Furry White Tigers Bred for Blue Eyes, Pink Noses, Brown-Gray Stripes

Summary: Riku, like crossbred, inbred-, jungle-loving captive white tigers worldwide, reacted self-defensively Oct. 8, 2018, to a zookeeper in Kagoshima, Japan.

one of four white tigers at Hirakawa Zoological Park: 永野琢磨 (Nagano Takuma), via Hirakawa Zoo Park Petting Zoo unofficial Facebook page July 13, 2017

A 10- to 20-year life expectancy appears as a likely actual lifespan for five-year-old Riku, one of approximately 200 captive white tigers in sanctuaries and zoos, despite fearful self-defensiveness Oct. 8, 2018.

Nobody bore witness to whatever brought Akira Furusho into one cage before Riku ("Land") bounded into the other of two cages that board the zoo-born male. The 40-year-old zookeeper counts as the only known casualty of four confined white tigers in the tiger enclosure of Hirakawa Zoological Park in Kagoshima, southern Japan.

Zoo official Takuro Nakazako explains, "We plan not to kill Riku and will continue to keep it because the bereaved family asked us to do so."

Riku, 5.91-foot- (1.8-meter-) long, 374-pound (169.64-kilogram) color variant of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris, "Panther tiger"), fits into the Felidae (from the Latin fēlēs, "cat") family.

Female white tigers, physically and sexually mature within three years, gestate two- to three-cub liters for 103 days after generating mating-friendly loud roars and scent markings. Their 2- to 3-pound (0.91- to 1.36-kilogram), temporarily blind cubs have milk the first six to eight weeks and hunt as families the  next 16 months. White tiger cubs initiate independent hunts as 18-month-olds even though they inhabit their mother's 10- to 30-square-mile (25.89- to 77.69-square-kilometer) territories until physical and sexual maturity.

White tigers jump full-weight against jungle plant-eaters and, secondarily, meat-eaters; jab long, sharp claws and teeth into their prey's neck; and juggle 39.68-pound (18-kilogram) fresh-kill mealtimes.

Buffaloes, cattle, deer, goats, Langur monkeys, porcupines and wild boars primarily and young elephants, leopards, rhinoceroses and wolves secondarily know of white tigers as ambush predators.

White tigers live solitarily, except during mating and as cub-raisers, in prey-, tree-, water-filled coniferous, temperate and tropical rain forests; mangrove swamps; rocky outskirts; and savannahs. Physically and sexually mature three-plus-year-old male white tigers maintain 7.87- to 10.17-foot (2.4- to 3.1-meter) head-tail lengths and manage 418.88- to 573.20-pound (190- to 260-kilogram) weights. Mature females net 348.33-pound (158-kilogram) average weights; 6.89- to 8.3-foot (2.1- to 2.6-meter) head-tail lengths; and, like males, 31.49- to 43.31-inch (80- to 110-centimeter) shoulder heights.

Absence of pheomelanin pigment occasions amber-, green- or blue-eyed; pink-nosed; brown-gray-striped; white-furred white tigers, whose specimens Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) observed in 1758.

Physically and sexually mature white tigers post claw and scent marks on territorial boundary trees; prey upon fellow swimmers; and present maximum 59.65-kilometer (60-mile) hourly speeds.

All 21st-century white tigers qualify as Siberian tiger-crossbred, white tiger-inbred descendants of white-furred Mohan and orange-furred Begum, respectively captured May 27, 1951, and Feb. 26, 1952. They require one copy per parent of the rare recessive white-variant allele (genetic trait) that sometimes realizes cleft palates, club paws, crossed-eyes, Down's syndrome and scoliosis. An observer shot the last-known, wild-roaming white tiger in Bihar state, northeast India in 1958 even though white tigers theoretically show up once every 10,000 births.

White tigers thrive on fresh-killed meat, jungle smells, nightly hunts, spacious territories and swimmable rivers, all of which captivity's human-controlled schedules and noisy, smelly crowds thwart.

entrance to Kagoshima's Hirakawa Zoological Park, home to four white tigers; Monday, Oct. 11, 2010, 11:27: Sakoppi, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

one of four white tigers at Hirakawa Zoological Park: 永野琢磨 (Nagano Takuma), via Hirakawa Zoo Park Petting Zoo unofficial Facebook page July 13, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1876849315910934&set=a.1601361730126362

entrance to Kagoshima's Hirakawa Zoological Park, home to four white tigers; Monday, Oct. 11, 2010, 11:27: Sakoppi, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kagoshima_City_Hirakawa_Zoological_Park.JPG

For further information:

Ives, Mike. 9 October 2018. "Rare White Tiger kills Zookeeper in Japan." The New York Times > World > Asia.

