Earth and Space News

Wednesday, March 11, 2020

Asteroid 4660 Nereus Makes Four Close Earth Approaches in 21st Century

Summary: Apollo asteroid 4660 Nereus makes four close Earth approaches in the 21st century as the Earth-crosser intersects Earth’s orbit.

Asteroid 4660 Nereus makes its second close Earth approach of the 21 century on Saturday, Dec. 11, 2021: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech, via NASA JPL Solar System Dynamics

Earth-crossing asteroid 4660 Nereus makes four close Earth approaches in the 21st century as the Apollo asteroid crosses Earth’s orbit at center-to-center distances of less than 0.05 astronomical units.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) calculates four close Earth approaches by asteroid 4660 Nereus between 2002 and 2071.

The asteroid’s first close Earth approach in the 21stcentury happened Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2002, at approximately 12:23 TDB (Barycentric Dynamical Time; Temps Dynamique Barycentrique). TDB is a relativistic spacetime coordinate time standard that considers the theory of relativity’s time dilation in astronomical calculations.

The close-approach (CA) nominal, or most likely, distance measures Earth’s center to the near Earth object’s (NEO) center. CNEOS calculations for 4660 Nereus are given in astronomical units (au) and in lunar distance (LD).

An astronomical unit approximates the average distance of 150 million kilometers between Earth and the sun. The International Astronomical Union defines an astronomical unit as equating to exactly 149,597,870,700 meters.

Lunar distance, also known as Earth-moon distance, is an astronomical unit of measure expressing the average distance from Earth’s center to the moon’s center. Lunar distance is based on the mean major semi-axis, which is one-half of the longest diameter of the moon’s elliptical orbit. The Center for Near Earth Object Studies places the mean semi-major axis at 384,400 kilometers, or about 0.002570 astronomical units.

The close-approach nominal distance Jan. 22, 2002, was calculated at 0.02902 astronomical units (4,341,330.20 kilometers). The lunar distance was given at 11.30 (4,343,720 kilometers). The CNEOS table placed the asteroid’s velocity relative to Earth at close approach at 5.42 kilometers per second (3.36 miles per second).

Asteroid 4660 Nereus makes a second close-approach in 2021. The event is expected Saturday, Dec. 11, 2021, at approximately 13:51 TDB.

The nominal close-approach distance Dec. 11, 2021, is calculated at 0.02630 astronomical units (3,934,423.99 kilometers). The lunar distance will measure 10.23 (3,932,412 kilometers). The asteroid will be moving at a relative velocity of 6.58 kilometers per second (4.08 miles per second).

The next close approach, the asteroid’s third in the 21st century, is slated for 2060. The close approach will take place Monday, Feb. 14, 2060, at approximately 06:55 TDB.

The nominal close-approach distance Feb. 14, 2060, is calculated at 0.00801 astronomical units (1,198,278.94 kilometers). The lunar distance will measure 3.12 (1,199,328 kilometers). The asteroid’s relative velocity will reach 6.33 kilometers per second (3.93 miles per second).

The fourth and last close approach made in the 21st century by 4660 Nereus will occur in 2071. The close approach is expected Wednesday, Feb. 4, 2071, at approximately 18:32 TDB.

The nominal close-approach distance Feb. 4, 2071, is calculated at 0.01494 astronomical units (2,234,992.18 kilometers). The lunar distance will measure 5.81 (2,233,364 kilometers). The asteroid will achieve a relative velocity of 5.68 kilometers per second (3.52 miles per second).

The first and third close approaches in the 21st century mark the century’s farthest and closest Earth-Nereus distances, respectively, achieved by 4660 Nereus. The asteroid’s Earth-orbit crossing in 2060 will bring Nereus approximately 3,143,051 kilometers (1,953,001 miles) closer to Earth than its Earth-orbit crossing in 2002.

American astronomer Eleanor Helin (Nov. 19, 1932-Jan. 25, 2009) discovered asteroid 4660 Nereus during an observing weekend at northern San Diego County’s Palmor Observatory in 1982 with American astrogeologist and comet and minor planet discoverer Eugene Merle “Gene” Shoemaker (April 28, 1928-July 19, 1997). She noted the asteroid on a plate they obtained Sunday, Feb. 28, 1982, with Palomar’s 48-inch (1.22-meter) Samuel Oschin telescope.

