episode 19): Magnum P.I. @ MagnumPICBS, via Facebook Dec. 4, 2020, @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/photos/a.188324141812283/741926909785334/

For further information:

Beckwith, Martha. "XIV. Kamapua'a." Hawaiian Mythology, Part II, chapter XIV: 201-213. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press, 1970 (originally published New Haven CT: Yale University Press for The Folklore Foundation of Vassar College, 1940).
Available via Internet Sacred Text Archive (ISTA) @ https://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hm/hm16.htm

Bernice P. Bishop Museum. 2020. "Hawaiian name(s): 'ōhelo, 'ōhelo kau lā'au (V. calycinum), 'ōhelo 'ai (V. reticulatum." Hawaiian Ethnobotany Online Database.
Available @ http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb/ethnobotany.php?b=d&ID=ohelo

"Blood in the Water." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, March 25, 2019.

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Herring, E. "Vaccinium reticulatum." University of Hawaii at Manoa > College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources > Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. Last updated 14 August 2001.
Available @ http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/vac-reti.htm

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Kinsey, T. Beth. "Vaccinium reticulatum - Ohelo 'Ai." Wildlife of Hawaii > Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers > Common Name > O.
Available @ https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/646/vaccinium-reticulatum-ohelo-ai/

MacCaughey, Vaughan. "The Food Plants of the Ancient Hawaiians." The Scientific Monthly, volume 4, January 1, 1917: 75-80.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/jstor-22615/page/n1/mode/2up
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/22615#metadata_info_tab_contents

Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS. "Magnum P.I.December 4 at 11:00 AM ·Magnum and Higgins get all tangled up on tonight's NEW episode. Magnum P.I. is back TONIGHT at 9/8c—you ready?" Facebook. Friday, Dec. 4, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/photos/a.188324141812283/741926909785334/

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2020. "Lahaina Banyan Figs Are Not on Magnum’s The Day It All Came Together." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lahaina-banyan-figs-are-not-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 November 2020. "Lauwiliwili Lemon Butterflyfish Attend Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lauwiliwili-lemon-butterflyfish-attend.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2020. "Inamona Hawaiian Salted Nut Sauce Actuates Magnum’s Day of the Viper." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/inamona-hawaiian-salted-nut-sauce.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 August 2020. "Kawailoa Activities Antedate Magnum’s Winner Takes All Jan. 20, 2019." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/kawailoa-activities-antedate-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2020. "Konane Assuages, Like Chess on Magnum's Blood in the Water." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/konane-assuages-like-chess-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2020. "Uhi Hawaiian Tattoos Acquit Magnum's The Woman Who Never Died." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/uhi-hawaiian-tattoos-acquit-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2020. "Hinahina Beach Heliotrope Abhors Bombs on Magnum’s Nowhere to Hide." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/hinahina-beach-heliotrope-abhors-bombs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 August 2020. "Lapis on Magnum’s Six Paintings Acts Like Silver on The Night Has Eyes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/lapis-on-magnums-six-paintings-acts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 May 2020. "'Uki'uki Hawaiian Lilies Aid Memory on Magnum PI's The Ties That Bind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ukiuki-hawaiian-lilies-aid-memory-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2020. "Orange Tabby Cats Act Like and Unlike Magnum's A Leopard on the Prowl." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/orange-tabby-cats-act-like-and-unlike.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 May 2020. "Mahoe Tree Fruits Are Sweet As Pies on Magnum's May the Best One Win." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/mahoe-tree-fruits-are-sweet-as-pies-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2020. "Pioeoe Purple Rock Barnacles Age Ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/pioeoe-purple-rock-barnacles-age-ships.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2020. "Wahiawa Botanical Garden Awes As Magnum's A World of Troubles Alarms." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/wahiawa-botanical-garden-awes-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2020. "Mamaki Tea, Not Coffee on Magnum's The Night Has Eyes, Aids Alertness." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mamaki-tea-not-coffee-on-magnums-night.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2020. "Tiger Mosquitoes Annoy Magnum's Death Is Only Temporary and Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tiger-mosquitoes-annoy-magnums-death-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2020. "Maui's Fishhook Manaiakalani Arrived After Magnum's Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mauis-fishhook-manaiakalani-arrived.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2020. "Olive Ridley Sea Turtles Are Helped by Magnum’s Murder Is Never Quiet." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/olive-ridley-sea-turtles-are-helped-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2020. "Kamehameha Butterflies Perhaps Are on Magnum's Say Hello to Your Past." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kamehameha-butterflies-perhaps-are-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2020. "Hawaiian House Mice Are Not Playing Magnum's A Game of Cat and Mouse." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-house-mice-are-not-playing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2020. "Iliahi Forest Sandalwood Aims at What Magnum's Black Is the Widow Aims." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iliahi-forest-sandalwood-aims-at-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2020. "Beach Naupaka Are Security Hedges for Magnum's Mondays Are For Murder." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/beach-naupaka-are-security-hedges-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2020. "Hoi Hawaiian Bitter Yams Are Symbols for Magnum's Desperate Measures." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hoi-hawaiian-bitter-yams-are-symbols.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Devil Dodder Abides Around Magnum's Day I Met the Devil." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-devil-dodder-abides-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Red Algae Affirm Aspects of Magnum's Blood Brothers." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-red-algae-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2019. "Ka'upu Black-Footed Albatrosses Avert Magnum's A Bullet Named Fate." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/kaupu-black-footed-albatrosses-avert.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2019. "Maiapilo Hawaiian Capers Are Absent From Magnum's He Came by Night." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/maiapilo-hawaiian-capers-are-absent.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2019. "Lama Hawaiian Ebony Persimmon Augurs Magnum's Man in the Secret Room." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/lama-hawaiian-ebony-persimmon-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2019. "Akohekohe Honeycreepers Attack Like Magnum PI's Knight Lasts Forever." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/akohekohe-honeycreepers-attack-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2019. "Hawaiian Quilts Are More Cryptic Than Magnum PI's Honor Among Thieves." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-quilts-are-more-cryptic-than.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2019. "Ti Tree Root Okolehao Applies To Magnum PI's Payback Is For Beginners." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ti-tree-root-okolehao-applies-to-magnum.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2019. "Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Air a Killer on Magnum's A Kiss Before Dying." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/yellow-fever-mosquitoes-air-killer-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2019. "Hawaii Mamo Feathers Are Like Gold Necklaces on Magnum's Die He Said." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/hawaii-mamo-feathers-are-like-gold.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2019. "Koloa Maoli Hawaiian Ducks Are One Duck Less on Magnum's Sudden Death." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/koloa-maoli-hawaiian-ducks-are-one-duck.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2019. "Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/makou-hawaiian-buttercups-add-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2018. "Makiawa Hawaiian Sardines Appease Magnum PI's The Cat Who Cried Wolf." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/makiawa-hawaiian-sardines-appease.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2018. "Hawaiian Dolphinfish Mahi-Mahi Abide by Magnum PI's From the Head Down." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-dolphinfish-mahi-mahi-abide-by.html