Khalid, Waleed. "White Tiger Facts / White Tiger Habitat & Diet Facts for Kids." Animals Time.

Linnaeus, Carl. 1758. "2. Felis tigris." Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Tomus I, Editio Decima, Reformata: 41. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726936

Toon, Ann and Stephen B. "Tiger: Panthera tigris." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 14, Mammals III: 380-381. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

"The Truth about White Tigers." The Wildcat Sanctuary, 2018.

"White Tiger Kills Zookeeper in Japan but Family Urges Mercy." British Broadcasting Corporation > BBC News > World > Asia > 9 October 2018.

"White Tiger." A-Z Animals > Animals.

Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season

Summary: The proverb When the Sea Draws Out the Tidal Wave, the Rocks Where the Cowries Hide Are Exposed affects cowrie sea snails and Hawaii Five-0 Oct. 12, 2018.

Honey cowrie sea snail (Cypraea helvola), named in Hawaiian as leho opule, has an Indo-Pacific range that includes Hawaii and relates to the Hawaiian honey cowrie (Cypraea hawaiiensis); Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Photographer Dr. Dwayne Meadows, NOAA/NMFS/OPR; July 2004: NOAA Photo Libraryy, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

The Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode When the Sea Draws Out the Tidal Wave, the Rocks Where the Cowries Hide Are Exposed Oct. 12, 2018, anticipates lulls before storms.

Director Antonio Negret and writer Rob Hanning base Season 9's third episode and title upon the olelo ao ("advice") Mimiki ke kai, ahuwale ka papa leho. The 196th episode considers catastrophe and crime clues through the proverb concerning moderately rising and quickly withdrawing lowest tide-like tsunami wave troughs before highest tide-like crests. The Indian and Pacific Ocean-dwelling sea snails in the Cypraeidae (from the Greek Κύπρις, Kypris, "Cypriot [Aphrodite]") marine gastropod mollusk family dote upon darkness, not day.

Tsunami wave patterns expose the Greek love goddess's reclusive cypraeids, examined taxonomically in 1815 by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (Oct. 22, 1783-Sept. 18, 1840), to natural enemies.

Cowrie sea snails flourish among dead coral heads, empty bivalve shells, rocks, rubble and seaweed of intertidal zones, shallow tidal pools, rocky beaches and soft floors.

Weak-eyed cowrie sea snails, whose common name goes back to the Sanskrit कपर्द (kaparda, "braid, cowry, shell"), go after coastal, tropical algal, coral and sponge prey. They hide from predatory cone snails (Conidae venomous marine gastropod mollusc family); crabs (Brachyura 10-footed crustacean infraorder); octopuses (Octopoda eight-limbed mollusc order); and shell-collecting, snail-eating people. Extreme weather, globally warmed climate change, over-collection, pollution and predation interfere with cowrie sea snail life cycles whose reproduction means otherwise invite healthy, increasing, itinerant populations.

Female cowrie sea snails jet hundreds of eggs into water columns for sea-hatching elsewhere or jumble them into discarded clam shells for hatching in mother-brooded niches.

Juvenile cowrie sea snails know olive, paper-thin, uncoiled shells even though mature cowrie sea snails all keep bright-colored, coiled, color-patterned, egg-shaped, enamel-like, glossy, porcelain-like shiny shells.

Cowrie sea snails look slimy and small with flap-like, fleshy, jacket-like mantles whose secreted pigments leave complex-patterned sheens on cowrie sea snail shell exteriors, not interiors. Domed, humped, oft-speckled, polished, thick cowrie sea snail shells maintain mature 0.028- to 0.12-ounce (0.8- to 3.5-gram) weights and 0.19- to 7.48-inch (5- to 190-millimeter) lengths. They net flat bottoms with central, fine-toothed, slit-like openings and curved-lip, nodular, swollen mouths; camouflage- and respiration-friendly, hair-like mantle papillae; and rounded tops with unobtrusive spires.