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Solar System Dynamics website classifies 4660 Nereus (1982 DB) as an Apollo asteroid and as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA). CNEOS defines Apollo asteroids as Earth-crossing near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) with major semi-axes that are larger than Earth’s major semi-axes of 1.0 astronomical units. Also, Apollo asteroids have perihelion (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”) distances that are less than Earth’s aphelion (Ancient Greek: ἀπό, apó, “from” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”) distance of 1.017 astronomical units.

Potentially hazardous asteroids have an Earth Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance (MOID) of 0.05 astronomical units or less and an absolute magnitude (H) of 22.0 or brighter. NASA JPL Solar System Dynamics website profiles Nereus with an Earth MOID of 0.00315334 astronomical units and an absolute magnitude value of 18.2. CNEOS explains an asteroid’s absolute magnitude as the visual magnitude recorded by an observer for the asteroid’s placement one astronomical unit away from both the observer and the sun and at zero, or full, phase angle.

The takeaways for four close Earth approaches made by asteroid 4660 Nereus in the 21st century are that the closest approach will occur Monday, Feb. 14, 2060, the farthest close approach happened Tuesday, Jan. 22, 2002, and that the next close approach will take place Saturday, Dec. 11, 2021.

porkchop plot of mission options from Earth to 4660 Nereus between Jan. 1, 2019, and Dec. 26, 2023; for example, three hypothetical missions departing in 2021 (April 20, Aug. 28, Nov. 26, respectively), have short flight times (230 days, 120 days, 10 days, respectively) and arrive in December (Dec. 6, Dec. 26, Dec. 6, respectively), the month of Nereus’ second close approach in the 21st century: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech, via NASA JPL Solar System Dynamics

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Asteroid 4660 Nereus makes its second close Earth approach of the 21 century on Saturday, Dec. 11, 2021: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech, via NASA JPL Solar System Dynamics @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=4660%20nereus;old=0;orb=1

Chodas, Paul. “4660 Nereus (1982 DB).” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Near Earth Object Studies > Close Approaches > NEOs.
Available @ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/

Chodas, Paul. “NEO Basics.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Near Earth Object Studies > About.
Available @ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/about/neo_groups.html

Green, Daniel W.E. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 5092. Sept. 18, 1990.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/05000/05092.html#Item1

Helin, Eleanor F. “Discovering an Asteroid.” The Planetary Report, vol. II, no. 4 (July/August 1982): 4-6.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1982-v02n4.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F. “Eureka! The Recovery of 1982DB.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 1 (January/February 1991): 16.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n1.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F. “Help Name 1982DB.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 1 (January/February 1991): 17.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n1.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F.; Neal D. Hulkower; and David F. Bender. “The Discovery of 1982 DB, the Most Accessible Asteroid Known.” Icarus, vol. 57, issue 1 (January 1984): 42-47.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Malik, Tariq. “NASA Maps Dangerous Asteroids That May Threaten Earth (Photos).” Space.com > Science & Astronomy. Aug. 14, 2013.
Available @ https://www.space.com/22369-nasa-asteroid-threat-map.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Eleanor Helin Discovered Asteroid 4660 Nereus in February 1982.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 26, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/eleanor-helin-discovered-asteroid-4660.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Robert Cutler Named Helin 1982 Asteroid Discovery 4660 Nereus in 1991.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 4, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/robert-cutler-named-helin-1982-asteroid.html

Marsden, Brian G. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 3675. March 5, 1982.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03600/03675.html

Marsden, Brian G. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 3677. March 10, 1982.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03600/03677.html

Minor Planet Center. “(4660) 1982 DB.” Minor Planet Circular 17416. Dec. 2, 1990.
Available @ https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/1990/MPC_19901202.pdf

Minor Planet Center. “(4660) Nereus = 1982 DB.” Minor Planet Circular 19338. Nov. 21, 1991.
Available @ https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/1991/MPC_19911121.pdf

NASA JPL Solar Systems Dynamics. "4660 Nereus (1982 DB) Orbital Elements." NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Solar System Dynamics (SSD) > NASA JPL Small-Body Database Browser.
Available @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=nereus;old=0;orb=1;cov=0;log=0;cad=0#elem

NASA JPL Solar Systems Dynamics. "4660 Nereus (1982 DB) Mission Design." NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Solar System Dynamics (SSD) > JPL Small-Body Database Browser > JPL Small-Body Mission-Design Tool.
Available @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?mdesign_server&des=4660