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Ellora Jain Cave 31 Appears Adoring, Ancient, Ascetic and Unfinished

Summary: Ellora Jain Cave 31 alerts audiences to cavern makeovers from ancient Hindu to less ancient Jain cave temples in Ellora, Maharashtra, west India.

Ellora Jain Cave 31 depicts historical Jain founder Mahavira, in padmasana (lotus pose), flanked by 23rd tirthankara Parshvanatha (left) and Gommateshvara (right), son of first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha; Wednesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Ellora Jain Cave 31 announces adorational, ascetic, five-cavern, ninth- and tenth-century additions to 800- to 1,600-year-old, 29-cavern Buddhist and Hindu cave temples in the Ellora Caves of Maharashtra state, western peninsular India.

Ellora Jain Cave 31 brings adorational carvings of ascetic great thinkers together in what began as a Hindu cave temple built under Rashtrakuta emperors (753?-982 C.E.?). It contains adorational carvings of the first two and the last two of 24 ascetic great teachers, each one called a Tirthankara (from Sanskrit र्थंकर, "ford-maker"). Its adorational wall carvings defer to Bahubali (from Sanskrit बाहुबलि, "more" and बल, "strength"), son of first Tirthankara Rishabadeva (from Sanskrit ऋषभ, "bull" and देव, "deity").

Ellora Jain Cave 31 exhibits 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanatha (from Sanskrit पार्श्व, "near" and नाथ, "lord"; 872?-772? B.C.E.), who encouraged 24th Tirthankara Vardhamana's (599/539?-527/467? B.C.E.) enlightenment-seeking parents.

 

Ellora Jain Cave 31 features the first Tirthankara and the 23rd Tirthankara in adorational carvings respectively on the right and left walls of the cavern hall.

Dharanendra (from Sanskrit धारण, "having" and इण्ड्र, "raindrop-possessing"), seven-hooded snake overlord of the Naga (from Sanskrit नाग, "snake") underworld kingdom, guards Parshvanatha in hall wall carvings. Dharanendra and another snake, Padmavarti (from Sanskrit पद्म, "lotus" and वण्ट्, "to share"), helped Parshvanatha while the 23rd Tirthankara headed throughout Kamath, in present-day Karnataka state. Itinerant artisans and monks integrated one hall, one shrine and four pillars into the incomplete interior design for a Hindu cave temple with subsequently installed carvings.

