Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices

Summary: Pruning cuts that actualize best management practices affirm best pruning objectives of appropriate accuracy, according to Arborist News December 2019.

Branch collar (fold of trunk’s annual growth rings in between branch’s annual growth rings) and branch bark ridge (BBR; juncture of tree bark with branch base bark) inform proper pruning cut angle; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6A Targeting the Cut: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service

Pruning cuts advance arboriculture's, landscape architecture's and urban forestry's best management practices when they acknowledge as best pruning objectives able, accurate, appropriate applications, according to an article in Arborist News December 2019.

The article Pruning Cuts: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition broaches live-branch pruning belaboring photosynthesis and sugar manufacture, benefiting branch architecture and braking failure. Co-authors Edward F. Gilman, Sharon J. Lilly and E. Thomas Smiley consider live-branch pruning's causing non-living wood behind cuts, energy-draining wounds, lion-tailed crowns and topped-off branches. The compartmentalization of decay (CODIT) model's pre-existing defenses and active responses respectively do and do not delay or deter large-cut damage or decay to exposed heartwood.

Parent-stem or trunk developmental expansion establishes branch bark ridges, not to be eliminated by pruning cuts, atop branch unions unless the latter exhibits imbedded, included bark.

Live-branch pruning cuts favor risk mitigation and foster branch clearances and structures and, in deciduous, angiosperm (from Greek ἀγγεῖον, "receptacle" and σπέρμα, "seed") species, bud-triggering growth.

Arboricultural practices generate four live-branch pruning cuts necessary to tree care programs: branch removal, previously gathered under removal and thinning cuts; heading; reduction; and shearing cuts. Branch removal pruning cuts of the smaller of two branches at parent-stem unions hinder stub-creation and hold onto the branch bark ridge and the branch collar. Cut size; time; and tree age, species and vitality inspire compromised or successful reduction cuts into the larger of codominant stems or two or more branches.

Density and size reduction, directional and structural pruning, risk mitigation and subordination juggle reduction pruning cuts to a live lateral or stem one-third the removal-branch diameter.

Four-plus-inch (10-plus-centimeter) diameter reduction pruning cuts, known as branch reduction, cutting to a lateral, reduce and reduction, kindle heartwood exposure and wound-closure compromises on poor compartmentalizers.

Heading pruning cuts lack appropriateness on established trees, lead to lamentable topping in height-reducing, size-reducing applications and, apart cuts back to small lateral branches, leave stubs. Heading cuts between nodes, to buds or to live branches less than one-third removal diameters make large scaffold-branch and trunk cuts avoidable and wildlife habitat sustainable. They negotiate developing young-plant structure; managing or rejuvenating shrub size; removing current growth, developing fruit and old flower heads; shortening young sprouts; and starting a pollard.

Shearing pruning cuts into branches, leaves and sprouts obtain topiary-shaped hedges, shrubs and trees and occasionally occur with branch reduction and removal to optimize plant size.

Heavy, large branches prompt as first of three split-wood, torn-bark preventative precuts, undercutting 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) from parent branches or trunks.

Heavy or large branches qualify for a second, top-sided cut directly above the first or farther out and a third, stub-removing cut without tearing surrounding bark. They require such equipment as cranes and ropes for branch removal by regulated lowering, instead of branch removal from small-sized trees by dropping, to the ground. Bark tracing, dead wood, included bark and narrow-angled attachments suggest pruning cuts into damaged, loose tissues; from branch undersides; near stem unions; and outside living-tissue collars.

Asphalt, brushed-on latex or spray paints, and chemical dressings never treat decay but respectively treat borers and oak wilt transmitters, mistletoes and sprouts; and cosmetic damages.