NEODyS. “(4660) Nereus: Close Approaches.” NEODyS-2 > Objects.
Available @ https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.8&n=nereus

Ostro, Steven J., Dr. “4660_Nereus Planning.” Asteroid Radar Research > 1010 Radar-Detected Asteroids and Comets > 851 Near-Earth Asteroids.
Available @ https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/Nereus/4660_Nereus_planning.html

van der Hucht, Karel A. “2021, Dec 11 Asteroid 4660 Nereus.” IAU International Astronomical Union > IAU for the Public > Themes > Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs): A Chronology of Milestones -- Page 3: 2011-2880. Last updated Oct. 7, 2013.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/public/themes/neo/nea3/

Yeomans, Donald K. “Naming an Asteroid.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 6 (November/December 1991): 6.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n6.pdf

Monday, March 9, 2020

Der Fliegende Holländer Was To Be March 14, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast

Summary: Wagner’s Der Fliegende Holländer was to be the March 14, 2020, Met Opera Saturday broadcast, airing as 15th in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s premiere gala for French Canadian director François Girard’s new production of Richard Wagner’s Der Fliegende Holländer took place, Monday, March 2, 2020: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 28, 2019

Richard Wagner’s Der Fliegende Holländer was to be the March 14, 2020, Met Opera Saturday broadcast, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) and numbering as the 15th of 23 scheduled Saturday radio matinees during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season.

German composer and librettist Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883) set his musical score for Der Fliegende Holländer to his own German libretto. His libretto’s literary source was The Memoirs of Mister von Schnabelewopski (Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewopski), published by 19th-century German writer Heinrich Heine (Dec. 13, 1797-Feb. 17, 1856) in 1834. Heine’s novel ironically retold the legend of a ghost sea captain who can only be released from a curse of eternal roaming by the love of a faithful woman.

Wagner’s Der Fliegende Holländer premiered Jan. 2, 1843, at Königliches Hoftheater (Royal Court Theatre) in Dresden, Saxony, in modern-day east central Germany. Der Fliegende Holländer premiered in the first of the site’s three opera houses, all known as Semperoper in honor of original architect Gottfried Semper (Nov. 29, 1803-May 15, 1879).

Der Fliegende Holländer received its Metropolitan Opera premiere on Nov. 27, 1889. In the 1889-1890 season, the opera received seven performances.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season debuts a new production of Der Fliegende Holländer. The Metropolitan Opera website’s page on the opera’s 2019-2020 performances honors François Girard as setting “the recent Met standard for Wagner stagings” with his “visionary” new staging of Parsifal in the 2012-2013 Met Opera season.

The French Canadian director’s production team comprises John Macfarlane, set designer; Moritz Junge, costume designer; David Finn, lighting designer; Peter Flaherty, projection designer; and Carolyn Choa, choreographer. The production’s dramaturg is Serge Lamothe.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season offers eight performances of Der Fliegende Holländer. The production’s premiere gala took place Monday, March 2, at 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). The performance Friday, March 6, also operates on Eastern Standard Time, with a start time of 8 p.m.

The month’s remaining six performances are set at Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). March’s EDT performances take place Tuesday, March 10, at 8 p.m.; Saturday matinee broadcast, March 14, at 1 p.m.; Wednesday, March 18, at 8 p.m.; Saturday, March 21, at 8 p.m.; Tuesday, March 24, at 7:30 p.m.; and closing night, Friday, March 27, at 7:30 p.m.

Update: The Metropolitan Opera announced via Facebook Thursday, March 12, 2020, the cancellation of the rest of the 2019-2020 season due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) entry of March 12, 2020, noted the cancellation of 58 performances. Operas affected by the cancellation were identified as La Bohème, La Cenerentola, Così Fan Tutte, Der Fliegende Holländer, Kát'a Kabanová, Madama Butterfly, Manon Lescaut, Maria Stuarda, Simon Boccanegra, Tosca, La Traviata, Turandot and Werther.

Update: The opera company's coronavirus-occasioned closure affected five of the eight performances of Der Fliegende Holländer scheduled for the 2019-2020 season. The last five performances (Saturday matinee broadcast, March 14; Wednesday, March 18; Saturday, March 21; Tuesday, March 24; closing night, Friday, March 27) were cancelled.

The three-act opera has an estimated run time of 2 hours 19 minutes. The three acts are performed as a totality, with no intermissions.