A yaksha (from Sanskrit यक्ष, "ghost) and a yakshi (from Sanskrit यक्षी, "[female] ghost") join the 24th Tirthankara as Ellora Jain Cave 31 shrine room carvings.

Ellora Jain Cave 31 keeps among its shrine room carvings Mahavira (from Sanskrit महावीर, "warrior") as Vardhamana (from Sanskrit वर्धमान, "prosperous") enlightened into the 24th Tirthankara.

The shrine room in Ellora Jain Cave 31 lodges atop a lion throne a carved, cross-legged Mahavira in padmasana (from Sanskrit पद्म, "lotus" and आसन, "seat"). The middle panel of the lion throne maintains a carved chakra (from Sanskrit चक्र, "wheel"), whose perpetual motion manifests a downward course and an upward course. A good serpent notes the upward-coursing Utsarpini (from Sanskrit उत्सर्पिणी, "ascending") of six ever-improving ages and 24 Tirthankara ascetics in the ever-revolving Jain universal timekeeping wheel.

The Ellora Jain Cave 31 panel offers the timekeeping wheel, not the good serpent or, for the downward-coursing Avasarpini (from Sanskrit अवसर्पिणी, "descending"), a bad serpent.

The evil serpent presents the Ellora Jain Cave 31 wheel with six ever more degenerate ages and 24 Tirthankara ascetics in the downward-coursing Avasarpini that prevails.

The shrine wheel queues up for Ellora Jain Cave 31 Jain universal timekeeping as quitting Utsarpini for Avasarpini and vice versa without destructive and recreative transitions. The left side of the shrine room in Ellora Jain Cave 31 reveals the yaksha Matanga (from Sanskrit मतङ्ग, "roamer") riding atop an elephant (Elephantidae family). Lion-throned, right-sculpted yakshi Siddhaiki (from Sanskrit सिद्धि, "accomplishment") sits semi-lotus-positioned, with child, in savyalalitasana (from Sanskrit सव्य, "left [leg dangling]"; ललित, "playing"; आसन, "seat") royal ease.

Ellora Jain Cave 31 transmits unfinished transitions from a Hindu cave temple for Shiva into a Jain meditational shrine for Parshvanatha, whose enlightenment traces to Shiva.

Ellora Jain Cave 31 presents historical Jain founder Mahavira, in padmasana (lotus pose) with yaksha Matanga, seated on an elephant (left), and yakshi Siddaiki, seated on a lion (right); Wednesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Ellora Jain Cave 31 depicts historical Jain founder Mahavira, in padmasana (lotus pose), flanked by 23rd tirthankara Parshvanatha (left) and Gommateshvara (right), son of first tirthankara, Rishabhanatha; Wednesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_86.jpg

Ellora Jain Cave 31 presents historical Jain founder Mahavira, in padmasana (lotus pose) with yaksha Matanga, seated on an elephant (left), and yakshi Siddaiki, seated on a lion (right); Wednesday, Sep. 6, 2016: Anupamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ellora_Caves_88.jpg

For further information:

"About Ellora Caves." Yatra > Monuments of India > Monuments in Aurangabad. Copyrighted 2019.
Available @ https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/aurangabad/ellora-caves