Cowrie sea snail shells observe record sizes around the Hawaiian Islands and obtain cultural acclaim as ancient African, American, Asian, Australian, Oceanian currency, decoration and jewelry.

Alison's, Beck's, calf, carnelian, clear Chinese, eroded, humpback, Isabella, jester, lynx, mole, money, porous, Schilder's and waxy cowrie sea snails populate Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific waters.

Anna's half-swimmer, Burgess', checkered, false nuclear, fringed, Gaskoin's, granulated, groove-toothed, half-swimmer, Maui's, Ostergaard's and Rashleigh's cowrie sea snails qualify as endemics (from Greek ἔνδημος, éndēmos, "native"). Hawaiian chick-pea, honey, leviathan, reticulated, snakehead and tiger cowry sea snails likewise rank among the Indo-Pacific Ocean cypraeids with disribution ranges exclusive to the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaii, like other Indo-Pacific Ocean habitat niches, sustains cowrie-like populations of drab-mantled stout volva, and 0.25-inch- (6.35-millimeter-) long barley grain trivia and rough trivia, sea snails.

Proverbial fast-rising, fast-falling coastal waters and the Schinasi-Hamra study from 2006-2015 of rising temperatures together tell the Hawaii Five-0 task force of troubled times to come.

During a heat wave of 100-degree-plus temperatures, Captain Lou Grover (Chi McBride) shoots par at Honolulu's Ala Wai Golf Course while the rest of the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force team confront aggressive situations in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0, season 9, episode 3, Mimiki Ke Kai, Ahuwale Ka Papa Leho: CBS Hawaii 5-0 episode 9.03 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Oct. 10, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Honey cowrie sea snail (Cypraea helvola), named in Hawaiian as leho opule, has an Indo-Pacific range that includes Hawaii and relates to the Hawaiian honey cowrie (Cypraea hawaiiensis); Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Photographer Dr. Dwayne Meadows, NOAA/NMFS/OPR; July 2004: NOAA Photo Library, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/noaaphotolib/5114752418/;
Dr. Dwayne Meadows, NOAA/NMFS/OPR, via NOAA Photo Library @ https://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/reef0672.htm;
CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reef0672_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg

During a heat wave of 100-degree-plus temperatures, Captain Lou Grover (Chi McBride) shoots par at Honolulu's Ala Wai Golf Course while the rest of the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force team confront aggressive situations in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 3, Mimiki Ke Kai, Ahuwale Ka Papa Leho: CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.03 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Oct. 10, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/09/hawaii-five-0-episode-903-mimiki-ke-kai.html

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Mimiki Ke Kai, Ahuwale Ka Papa Leho: When the Sea Draws Out the Tidal Wave, the Rocks Where the Cowries Hide Are Exposed." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount, Oct. 12, 2018.

Otto, Frank. 25 September 2017. "Violent Crime Increases during Warmer Weather, No Matter the Season, Study Finds." Phys.Org > Other Sciences > Social Sciences > September 25, 2017.
Available @ https://phys.org/news/2017-09-violent-crime-warmer-weather-season.html

Perkins, Michael C. 2006. Surviving Paradise: True Life and Death Stories of Hawaii's Hidden Dangers - with Advice from Rescue Experts on How to Enjoy the Islands Safely. Quidnunc Press.

Rafinesque, C.S. (Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz). 1851. "2. S. F. Cypridia. Les Cypridées." Analyse de la Nature; ou, Tableau de l'Univers et des Corps Organisés: 145-146. Palerme (Palermo, Sicily): Aux dépens de l'auteur.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310276

Schinasi, Leah H.; and Ghassan B. Hamra. December 2017. "A Time Series Analysis of Associations between Daily Temperature and Crime Events in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." Journal of Urban Health, vol. 94, issue 6: 892-900. DOI: 10.1007/s11524-017-0181-y
Available @ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11524-017-0181-y

Stender, Keoki & Yuko. Updated 24 November 2013. "Family Cypraeidae: Cowries." MarinelifePhotograph > Invertebrates > Shells.
Available @ https://www.marinelifephotography.com/marine/mollusks/gastropods/cowries/cowries.htm

Stender, Keoki & Yuko. Updated 24 November 2013. "Family Ovulidae: Egg Cowries & Volvas." MarinelifePhotography : Invertebrates > Shells.
Available @ https://www.marinelifephotography.com/marine/mollusks/gastropods/cowries/cowries.htm

Stender, Keoki & Yuko. Updated 24 November 2013. "Family Triviidae: Allied Cowries." MarinelifePhotography > Invertebrates > Shells.
Available @ https://www.marinelifephotography.com/marine/mollusks/gastropods/cowries/cowries.htm

Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: "Falsely Indicted" Monks?