Valery Gergiev had been scheduled to conduct the first six performances (Monday, March 2; Friday, March 6; Tuesday, March 10; Saturday matinee broadcast, March 14; Wednesday, March 18; and Saturday, March 21). He only conducted the first three because of the coronavirus-occasioned cancellation of the other three. The Soviet and Russian conductor made his Metropolitan Opera debut March 21, 1994, in the opera house’s 268th performance of Otello by 19th century opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Patrick Furrer had been scheduled to conduct the last two performances (Tuesday, March 24; Friday, March 27). The Swiss conductor’s appearances on the podium in late March would have marked his Metropolitan Opera debut.

Anja Kampe had been scheduled to appear in all performances as Senta, who sacrifices her life to release the Dutchman from his curse. The German-Italian operatic soprano’s appearance in the opera’s premiere gala March 2 marked her Metropolitan Opera debut.

Mihoko Fujimura had been scheduled to appear in all performances as Mary, Senta’s nurse. The Japanese mezzo-soprano’s appearance in the opera’s premiere gala March 2 marked her Metropolitan Opera debut.

Sergei Skorokhodov had been scheduled to appear in all performances as Erik, a huntsman who was Senta’s boyfriend. The Russian tenor made his Metropolitan Opera debut March 5, 2010, in ensemble roles in the opera house’s premiere of The Nose by 20th century Russian composer and pianist Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (Sept. 25, 1906-Aug. 9, 1975).

David Portillo had been scheduled to appear as Steuermann (the steersman), who falls asleep at the helm, in seven performances (Monday, March 2; Friday, March 6; Tuesday, March 10; Saturday matinee broadcast, March 14; Wednesday, March 18; and Saturday, March 21; Friday, March 27). He only appeared in the first performances because of the coronavirus-occasioned cancellation of the other four performances. The American tenor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Dec. 16, 2015, as Count Almaviva in the opera house’s 614th performance of Il Barbiere di Siviglia by 19th-century Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868). In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, David Portillo also appears as Tamino in The Magic Flute by 18th century Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Alok Kumar had been scheduled to appear as Steuermann for the Tuesday, March 24, performance. The India-born American operatic tenor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 4, 2018, as Harry in the opera house’s 105th performance of Puccini’s La Fanciulla del West. During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Alok Kumar also appears as a Singer in Der Rosenkavalier by German composer Richard Strauss (June 11, 1864-Sept. 8, 1949).

Sir Bryn Terfel had been scheduled to appear in all performances as Holländer, the cursed Dutchman. The Welsh bass-baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 19, 1994, in the title role of Figaro in the opera house’s 347th performance of Mozart’s Le Nozze di Figaro.

Franz-Josef Selig had been scheduled to appear in all performances as Captain Daland, Senta’s father. The German bass opera singer debuted at the Metropolitan Opera in 1998 as Sarastro in Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte.

The takeaway for Der Fliegende Holländer as the March 14, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that Richard Wagner’s opera about a curse-released sea captain would have aired as the 15th of 23 Saturday matinees broadcast weekly through Saturday, May 9, 2020.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Hong Kong-born British choreographer Carolyn Choa (right) represents spinning by the Spinning Chorus in Der Fliegende Holländer’s Act II with thick ropes: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 28, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162385514600533/

For further information:

“Debuts: Laura Aikin, Franz-Josef Selig . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 331228 Die Zauberflöte {326} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/14/1998.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=331228

“Debuts: Alok Kumar, Adrian Timpaul.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357009 La Fanciulla del West {105} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/04/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357009

“Debuts: David Portillo, Valeriano Lanchas.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356192 Il Barbiere di Siviglia {614} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/16/2015.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356192

“Debuts: Paulo Szot, William Kentridge . . . Sergei Skorokhodov . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353395 The Nose {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/05/2010.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353395

“Debuts: Bryn Terfel, József Gregor.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID318220 Le Nozze di Figaro {347} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/19/1994.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=318220

“Debuts: James Gaffigan, Nicole Car, Etienne Dupuis.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356999 La Bohème {1321} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/25/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356999

helcatj. "The Metropolitan Opera Company 2019-2020 Season." Showcase Opera and Events blog. Aug. 13, 2019.
Available @ https://showcaseoperaandeventsblog.wordpress.com/2019/08/13/the-metropolitan-opera-company-2019-2020-season/