Ajay Kulkarni @kulkey2015. 8 May 2019. "Ellora Caves, 6-8th cent, India a world heritage Always a different experience to witness the symphony of art, architecture, nature brought together by Summer high contrast light. Built during early kalachuries, rashtrakutas and Buddhist period. My recent visit to cave 19." Twitter.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 20 November 2020. "Ellora Jain Caves 30 to 34 Appear More Hindu and Jain Than Buddhist." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-jain-caves-30-to-34-appear-more.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 12 Arranges Heaven Above and Hell Below Meru." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-buddhist-cave-12-arranges-heaven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 11 Answers to the Name Do Taal and to Vajrapani." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/ellora-buddhist-cave-11-answers-to-name.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 October 2020. "Ashtamahabhaya Tara Averts Ellora Buddhist Cave 9 Adversity." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ashtamahabhaya-tara-averts-ellora.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 10 Allowed Meditators, Nicknames and Stayovers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-10-allowed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 8 Perhaps Assuages All Poisons Through Mahamayuri." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-8-perhaps-assuages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 7 Appears Ample, Not Accomplished or Adorned as 8." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-7-appears-ample.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 October 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 4 Adds Soapberry Seeds as Buddhist Prayer Beads." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/ellora-buddhist-cave-4-adds-soapberry.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 3 Arranges Eight Perils for Bodhisattva Padmapani." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-3-arranges-eight.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 September 2020. "Vidyadhara Demigods Assure Ellora Buddhist Cave 2 of Joyful Goodness." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/vidyadhara-demigods-assure-ellora.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 1 Ages Attractively as a Cavern Temple Monastery." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-1-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 September 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 5 Adds the Most Area to Ellora Buddhist Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/ellora-buddhist-cave-5-adds-most-area.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Cave 6 Augurs Auspiciousness With its Makara Torana." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-buddhist-cave-6-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 August 2020. "Ellora Buddhist Caves Abound With Ancient Aspects of Tantric Buddhism." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-buddhist-caves-abound-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 August 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 16 Appears as Mount Kailasa But Appeals to Saraswati." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-hindu-cave-16-appears-as-mount.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 15 a Lion, a Name and Demon King Hiranyakasipu." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/ellora-hindu-cave-15-admits-lion-name.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 14 Adds up to a King, a Name and Demonic Adventures." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-14-adds-up-to-king.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 13 Perhaps Acted as Abode of Ganesha and Wayfarers." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-13-perhaps-acted-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 25 Artisans Adorned Its Ceiling With Sun God Surya." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-25-artisans-adorned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 24 Aids Artists, Scientists Analyzing Water Features." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-24-aids-artists.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 July 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 23 Accepts Shiva as Fertility God and as Trimurti." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/ellora-hindu-cave-23-accepts-shiva-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 22 Allows a Fertility Bull and a Fertility God." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-22-allows-fertility.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 18 Appeals to Hearth and Sacrificial Fire God Agni." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-18-appeals-to-hearth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 17 Appreciates Gandharva Celestial Spirits and Shiva." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-17-appreciates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 June 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 26 Perhaps Asks for Auspicious Aid to Traders." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Availabled @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/ellora-hindu-cave-26-perhaps-asks-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 20 Adds the Last Adventure of Buffalo Demon Mahisha." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-20-adds-last.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 21 Acclaims Shiva and Alludes to Jumna and Krishna." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-21-acclaims-shiva-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 29 Assumes That Parvati and Shiva Adore One Another." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-29-assumes-that.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 19 Appears Third Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-19-appears-third-most.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 May 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Appears Second Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ellora-hindu-cave-27-appears-second.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 28 Accesses Waterfall Rainbows Over Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-hindu-cave-28-accesses-waterfall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Arranged as Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Cave Temples." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-caves-are-arranged-as-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2020. "Are Indian Ring-Necked Rose-Ringed Parakeets Still at Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/are-indian-ring-necked-rose-ringed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2020. "Indian Three-Striped Palm Squirrels Augur the Hindu Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/indian-three-striped-palm-squirrels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-accept-walking-meditations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally With Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhat Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

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Monday, Dec. 14, Total Solar Eclipse Is Second 2020 Solar Eclipse

Summary: The Monday, Dec. 14, total solar eclipse is the second 2020 solar eclipse and is fully seen in Argentina, Chile, the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

total solar eclipse of Monday, Dec. 14, 2020, details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Monday, Dec. 14, total solar eclipse is the second 2020 solar eclipse, is fully visible in Argentina, Chile and the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and is the last of the year’s six eclipses.

The eclipse’s path of partiality stretches across the equator, into the Northern Hemisphere, to offer partial visibility to a small part of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and a larger area of the central and eastern North Pacific Ocean. In addition to Argentina and Chile’s non-totality areas, six countries on the South American continent benefit from partiality’s expansive path. Parts of Brazil, Ecuador and Peru fall within partiality’s path. All of Bolivia, Paraguay and Ecuador experience partiality.

The December solar eclipse’s path of partiality also reaches across the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to include parts of the Southern Ocean. Parts of Antarctica, including the Antarctic Peninsula and parts of East Antarctica also lie within partiality’s path.

December’s total solar eclipse begins as a partial eclipse Monday, Dec. 14, at 13:33:47.7 Universal Time (8:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time; 10:33 a.m. Chile Summer Time; 10:33 a.m. Argentina Time), according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. The eclipse’s total portion starts at 14:32:27.9 UT (9:32 a.m. EST; 11:32 a.m. CLST and ART). Totality ends at 17:54:12.9 UT (12:54 p.m. EST; 2:54 p.m. CLST and ART). The eclipse closes with the end of partiality, at 18:53:59.8 UT (1:53 p.m. EST; 3:53 p.m. CLST and ART).