Summary: Abbot Wenlok petitioned King Edward I about 81 "falsely indicted" Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid suspects even though only 23 obtained indictments.

Edward I issued his Oct. 12, 1303, writ concerning Westminster Abbey monks from Kinloss Abbey, a 12th-century Cistercian abbey in Moray, northeastern Scotland, where he resided for six weeks in autumn 1303; barley fields before ruins of Kinloss Abbey: Richard Webb, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Geograph Britain and Ireland

The days before the king's writ Oct. 12, 1303, authorizing investigation of monks imprisoned for the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid appear aggrieved in the Abbot's appeal and those after somewhat arighted.

The Abbot's appeal from London, England, brought up to the king in Kinloss, Scotland, the business of the entire Benedictine community being in the Tower Prison. He considered them "falsely indicted of the breaking of the Treasury at Westminster and of carrying away treasure to the value of a hundred thousand pounds." King Edward I (June 17, 1239-July 7, 1307) directed Roger Brabazon, William de Bereford, Walter de Gloucester, Roger de Hegham and Ralph de Sandwich to deliberate.

Abbot Wenlok (died Dec. 25, 1307) exited Nov. 10/14, 1303, when Edward's writ exhorted the quintet to "end that business per our kingdom's law and custom."

Confessions, indictments and searches June-July 1303 fit into the Tower Roger de Bures, John de Butterley, Robert de Cherring, Thomas de Dene and Thomas de Lichfield. They likewise got into the Tower fellow Westminster Abbey monks Ralph de Morton, John de Noteley, Alexander de Pershore, John de Prescot and Adam de Warfield. They herded into prison Warfield's Sacristy pages John de Caumpes, Walter de Ecclesford, Hugh de Eye, Adam the Skinner, Hamo de Wenlok and Roger de Wenlok. Westminster Palace deputy Keeper William Palmer's confession July 6, 1303, imprisoned Abbey mason John of St. Albans and monks Walter de Erksdale/Erskdale and Simon de Henley.

Pershore's acquaintance John de Lenton, Abbey page Roger de Prestok, John FitzGeoffrey of Lalham and linen draper Gerin of St. Giles joined them Aug. 6, 1303.

The king's commissioners kept the entire community in the Tower to search Abbey buildings and grounds for Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid gems, jewelry and metals.

Searches let royal commissioner John de Drogensford 1269-May 9, 1329), Keeper of the King's Wardrobe, look for Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury loot throughout buildings and grounds. Indictments summer 1303 and Jan. 9 and 13-14, 1304, and Palmer's confessions mentioned monks moving Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid from Abbey hideaways to the Thames. Wenlok's appeal no longer noted Caumpes and Eye, despite their numbering among Abbey door-barring, gate-locking, traffic-stopping raiders; or Prescot, despite Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid plunder.

Some Abbey appellants never overlapped with Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid suspects even though others obtained indictments in July and August 1303 and in January 1304.

Wenlok presented a perpetrator-free community even though Bures, Butterley, Cherring, Dene, Lichfield, Morton, Noteley, Pershore and Prescot purloined £100 in silver from Edward for chantry Masses.

Ecclesford, Gerin, Skinner, Warfield and Hamo and Roger de Wenlok queued up among hiders and transporters of Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury raid precious metals and stones. Edward released Abbot Wenlok and some servants Nov. 10/14, 1303; all but 10 by March 14, 1304; and the last 10 the beginning of April 1304. Only Lenton and St. Albans from the 81-member, "falsely indicted" Abbey community likely suffered hanging with John of Newmarket, Palmer and John Rippinghale March 5, 1304.

Edward told Sandwich to tender Bures, Butterley, Cherring, Dene, Lichfield, Morton, Noteley, Pershore, Prescot and Warfield their freedom twice before the Tower Constable turned them out.