Marriner, Derdriu. “Der Fliegende Holländer Is the April 29, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, April 24, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/der-fliegende-hollander-is-april-29.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "In light of the circumstances involving the coronavirus and in consultation with the Office of the Mayor of New York City, we regret to inform our audience that all Met performances have been canceled through March 31, including tonight’s planned performance of La Cenerentola. This Saturday’s Live in HD cinema presentation of Der Fliegende Holländer has also been canceled. Thank you for your understanding. Learn More: www.metopera.org/updates." Facebook. March 12, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/10163327604920533

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Technical rehearsals for François Girard’s haunting new production of Wagner’s Der Fliegende Holländer are underway this week. In choreographer Carolyn Choa’s vision of the famous Act II Spinning Chorus, heavy ropes hang down from the flies, filling the Met’s expansive stage. On stage March 2–March 27: bit.ly/2Lcp4kX Photos by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera.” Facebook. Aug. 28, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10162385517955533

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Der Fliegende Holländer.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 8000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Der Fliegende Holländer {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/27/1889.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=8000

"Season Cancellation." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357448 Season Cancellation March 12-May 9, 2020. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/12/2020.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357448

Woolfe, Zachary. "The Metropolitan Opera Season That Vanished." The New York Times > Arts > Music. May 13, 2020.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/arts/music/metropolitan-opera-coronavirus.html

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Turquoise Bluet Damselfly Habitats: Dumbbell Eyespots, Blue-Green Tips

Summary: North American turquoise bluet damselfly habitats in the eastern United States get dumbbell-like eyespots, prominent blue-green tips and smooth flight.

turquoise bluet dragonflies (Enallagma divagans); South Cumberland State Park, Tennessee; Friday, June 13, 2014, 13:13:124: Melissa McMasters (cricketsblog), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

North American turquoise bluet damselfly habitats acquire few cultivators because of sogginess and many naturalists with distribution ranges from Maine through Florida, Texas, Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, New Hampshire and everything in-between.

Turquoise bluets bear their common name because of blue-green abdominal tips and thoraxes and the scientific name Enallagma divagans (together [in ovipositing] damselfly [that is] wandering). Common names channel the consensus of scientific committees convened by the Dragonfly Society of the Americas concerning Western Hemisphere odonates, from Canada through Chile and Argentina. Descriptions in 1876 by Michel Edmond de Sélys Longhamps (May 25, 1813-Dec. 11, 1900), 19th-century authority on the world's net-winged insects and odonates, drive scientific designations.

Turquoise bluet damselfly life cycles expect large, shaded, upland lakes, ponds and reservoirs, sluggish creeks and sloughs, moderately flowing, woodland streams and swamplands with slight currents.

March through September function as optimum, southernmost flight seasons even though May or June furnishes wildlife mapping opportunities in all the United States' turquoise bluet niches.

Adult male bluet damselflies go for daytime perching on low-lying blades or stems that give onto watery egg-laying sites or the thickest patches of waterside vegetation. They hover in deliberate, slow flight two to three inches (50.8 to 76.2 millimeters) above the water or head after prey as gleaners from hidden perches. Black-striped pale blue on tan, three-segmented legs and projectable, retractable lower lips immobilize low-flying, low-lying opportunistic passersby during daily forages before daytime mating and night-time roosting.

Ants, assassin flies, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, spiders, turtles and water beetles, bugs and mites jeopardize North American turquoise bluet habitats.

Immature turquoise bluets know dull-, light-, pale-colored, small sizes even though adults keep feminine black, blue, blue-green and brown, and masculine black and blue, body colors.

Incomplete metamorphosis leads from rod-shaped eggs laid by females backing down submerged stems to egg-hatched, little adult-like, multi-molting, nonflying larvae, naiads or nymphs to molted tenerals. Shiny-winged, soft-bodied, weak-flying tenerals mature physically and sexually before mating in waterside woods and moving to water where above-water males monitor submerged females' managing 30-minute ovipositing. Bluet members of the Coenagrionidae pond damsel family need aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms.

North American turquoise bluet damselfly habitats offer season-coldest temperatures, northward to southward, from minus 25 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 31.66 to minus 6.66 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote turquoise bluets.