Three-step branch removal pruning cut retains branch bark ridge (BBR) and branch collar (BC) and decreases likelihood of stem bark ripping or tearing; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6C Cutting a Larger Branch: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Branch collar (fold of trunk’s annual growth rings in between branch’s annual growth rings) and branch bark ridge (BBR; juncture of tree bark with branch base bark) inform proper pruning cut angle; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6A Targeting the Cut: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602

Three-step branch removal pruning cut retains branch bark ridge (BBR) and branch collar (BC) and decreases likelihood of stem bark ripping or tearing; illustration by Julie Janke; P.J. Bedker et al., How to Prune Trees (2012), page 11, figure 6C Cutting a Larger Branch: Public Domain, via USDA U.S. Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602

For further information:

Bedker, Peter J.; Joseph G. O’Brien; and Manfred E. Mielke. 2012. How to Prune Trees. NA-FR-01-95. Revised August 2012. Newtown Square PA: U.S.DA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry.
Available via USDA US Forest Service @ https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/12602
Available via USDA US Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) @ https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/12602

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Lilly, Sharon J.; Edward F. Gilman; and E. Thomas Smiley. December 2019. "Pruning Cuts: Best Management Practices - Tree Pruning, 3rd Edition." Arborist News 28(6): 12-14.

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

High Desert Tree Selection Attacks Drought, Pollution, Salt and Toxins

Summary: High desert tree selection appeared last, Dec. 3, in TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension co-sponsored Learn at Lunch webinars for 2019.

Dr. Heidi Kratsch's high desert tree selection survey, presented in the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar, esteems chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) as a long-lived, low-maintenance, pest-free, salt-tolerant species; chinkapin oak with Tagetes ‘Crackerjack', Ageratum 'Blue Horizon' and Asclepias curassavica ‘Red Butterfly' in Chicago Botanic Garden's English Oak Meadow, Monday, July 25, 2016, 21:06:36: cultivar413, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

High desert tree selection, from Dr. Heidi Kratsch's intermountain arborist survey, assumed the Dec. 3 date as 2019's last topic in TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Learn at Lunch webinars.

Practical Aspects of Tree Selection, formal educational, slide-supported presentation live-broadcast from noon to 1:00 p.m. Mountain Daylight Time, broached high desert tree selection arboriculturally, culturally, environmentally. It considered alkalinity, boron, drought, heat, low relative humidity, poor drainage, salinity, shade and wind tolerances; cold hardiness; disease and insect pest resistance; and native species. It described tree selection for aesthetic value, availability, branch structure, cost, ease of establishment, growth rate, lifespan, maintenance requirements, mature size, minimal debris and seasonal interest.

The 121 participating arborists from the Rocky Mountains westward to the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada excluded from high desert tree selection flammability, invasiveness and suckering.

The University of Nevada Extension survey, supported partly by the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) National Institute of Food and Agriculture, fit in client preferences.

The Kratsch survey generated from Reno, Nevada, gathered such tree selection guides as climate change preparedness, municipal street tree lists and right tree, right place guidelines. It headed toward diversity over monocultures, evergreen species over deciduous (from Latin dēciduus, "falling down, falling off") and popular, proven performers over overplanted, provenly problematic species. It included effects of elevation and microclimates, irrigation schedules, power-line clearances, root structure, snow load tolerance, sunscald resistance in heat islands, wildlife resistance and winter interest.

Signaling ash (Fraxinus), elm (Ulmus) and fir (Abies) suffering environmental-stressed, secondary-pest infestations and surveying attendees joined the high desert tree selection webinar's first and second half-hours.

Tree tolerances at or above USDA hardiness and American Horticulture Society (AHS) heat maps' intermountain-zoned upper ranges kindled 41 and 37 percent of webinar attendee recommendations.

Sixteen and 6 percent listed trees tolerant of salty reclaimed or recycled waters and write-ins recommending selection for climate-changed reduced snowpack, rising temperatures and severe droughts. The second half-hour mentioned salt-tolerant black (Robinia pseudoacacia) versus honey (Gleditsia triacanthos) locusts' respective borer, fast-growing and limb-failing versus pod gall midge and spider mite vulnerabilities. It noted pyramid-profiled young, flat-topped mature black (Pinus nigra) and Bosnian (P. heldreichii) pines and drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, space-nabbing pinyon (P. edulis) and single-leaf pinyon (P. monophylla).