The Tower of London, where indicted Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid monks were imprisoned, began with William the Conqueror's White Tower (center) in 1078 and reached current contours through expansions by Henry III and his son, Edward I; model of Tower of London as it appeared after final period of expansion under Edward I: Hchc2009 derivative work of Scale Model Of The Tower Of London In The Tower Of London by Onofre Bouvila, CC BY 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Edward I issued his Oct. 12, 1303, writ concerning Westminster Abbey monks from Kinloss Abbey, a 12th-century Cistercian abbey in Moray, northeastern Scotland, where he resided for six weeks in autumn 1303; barley fields before ruins of Kinloss Abbey: Richard Webb, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Geograph Britain and Ireland @ http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/4114763

The Tower of London, where indicted Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid monks were imprisoned, began with William the Conqueror's White Tower (center) in 1078 and reached current contours through expansions by Henry III and his son, Edward I; model of Tower of London as it appeared after final period of expansion under Edward I: Hchc2009 derivative work of Scale Model Of The Tower Of London In The Tower Of London by Onofre Bouvila (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_Model_Of_The_Tower_Of_London_In_The_Tower_Of_London.jpg), CC BY 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_model_close_up.jpg

For further information:

Doherty, Paul. 2005. The Great Crown Jewels Robbery of 1303. New York NY: Carroll & Graf Publisher.

Harvey, Barbara F., ed. 1965. Documents Illustrating the Rule of Walter de Wenlok, Abbot of Westminster 1283-1307. Vol. II. Camden Fourth Series. London, England: Offices of the Royal Historical Society.

Keay, Anna. 2011. The Crown Jewels. London UK: Thames & Hudson Ltd.

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 April 2018. "Richard Puddlicott and the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/richard-puddlicott-and-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid in April and May 1303 in England." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2018. "Mysteries of the April-May 1303 Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/mysteries-of-april-may-1303-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2018. "King Edward I's Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/king-edward-is-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Royal Proclamation June 16, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_8.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Palmer Confession June 17, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Arrests June 18-19, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 June 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Indenture June 22, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_29.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Palmer Confession July 6, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Goldsmiths Talk July 4, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_13.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 July 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Aldermen Interviews July 29, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid_27.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 August 2018. "Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid: Westminster Jurors Aug. 6, 1303." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/westminster-abbey-royal-treasury-raid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 August 2018. "Edward I's Second Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/edward-is-second-letter-on-westminster.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 September 2018. "Westminster Abbey Refectory Raid and London Sheriff Hugh Pourte." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/westminster-abbey-refectory-raid-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2018. "Edward I's Third Letter on the Westminster Abbey Royal Treasury Raid." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/edward-is-third-letter-on-westminster.html

Palgrave, Sir Francis, ed. 1836. "Appendix: Records Relating to the Robbery at the Treasury, 31 Edw. I." The Antient Kalendars and Inventories of His Majesty's Exchequer Together with Other Documents Illustrating the History of That Repository. Vol. I: 251-299. London England: Commissioners of the Public Records of The Kingdom.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/antientkalendars01grea_0#page/251/mode/1up

Rothwell, Harry, ed. 1957. The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough. Previously Edited as the Chronicle of Walter of Hemingford or Hemingburgh. Camden Series Volume LXXXIX. London, England: Royal Historical Society.

2018 October Delta Aurigids Peak Midnight to Pre-Dawn Thursday, Oct. 11

Summary: The 2018 October Delta Aurigids peak midnight to pre-dawn Thursday, Oct. 11, as a little-known, minor annual meteor shower.

The radiant, or apparent point of origin, for October Delta Aurigids lies in Auriga the Charioteer constellation, south of Delta (δ) Aurigae (top center): Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg), CC BY 4.0 International, via the International Astronomical Union

The 2018 October Delta Aurigids peak midnight to pre-dawn Thursday, Oct. 11, as a little-known minor annual meteor shower that was discovered and named in the late 20th century.

The International Meteor Organization’s 2018 Meteor Shower Calendar recommends peak date skywatching after local midnight for October Delta Aurigid observers. The calendar’s compiler, Dr. Jürgen Rendtel of northeastern Germany’s Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), describes the October Delta Aurigids as “visible chiefly from the northern hemisphere.”

The 2018 October Delta Aurigids encounter no interference from the moon for visibility on the shower’s peak date. The moon rises and sets as a daytime moon. Also, the moon’s entrance into its new phase Tuesday, Oct. 9, would promise invisibility if the moon were a nighttime presence during the 2018 October Delta Aurigid peak.