Blue eyespots; brown-topped, tan-bottomed eyes; pale blue to dull green thoraxes with black-brown, thin shoulder stripes; and black triangle-patterned, blue-segmented abdomens qualify as adult female hallmarks. Adult males reveal black-capped, black-striped blue eyes; blue eyespots and occipital bars; black-striped blue faces, heads, legs and thoraxes; clear wings; and blue-sided, blue-tipped black abdomens. Adults show off 1.02- to 1.42-inch (26- to 36-millimeter) head-body lengths, 0.87- to 1.18-inch (22- to 30-millimeter) abdomens and 0.67- to 0.87-inch (17- to 22-millimeter) hindwings.

Short, turquoise-bright sizes and triangular patterns respectively tell female and male turquoise bluets from other bluets and pond damsels in North American turquoise blue damselfly habitats.

turquoise bluet damselfly (Enallagma divagans); photo by Myer Bornstein: Myer Bornstein @photobee1, via Twitter July 10, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

turquoise bluet dragonflies (Enallagma divagans); South Cumberland State Park, Tennessee; Friday, June 13, 2014, 13:13:12: Melissa McMasters (cricketsblog), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/cricketsblog/19729523711/

turquoise bluet damselfly (Enallagma divagans); photo by Myer Bornstein: Myer Bornstein @photobee1, via Twitter July 10, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/photobee1/status/884378052872032256

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; and Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; and London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Enallagma divagans Selys, 1876: 521 -- Turquoise Bluet." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Zygoptera Selys, 1854 > Coenagrionidae, Kirby, 1890 (Pond Damselflies) > Enallagma Selys, 1875 (Bluets).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

"Enallagma divagans." James Cook University-Medusa: The Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies > Zygoptera > Coenagrionidae > Enallagma.
Available via James Cook University-Medusa @ https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/Dragonflies/openset/displaySpecies.php?spid=3662

Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2011.

Sélys Longchamps, M. Edm (Michel Edmond) de. "Synopsis des Agrionines (Suite de la 5e Légion: Agrion): 107. Enallagma divagans, de Selys." Bulletin de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et les Beaux-Arts de Belgique, quarante-cinquième année (série 2), tome XLI: 521. Bruxelles (Brussels), Belgium: F. Hayez, 1876.
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"The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map." The National Gardening Association > Gardening Tools > Learning Library USDA Hardiness Zone > USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
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Saturday, March 7, 2020

'A'ali'i Hawaiian Hopseed Bushes Assure Five-0 Home Go the Very Tough

Summary: 'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes are windbreakers for Five-0's E Ho'i Na Keiki Oki Uaua O Na Pali: Home Go the Very Tough Lads of the Hills March 6, 2020.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes alleviate aggressive winds on Hawaii Five-0 episode E Ho'i Na Keiki Oki Uaua O Na Pali: Home Go the Very Tough Lads of the Hills March 6, 2020.

Director Geoff Shotz and writers Noah Evslin and Rob Hanning breathe, albeit symbolically, wind-battered landforms and lives into Season 10's 19th episode, series' 237th episode overall. 'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes cultivate drought, rain, salt, wind-tolerant 3-foot (0.91-meter) one-year-olds from each fruit's two to four black 0.08 to 0.12-inch (2 to 3-millimeter) seeds. They display 0.38 to 0.62-inch (0.96 to 1.58-centimeter-) long brown, green-yellow, pink, red, purple fruit capsules, each with two to four papery, round, 0.75-inch (1.91-centimeter) wings.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes entertain four-stigma, one-ovary, one-style, one-pistil female, 10-stamen male 0.25-inch (6.4-millimeter) green-yellow flowers, each with five hairy sepals, within 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) twig-tip clusters.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes feature alternate-placed, lance-shaped or reverse-lance, 1.5 to 3-inch (3.81 to 7.62-centimeter-) long, short-stalked, smooth-edged, 0.38 to 0.62-inch (0.96 to 1.58-centimeter-) wide leaves.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes, Dodonaea viscosa (for Rembert Dodoens, June 29, 1517-March 10, 1585, and Latin viscōsa, "sticky") scientifically, get fine-haired, green-yellow, resinous, sticky young leaves. They have black heartwood; brown-yellow sapwood; black-brown, black-gray or brown-red fine-fissured bark; brown-gray spindly branches; brown-white, hairless, semi-angled twigs; rounded crowns; and 3-inch (7.5-centimeter) trunk diameters. 'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes, identified scientifically by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (Feb. 16, 1727-Oct. 26, 1817), incorporate 5-foot (1.52-meter) to 8-foot (2.44-meter) to 15-foot (4.57-meter) spreads.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes juggle 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 25, 30-foot (0.91, 1.22, 1.52, 1.83, 2.44, 3.05, 7.62, 9.14-meter) heights during 10-plus-year life cycles.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes, with poisonous saponins only in leaves and taproots, kindle accent, ground-covering, screening outplantings with Hawai'i alectryon and twin-fruited soapberry (māhoe, Alectryon macrococcus).