High desert tree selection observes oversized, porcupine-intolerant, salt-tolerant, space-nabbing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Cooley spruce gall adelgid- and engraver beetle-intolerant, drought-tolerant blue spruce (Picea pungens).

High desert tree selection presents boron-tolerant, salt-tolerant, tip-burn semi-sensitive bur (Quercus macrocarpa) and, more alkalinity-tolerant than pin oak (Q. palustris), drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant red (Q. rubra) oak.

High desert tree selection queues up drought-tolerant, nipple gall-intolerant, salt-tolerant common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis); messy-fruited northern/western catalpa (Catalpa speciosa); and space-nabbing London planetree (Platanus x acerifolia). It references boron-tolerant, drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant crabapple's (Malus) apple scab-resistant, fireblight-resistant varieties and salt-tolerant Rocky Mountain junipers (Juniperus scopulorum) 10-foot (3.05-meter) reach as a residential fire hazard. It perhaps showcases boron-tolerant, salt-tolerant Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioicus); boron-tolerant, fruit-famous, salt-tolerant, wildlife-friendly, winter-interest hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum); and long-lived, low-maintenance, pest-free, salt-tolerant chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii).

High desert tree selection tends toward AHS-mapped zones 4 through 7's 14- to 30-day and 60- to 90-day temperatures above 86 degrees Fahrenheit (30 degrees Celsius).

Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) attracts as a boron-tolerant, fruit-famous, salt-tolerant, wildlife-friendly, winter-interest species, according to Dr. Heidi Kratch's presentation on high desert climate tree selection, offered for the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar; Washington hawthorn in Bridgewater Township, Washtenaw County, southeastern Michigan, Oct. 17, 2019, 17:31:08: F.D. Richards, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Dr. Heidi Kratsch's high desert tree selection survey, presented in the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar, esteems chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) as a long-lived, low-maintenance, pest-free, salt-tolerant species; chinkapin oak with Tagetes ‘Crackerjack', Ageratum 'Blue Horizon' and Asclepias curassavica ‘Red Butterfly' in Chicago Botanic Garden's English Oak Meadow, Monday, July 25, 2016, 21:06:36: cultivar413, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/131880272@N06/28664583862

Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum) attracts as a boron-tolerant, fruit-famous, salt-tolerant, wildlife-friendly, winter-interest species, according to Dr. Heidi Kratch's presentation on high desert climate tree selection, offered for the TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension's Dec. 3, 2019, Learn at Lunch webinar; Washington hawthorn in Bridgewater Township, Washtenaw County, southeastern Michigan, Thursday, Oct. 17, 2019, 17:31:08: F.D. Richards, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/50697352@N00/48916204781/

For further information:

Kratsch, Heidi. 3 December 2019. "Practical Aspects of Tree Selection for High Desert Climates." Utah State University Forestry Extension > Webinars > Archived Webinars > 2019.
Available @ https://forestry.usu.edu/webinars/index

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2019. "Urban Trees Advocate for Human and Urban Health and Vice Versa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/urban-trees-advocate-for-human-and.html

Ajanta Sanctuary Gardens: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Natural Ajanta sanctuary gardens are unofficial wildlife shelters in the 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings.

Vegetation around Maharashtra's Ajanta Caves serves as a natural sanctuary for faunal residents and visitors; Indian bush lark (Mirafra erythroptera) at Ajanta, Maharashtra, west-cental India; Monday, Sep. 16, 2013, 17:16: Ksuryawanshi, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Natural Ajanta sanctuary gardens are unofficial wildlife shelters for wild animals and plants associated with the Ajanta Caves and Ajanta cave wall paintings from April 28, 1819, to their 200th anniversary year.