A zenithal hourly rate of two shower members per hour is predicted for the 2018 October Delta Aurigids. The zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) references ideal observable rates under optimal conditions.

Robert Lunsford, American Meteor Society’s Meteor Activity Outlook weekly columnist, describes the October Delta Aurigid shower’s meteors as swift movers. He clocks their entry velocity as 64 kilometers per second (40 miles per second).

The incomplete profile for the newly discovered autumnal shower offers possible activity dates that generally fall within the first half of October. Since 2011, the International Meteor Organization’s meteor shower calendars have identified annual activity dates of Oct. 10 to Oct. 18. Dr. Bill Cooke, lead of NASA’s Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO), gives activity dates of Sept. 20 through Oct. 16. American amateur astronomer Gary W. Kronke’s Meteor Showers Online website dates activity in the interval between Sept. 22 and Oct. 23.

The moon phases are mainly conducive for viewing the 2018 October Delta Aurigids, not only on peak date, but also for most of the shower’s October activity dates. The IMO’s range of Wednesday, Oct. 10 to Thursday, Oct. 18, finds day moons that set before prime viewing between local midnight and pre-dawn.

The 2018 opening activity date’s new moon transitions to the waxing crescent phase Thursday, Oct. 11. The first quarter phase takes over Tuesday, Oct. 16, with surface visibility of the lunar disk at 48 percent. The IMO-identified closing date, Thursday, Oct. 18, increases to 67 percent surface visibility as a waxing gibbous moon. And yet, the phase’s surface visibility does not matter because of the moon’s absence from the nighttime sky during the hours that are conducive to proper observation of the 2018 October Delta Aurigids.

Credit for discovery of the October Delta Aurigids goes to Jack D. Drummond of New Mexico State University, Robert K. Hill of National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Socorro, New Mexico, and Herbert A. Beebe of New Mexico State University. The 1979 discovery occurred during a review of 13 meteors that were doubly photographed between Oct. 25, 1976, and Dec. 13, 1977, at the NASA-NMSU Meteor Observatory in southern New Mexico. The trio noted two meteors, photographed Oct. 13, and Oct. 18, 1977, as a “matching pair” with similarities, such as retrograde orbits and respective velocities of 62.9 and 62.5 kilometers per second (39.08 and 38.8 miles per minute).

Drummond, Hill and Beebe pinpointed the apparent point of origin, known as the radiant, for the two similar meteors as near Delta Aurigae (δ Aur, δ Aurigae) in Auriga the Charioteer constellation. Its location south of Delta Aurigae places the radiant at maximum at 5 degrees northwest of Capella (Alpha Aurigae, α Aurigae; Alpha Aur, α Aur), according to American amateur astronomer Robert Lunsford. Capella’s star system of two binary pairs shines as the Charioteer’s brightest star, the Northern Celestial Hemisphere’s third brightest and the night sky’s sixth brightest star.

The October Delta Aurigids stream from an unknown parent body. Drummond hypothesizes an unknown comet with a short-period (115 years), retrograde orbit. Dr. Jürgen Rendtel of northeastern Germany’s Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) suggests a similarity in eccentricity and inclination with the orbits of Kreutz-group comets. He notes that Kreutz-group cometary orbits are evaluated as “end-states of orbital evolution.”

The takeaway for the 2018 October Delta Aurigids’ midnight to pre-dawn peak Thursday, Oct. 11, is that the minor shower, recently discovered and named in the late 20th century, features swift movers from an unknown parent body.

Praja, or Prajapati (Delta Aurigae), nearest star to October Delta Aurigid radiant, perches at the apex of triangle formed with Auriga the Charioteer’s two brightest stars, Capella and Menkalinan: Petr Kocna, CC BY ND 3.0 Unported, via Univerzita Karlova 1. Lékařská Fakulta

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The radiant, or apparent point of origin, for October Delta Aurigids lies in Auriga the Charioteer constellation, south of Delta (δ) Aurigae (top center): Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg), CC BY 4.0 International, via the International Astronomical Union @ https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/

Praja, or Prajapati (Delta Aurigae), nearest star to October Delta Aurigid radiant, perches at the apex of triangle formed with Auriga the Charioteer’s two brightest stars, Capella and Menkalinan: Petr Kocna, CC BY ND 3.0 Unported, via Univerzita Karlova 1. Lékařská Fakulta @ http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~kocna/stars01.htm (image specific URL @ http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~kocna/ha118358.jpg)