Accent, ground-covering, screening outplantings lodge 'a'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes with Hawaiian hawthorn and rose ('ūlei, Osteomyeles anthyllidifolia) and hillside false 'ōhelo and heather ('ākia, Wikstroemia uva-ursi). The Sapindaceae (from Latin sāpō indicus, "soap of India" and -āceae, "resembling") soapberry family member mingles with leadwort ('ilie'e, Plumbago zeylanica) in accent, ground-covering, screening outplantings. 'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes number among accent, ground-covering, screening outplantings with O'ahu soapberry (lonomea, Sapindus oahuensis), rockwort (kulu'ī, Nototrichium sandwicense) and round-leaf chaste-tree (pōhinahina, Vitex rotundifolia).

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes occur as attractive, traditional outplantings with soapberry wingleaf (mānele, Sapindus saponaria), sword fern (kupukupu, Nephrolepis cordifolia) and yellow hibiscus ('ilima, Sida fallax).

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes prevail in dry, open, sunny, well-drained, windswept sites along streams, in low-lying pastures and on coastal dunes, lava flows, ridges and slopes.

'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes queue up in dry coastal lowlands, through wetter mesic (from Greek μέσος, "moderate") forests, to upper dry forests and dry subalpine shrublands. They resist cold, droughty, rainy, salt-sprayed, windy temperatures down to 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 3.9 degrees Celsius) even as they require 20-inch (508-millimeter) average annual rainfall. 'A'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes survive from sea level up through 7,700-foot (2,346.96-meter) altitudes on Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Lāna'i, Maui, Moloka'i, Ni'ihau, O'ahu and once again on Kaho'olawe.

Not everybody treks Hawaiian hills tranquilly or triumphantly, with 'a'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bushes, as tried and true windbreakers, turning triumph more likely than trauma or travail.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

'a'ali'i Hawaiian hopseed bush (Dodonaea viscosa), browsed habit; Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area, Kula Forest Reserve, Central Maui; Saturday, April 19, 2003, 16:34:59: Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_030419-0115_Dodonaea_viscosa.jpg; Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 4.0 International, via Starr Environmental @ http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=24631040345; Forest and Kim Starr (Starr Environmental), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/24631040345/

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) in CBS-TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 10 episode 19 E Ho'i Na Keiki Oki Uaua O Na Pali (Home Go the Very Tough Lads of the Hills): Hawaii Five-0 @HawaiiFive0CBS, via Facebook March 4, 2020, https://www.facebook.com/HawaiiFive0CBS/photos/a.135257959841022/3080330668667055/@

For further information:

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2019. "Purple Hop-Bush Dodonaea viscosa." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T66292425A146224257. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T66292425A146224257.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/66292425/146224257