All the wild plants buttress the 1,968.5-foot- (600-meter-) long, 1,300- to 2,300-year-old, 30-cavern Ajanta Caves of north-central Maharashtra state, central-west India, with natural Ajanta rain gardens. Area almondette, asthma-plant, axlewood, Bidi leaf and fan palm trees channel rainy-season surface runoff away from cracked cave façades and interiors and into well-drained forest soils. Area golden rain, Indian blackwood, Indian frankincense, Indian gooseberry, Indian kino, Indian linden, Indian plum, Indian quince and Indian sandalwood divert surface runoff during rainy seasons.

Kalam rosids, khair acacia, mallow-leaved crossberry, marking nut, teak and thorny acacia effectuate equivalent extractions for natural Ajanta rain gardens above, around, below the Ajanta Caves.

Ajanta rain gardens and Ajanta sanctuary gardens respectively form naturally, unofficially from all and some of the leafing, fruiting, flowering, seeding plants around the Ajanta Caves.

Axis deer (chital, Axis axis) get figs (Ficus racemosa) January through May, Assyrian and black plums (Cordia myxa, Syzygium cumini) May through July and grasses year-round. Black-naped hares (sasa, Lepus nigricollis) have buckthorn (Ziziphus), caperbushes (Capparis) and rattlepods (Crotalaria) bark, buds, germinating seeds and twigs during dry seasons and rainy-season grasses (Panicum). Blue pea-fowl (mor, Pavo cristatus) ingest buckthorn (Ziziphus), grasses (Panicum), green bamboo shoots and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) and cobras (Ophiophagus hannah), frogs, lizards, termites and worms.

Time, tourism and trauma jeopardize Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year because construction for staff and visitor convenience threatens natural Ajanta sanctuary gardens.

Bamboo seeds and shoots, berries, figs, insects such as termites, and tubers kindle grey jungle-fowl (jungli murghi, Gallus sinneratti) forages over forest floors and through thickets.

False-vampire (Megaderma lyra) and Heath's roquet-dog (Scotophilus heathii) bats look for bush-chats (Pranticola maura), crickets, fish, frogs, grasshoppers, lizards, mice, pipistrels (Pipistrelus mimus), snakes and spiders. Birds, eggs, fish, frogs, gazelles, hares and insects and buckthorn (Ziziphus), golden rain (Cassia fistula) and plum (Syzygium cumini) matter to golden jackals (kolha, Canis aurea). Gray langurs (wanar, Presbytis entellus) need bamboo, buds, cones, ferns, fruits, grasses, lichens, mosses, roots, seeds and shoots and insect larvae, spider webs and termite mounds.

Obstructing invertebrate and vertebrate occurrences, originally obtained through Ajanta sanctuary gardens, on Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year occasions chemical and mechanical operations.

Bittersweet (Maytenus emarginata), buckthorn (Ziziphus nummularia), mesquite (Prosophis cineraria) and rattlepod (Crotalaria burhia) fruits and leaves and grasses promote Indian gazelle (chinkara, Gazella bennetti) life cycles.

Leopards (bhatya wagh, Panthera pardus) and tigers (wagh, Panthera tigris) queue up around boar, deer, hares, jackals and monkeys and, every two days, around moisture-rich plants. Three-striped palm squirrels (khadi khar, Funambulus palmarum) and wild Indian boar (Sus scrofa cristatus) require eggs, fruits, fungi, insects, larvae, nuts and small birds and mammals. They respectively suggest Hindu deity Vishnu's (from Sanskrit विष्णु, "all-pervasiveness") seventh avatar (from Sanskrit अवतार, "descent") Rama (from Sanskrit राम, "dark, pleasing") and Vishnu's third avatar.

The 200th anniversary year of European-accessed Ajanta cave wall paintings treats tourists to ever more truncated Ajanta sanctuary gardens above, alongside and below the Ajanta Caves.