For further information:

“00224 DAU October October delta Aurigids.” IAU (International Astronomical Union) Meteor Data Center > List of All Meteor Showers.
Available @ https://www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2007/Roje/pojedynczy_obiekt.php?kodstrumienia=00281&colecimy=0&kodmin=00001&kodmax=01032&sortowanie=0

amanda ta muito croata ‏@fcbarceIwna. “Auriga constellation lies in the northern hemisphere. Its name means the charioteer” in Latin. The constellation got this name because its major stars form a shape similar to that of the pointed helmet of a charioteer.” Twitter. March 19, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/fcbarceIwna/status/975761964415832064

“Auriga (Charioteer).” Astronomy Online > The Night Sky -- 88 Constellations.
Available @ http://astronomyonline.org/ViewImage.asp?Cate=Observation&SubCate=MP07&SubCate2=MP0801&Img=%2FObservation%2FImages%2FConstellations%2FConstellationBig%2FAuriga%2Egif&Cpt=Constellations+-+Auriga+%28Charioteer%29

Bailey, M.E.; J. (John) E. Chambers; and G. Hahn. “Origin of Sungrazers: A Frequent Cometary End-State.” Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 257, no. 1 (1992): 315-322.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1992A%26A...257..315B

“Constellations by Month.” Constellation Guide.
Available @ http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/

Cooke, Bill. “One Night, Five Meteor Showers.” NASA Blogs > Watch the Skies. Oct. 18, 2011.
Available @ https://blogs.nasa.gov/Watch_the_Skies/2011/10/18/post_1318960826447/

Drummond, J.D. (Jack D.). “A Note on the Delta Aurigid Meteor Stream.” Icarus, vol. 51 (September 1982): 655-659.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Icar...51..655D

Drummond, Jack D.; Robert K. Hill; and Herbert A. Beebe. “Trajectories and Orbits From the NASA-NMSU Meteor Observatory.” Astronomical Journal, vol. 85, no. 4 (April 1980): 495-498.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1980AJ.....85..495D.pdf

Dubietis, Audrius; and Rainer Arlt. “The Current Delta-Aurigid Meteor Shower.” WGN, vol. 30, no. 5 (2002): 168-174.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?2002JIMO...30..168D.pdf
Available via IMO @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

Espenak, Fred. “Phases of the Moon: 2001 to 2100.” Astro Pixels > Ephemeris > Moon.
Available @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases2001.html

Jenniskens, Peter. Meteor Showers and Their Parent Comets. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Kocna, Petr. “Vozka -- Auriga.” Univerzita Karlova 1. Lékařská Fakulta > Kocna > Stars.
Available @ http://www1.lf1.cuni.cz/~kocna/stars01.htm

Kronk, Gary W. “Observing Delta Aurigids.” Meteor Showers Online > Meteor Shower Calendar > October Radiants.
Available @ http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/delta_aurigids.html

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 19-25, 2015.” International Meteor Organization. Sept. 19, 2015.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-19-25-2015/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 20-26, 2008.” International Meteor Organization. Sept. 19, 2008.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-20-26-2008/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 20-26, 2014.” International Meteor Organization. Sept. 19, 2014.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-20-26-2014/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 26-October 2, 2015.” International Meteor Organization. Sept. 26, 2015.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-26-october-2-2015/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 27-October 3, 2008.” American Meteor Society. Sept. 27, 2008.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-27-october-3-2008/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 27-October 3, 2014.” American Meteor Society. Sept. 25, 2014.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-27-october-3-2014/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for September 28-October 4, 2013.” American Meteor Society. Sept. 26, 2013.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-september-28-october-4-2013/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for October 5-11, 2007.” American Meteor Society. Sept. 30, 2007.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/meteor-activity-outlook-for-october-5-11-2007/

Lunsford, Robert. Meteors and How to Observe Them. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.

Mackenzie, Robert A. Solar System Debris. Monographs in Solar System Astronomy, vol. 1. Dover, England: British Meteor Society, 1980.