"Dodonaea viscosa." Native Plants Hawai'i > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants > 7.
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Jacquin, Nicolai Josephi. (Nikolaus Joseph von). 1760. "Octandria. Monogynia. viscosa. 1. Dodonaea. h. Sloane Fam. t. 162. f. 3." Page 19. In: Enumeratio Systematica Plantarum, quas in Insulis Caribaeis vicinaque Americes continente detexit novas, aut jam cognitas emendavit. Lugduni Batavorum (Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands): Theodorum Haak, MDCCLX.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2020. "Wai'anae Range Loulu Palms Adapt to Five-0's Lost in the Sea Sprays." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/waianae-range-loulu-palms-adapt-to-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2020. "Hawaiian Dust Mites Abide in the Dust of Five-0's Like a Whirlwind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-dust-mites-abide-in-dust-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2020. "Hawaiian Veiled Lady Mushrooms Abet Or Not Five-0's Man Is a Slave of Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-veiled-lady-mushrooms-abet-or.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2020. "He'e Makoko Hawaiian Octopuses Are Like Five-0's He Waha Kou O Ka He'e." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hee-makoko-hawaiian-octopuses-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2020. "Yellow Labrador Retrievers Are Like Eddie of Five-0's I Ho'olulu." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/yellow-labrador-retrievers-are-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2020. "'Iole Hawaiian Rats Are Not Five-0's Loa'a Pono Ka 'Iole I Ka Punana." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iole-hawaiian-rats-are-not-five-0s-loaa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2020. "Hawaiian Kou Trees Actually, Not Symbolically Answer Five-0's Ihea 'Oe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hawaiian-kou-trees-actually-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Worm Shells Affirm Five-0's Ka I Ka 'Ino, No Ka 'Ino." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-worm-shells-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 December 2019. "Ahinahina Haleakala Silversword Affirms Five-0's O 'Oe, A 'Owau." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ahinahina-haleakala-silversword-affirms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 November 2019. "Are Pala'a Hawaiian Lace Ferns Five-0's Trunkless Tree of Kahilikolo?" Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/are-palaa-hawaiian-lace-ferns-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 November 2019. "Broadleaf Aiea Access Bomber Wreckage Unlike Hawaii Five-0's Ne'e Aku." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/broadleaf-aiea-access-bomber-wreckage.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 November 2019. "Hapu'u Pulu Hawaiian Tree Ferns Add DNA Active Before Five-0's Ka 'I'o." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/hapuu-pulu-hawaiian-tree-ferns-add-dna.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2019. "Corsair Plane Wreck for Five-0's E Uhi Ana Ka Wa I Hala I Na Mea I Hala." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/corsair-plane-wreck-for-five-0s-e-uhi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2019. "Moiliili Caves Actualize Hawaii Five-0's Kuipeia E Ka Makani Apaa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/moiliili-caves-actualize-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2019. "Kauila Trees Assure That on Five-0 Ua 'Eha Ka 'Ili I Ka Maka O Ka Ihe." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/kauila-trees-assure-that-on-five-0-ua.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2019. "Five-0 Endlessly Pours the Rain of Waianae into Hawaiian Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/five-0-endlessly-pours-rain-of-waianae.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2019. "Lahaina Noon: Unlike Five-0's Hewa Ka Lima Rarely the Hand Is at Fault." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/lahaina-noon-unlike-five-0s-hewa-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2019. "'Imiloa Sky Charts and Hawaii Five-0's Ho'okani No La O Ka Malihini." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/imiloa-sky-charts-and-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2019. "Laysan Albatrosses: Earth Day 2019, Five-0 Season 9 Episode 22 Icons." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/laysan-albatrosses-earth-day-2019-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2019. "Pueo Hawaiian Short-Eared Owls and Hawaii Five-0's He Kama Na Ka Pueo." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/pueo-hawaiian-short-eared-owls-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2019. "Hau Hawaiian Sea Hibiscus, Ma'a Hawaiian Sling, Five-0's Way of the Gun." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/hau-hawaiian-sea-hibiscus-maa-hawaiian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2019. “Five-0’s Hawaiian He’e Big Blue Day Octopus of the Deep Spews Its Ink.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/five-0s-hawaiian-hee-big-blue-day.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2019. “Hawaii Five-0's Ai No I Ka 'Ape He Mane'o No Ko Ka Nuku: Itchy Mouths.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/hawaii-five-0s-ai-no-i-ka-ape-he-maneo.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 February 2019. “Offer Young Taro Leaves To Hawaii Five-0 Episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/offer-young-taro-leaves-to-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2019. “Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/kanawao-shrub-fruits-for-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2019. “Five-0 Hawaiian Rain Gardens Not Made Prisoner by the Reign of the Rain.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/five-0-hawaiian-rain-gardens-not-made.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2019. “Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/humpback-whales-depressed-with-heat-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

Masud, K. A. 28 September 2012. "A'ali'i (Dodonaea viscosa)." Garden > Plants Database.
Available @ https://garden.org/plants/view/81586/Aalii-Dodonaea-viscosa/

"(1) 'A'ali'i (Dodonaea viscosa)." Hōkū Nui Maui > Forestry > Poly-Forestry > 'Ohana Style > Sub-Canopy/Canoe Crops. Copyrighted 2017.
Available @ https://www.hokunui.com/forestry/

Shigeura, Gordon T.; and Wade W. McCall. February 1972. Trees and Shrubs for Windbreaks in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Cooperative Extension Service Circular 447. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture.
Available @ scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu > CtahrpsCoopExtCirc4471972

Wianecki, Shannon. January-February 2014. "The Steadfast 'A'alli'i." Maui Nō Ka 'Oi Magazine > Archive.
Available @ https://www.mauimagazine.net/the-steadfast-aalii/