Greatest eclipse refers to the instant of closest passage of the axis of the lunar shadow cone to Earth’s center. Greatest eclipse happens at 16:13:22.9 UT (11:13 a.m. EST; 1:13 p.m. CLST and ART).

Greatest eclipse’s coordinates of 40 degrees 20.5 minutes south latitude at 67 degrees 56.1 minutes west longitude place the event in south-central Argentina, at the northern edge of Patagonia. The location is in Nueve de Julio Department in central-south Río Negro Province.

Local circumstances at greatest eclipse include a path width of 90.2 kilometers (56.04miles). NASA’s Eclipse Web Site calculates the sun’s altitude, the angle up from the horizon, at the instant of greatest eclipse at 72.7 degrees.

The sun’s azimuth, the angle along the horizon, measures 10.3 degrees. The sun’s azimuthal direction during greatest eclipse is 10 degrees east of due north. The U.S. Naval Observatory’s Astronomical Applications Department website explains that azimuthal readings assign zero degrees to north and increase clockwise around the observer’s horizon. East is at 90 degrees, with south at 180 degrees and west at 270 degrees.

NASA’s Eclipse Web Site explains that a total or annular solar eclipse’s central line claims the event’s longest duration. The central axis of the lunar shadow cone traces the central line during its traversal of Earth’s surface. The path of totality encloses the central line.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website places the start time of the central line’s starting point on Earth’s surface at 14:32:50.4 UT1 (9:32 a.m. EST; 11:32 a.m. CLST and ART). The starting point of 7 degrees 46.0 minutes south latitude at 132 degrees 50.4 minutes west longitude happens northeast of France’s Marquesas Islands (Îles Marquises or Archipel des Marquises) in the South Pacific Ocean.

The central line reaches its ending point on Earth’s surface at 17:54:05.9 UT1 (12:54 p.m. EST; 2:54 p.m. CLST and ART). Coordinates of 23 degrees 36.8 minutes south latitude at 11 degrees 2.9 minutes east longitude mark the central line’s ending point. This last contact with Earth’s surface occurs over the open waters of the South Atlantic Ocean, between the United Kingdom’s Saint Helena, to the northeast, and Tristan da Cunha, to the southwest.

December’s total solar eclipse numbers as the second of two 2020 solar eclipses and as sixth in the lineup of six eclipses in 2020. The year’s first solar eclipse occurred as an annular solar eclipse Sunday, June 21, and numbered as third in the year’s lineup. The year’s four lunar eclipses all appeared as penumbral eclipses and took place Friday, Jan. 10; Friday, June 5; Sunday, July 5; and Monday, Nov. 30.

The takeaway for the Monday, Dec. 14, total solar eclipse is that the second 2020 solar eclipse closes the year’s lineup of four penumbral lunar eclipses and two solar eclipses.

animation of annular solar eclipse Monday, Dec. 14, 2020: A.T. Sinclair/NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

total solar eclipse of Monday, Dec. 14, 2020, details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2020Dec14T.GIF

animation of annular solar eclipse Monday, Dec. 14, 2020: A.T. Sinclair/NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SE2020Dec14T.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/SEglossary.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Solar Eclipse of 2020 Dec 14.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Preview: 2018 Through 2030.
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2020Dec14Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Solar Eclipse of 2020 Dec 14.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipse Page > Solar Eclipses: 2011-2020.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2020Dec14T.GIF

Espenak, Fred. “Total Solar Eclipse of 2020 Dec 14: Google Maps and Solar Eclipse Paths.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipse Page > Solar Eclipses: 2011-2020.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2001/SE2020Dec14Tgoogle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, Jan. 10, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 144.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/friday-jan-10-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, Jan. 10, Lunar Eclipse Is First of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 1, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/friday-jan-10-lunar-eclipse-is-first-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, June 5, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 111.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 3, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/friday-june-5-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, June 5, Lunar Eclipse Is Second of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 27, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/friday-june-5-lunar-eclipse-is-second.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Monday, Nov. 30, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 119.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 25, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/monday-nov-30-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Monday, Nov. 30, Lunar Eclipse Is Fourth 2020 Penumbral Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 18, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/monday-nov-30-lunar-eclipse-is-fourth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sunday, July 5, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 149.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 1, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sunday-july-5-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sunday, July 5, Lunar Eclipse Is Third of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 24, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/sunday-july-5-lunar-eclipse-is-third-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sunday, June 21, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 137.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 17, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/sunday-june-21-annular-solar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sunday, June 21, Annular Solar Eclipse Is First 2020 Solar Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 10, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/sunday-june-21-annular-solar-eclipse-is.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 21 Jun, 2020 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
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