Engraving of Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson's illustration, "General View of the Ajanta Caves," depicts snake on rock in foreground; The Illustrated London News, no. 389, vol. xv (Sep. 8, 1849), page 173: Public Domain, Google-digitzed, via HathiTrust

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Vegetation around Maharashtra's Ajanta Caves serves as a natural sanctuary for faunal residents and visitors; Indian bush lark (Mirafra erythroptera) at Ajanta, Maharashtra, west-cental India; Monday, Sep. 16, 2013, 17:16: Ksuryawanshi, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_Bushlark_(Mirafra_erythroptera).JPG

Engraving of Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson's illustration, "General View of the Ajanta Caves," depicts snake on rock in foreground; The Illustrated London News, no. 389, vol. xv (Sep. 8, 1849), page 173: Public Domain, Google-digitzed, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015013716496?urlappend=%3Bseq=181; via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/sim_illustrated-london-news_1849-09-08_15_389/page/n12/mode/1up

For further information:

"Ajanta Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

Boyd, Ryan. 14 December 2018. "Sacred Sites: Ajanta Caves." Evolve + Ascend > Ancient Wisdom > Culture > Occult > Sacred Sites.
Available @ http://www.evolveandascend.com/2018/12/14/sacred-sites-ajanta-caves/

Boyle, Alan. 25 November 2013. "Religious Roots of Buddha's Birthplace Traced Back 2,600 Years." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/religious-roots-buddhas-birthplace-traced-back-2-600-years-2D11648772

Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

Dalrymple, William. 15 August 2014. "The Ajanta Cave Murals: 'Nothing Less Than the Birth of Indian Art.'" The Guardian > Culture > Art & Design.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/15/mural-ajanta-caves-india-birth-indian-art

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

Gupte, R.S.; and B.D. Mahajan. 1962. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves. Bombay, India: D.B. Taraporevala Sons and Co.

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 December 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/200th-anniversary-of-ajanta-cave-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2019. "Ajanta Herbal Gardens: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/ajanta-herbal-gardens-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 December 2019. "Maharashtran Tiger Ambles Through Ajanta Caves 200th Anniversary Year." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/maharashtran-tiger-ambles-through.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 November 2019. "Ajanta Cave 28: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/ajanta-cave-28-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 27." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 24." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 14.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2019. "Ajanta Cave 3: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/ajanta-cave-3-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2019. "Ajanta Cave 5: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/ajanta-cave-5-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2019. "Ajanta Cave 4: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/ajanta-cave-4-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 22." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_11.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 20." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 23: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-23-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 21: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-21-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2019. "Ajanta Cave 15: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ajanta-cave-15-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 7." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2019. "Mandana Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/mandana-wall-paintings-200th.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2019. "Warli Wall Paintings: 200th Anniversary of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/warli-wall-paintings-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 11." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2019. "Ajanta Cave 6: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/ajanta-cave-6-200th-anniversary-year-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2019. "200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 18." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_2.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2019. "Ajanta Cave 25: 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/ajanta-cave-25-200th-anniversary-year.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh Achieved at An Quang the Aims of Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-achieved-at-quang-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2019. "Engaged Buddhism of Thich Nhat Hanh Allies With Ajanta Jataka Tales." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/engaged-buddhism-of-thich-nhat-hanh.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Parallax Press and Ajanta Cave 17.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, La Boi and Ajanta Cave 16 Ace Outstanding Inner Peace.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-la-boi-and-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh and Indra's Net at Van Hanh and Ajanta Cave 1.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-and-indras-net-at-van.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2019. “Indra's Net Affects Thich Nhat Hanh, Phap Van and Ajanta Cave 2.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/indras-net-affects-thich-nhat-hanh-phap.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Phuong Boi and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-phuong.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Stream Entering Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-stream-entering.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Thai Plum Village and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-thai-plum-village-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, AIAB Hong Kong and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-aiab-hong-kong-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, EIAB Germany and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-eiab-germany-and-ajanta.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Deer Park Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-deer-park-monastery-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Blue Cliff Monastery and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-blue-cliff-monastery.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Plum Village Tradition and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-plum-village-tradition.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. “Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 13.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 12.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 8.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 15A/30.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_1.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Pithora Wall Art.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings: Ajanta Cave 29.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/200th-anniversary-year-of-ajanta-cave_15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 26 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-26-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2019. “Ajanta Cave 19 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/ajanta-cave-19-in-200th-anniversary.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2019. “200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings in Ajanta Cave 9.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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