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018 Alpha Aurigid Meteor Shower Peaks Saturday, Sept. 1.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 29, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/2018-alpha-aurigid-meteor-shower-peaks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Auriga the Charioteer Claims Capella as Night’s Sixth Brightest Star.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 19, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/auriga-charioteer-claims-capella-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Big Dipper Bowl Pointer Stars Lead to Auriga Constellation and Capella.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 26, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/big-dipper-bowl-pointer-stars-lead-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Goat Kids Asterism Triangulates Near Golden Capella in Auriga.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 29, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/goat-kids-asterism-triangulates-near.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Winter Hexagon Asterism Gathers Six Stars From Six Constellations.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/winter-hexagon-asterism-gathers-six.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Winter Triangle Is Asterism Within Winter Hexagon Asterism.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 11, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/winter-triangle-is-asterism-within.html

McBeath, Alastair. “δ-Aurigids (224 DAU).” 2011 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 13.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2011.pdf

McBeath, Alastair. “δ-Aurigids (224 DAU).” 2012 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 14.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2012.pdf

McBeath, Alastair. “δ-Aurigids (224 DAU).” 2013 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 15.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2013.pdf

McBeath, Alastair. “δ-Aurigids (224 DAU).” 2015 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 15.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2015.pdf

“Moon Phases October 2018.” Calendar-12.com > Moon Calendar > 2018.
Available @ https://www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2018/october

“Northern Hemisphere Circumpolar Constellations, A Complete Guide for the Backyard Astronomer.” Love the Night Sky.
Available @ https://lovethenightsky.com/northern-hemisphere-circumpolar-constellations-guide/

Rendtel, Jüurgen. “Delta Aurigids and September Perseids.” In: J. Stohl and I.P. Williams, eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Smolenice, Slovakia, July 6-12, 1992: 185-188.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1993mtpb.conf..185R&amp.pdf

Rendtel, Jürgen. “δ-Aurigids (224 DAU).” 2016 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 16.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2018.pdf

Rendtel, Jürgen. “δ-Aurigids (224 DAU).” 2018 Meteor Shower Calendar > 6. October to December: 17.
Available @ https://www.imo.net/files/meteor-shower/cal2016.pdf

Rendtel, Jürgen. “Radiants and Orbits of δ-Aurigids and September Perseids.” In: J. Stohl and I.P. Williams, eds., Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Smolenice, Slovakia, July 6-12, 1992: 67-73.

Rendtel, Jürgen. “Radiants in the Per-Aur Region Between August and October.” In: D. Heinlein and D. Koschny, eds., Proceedings of the International Meteor Conference, Violau, 1990: 37-41.

2018-2019 Met Opera Premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie Is Friday, Oct. 19

Summary: The 2018-2019 Met Opera premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie is Friday, Oct. 19, during the season’s fourth week of opera performances.

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie takes place Friday, Oct. 19, at 8 p.m.: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 19, 2019

The 2018-2019 Met Opera premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie is Friday, Oct. 19, during the season’s fourth week of continuing performances of Saint-Saëns’s Samson et Dalila and of Verdi’s Aida.

October’s third week is the 2018-2019 season’s fourth week. The fourth week’s schedule also includes performances of Puccini’s La Fanciulla del West.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s fourth week opens with the first of the week’s two performances of Aida by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901). The week’s two Aida performances are scheduled for Monday, Oct. 15, at 7:30 p.m. and Thursday, Oct. 18, at 8 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time. The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of Aida took place Wednesday, Sept. 26, at 7:30 p.m.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s fourth week features two performances of Samson et Dalila by French Romantic Era composer Camille Saint-Saëns (Oct. 9, 1835-Dec. 16, 1921). The week’s two performances are scheduled for Tuesday, Oct. 16, at 7:30 p.m. and Saturday, Oct. 20, at 1 p.m.

Saturday’s performance is also available through the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s Live in HD schedule. Samson et Dalila is transmitted as the second of the season’s 10 high-definition videos. Live in HD transmits high-definition videos via satellite from the Metropolitan Opera to more than 2,200 cinema screens in over 70 countries. Verdi’s Aida opened the 2018-2019 Live in HD schedule Saturday, Oct. 6, at 12:55 p.m. Dialogues des Carmélites by French composer Francis Poulenc (Jan. 7, 1899-Jan. 30, 1963) closes the 2018-2019 Live in HD schedule Saturday, May 11, 2019, at 12 p.m.

The season premiere of Samson et Dalila opened the 2018-2019 Met Opera season Monday, Sept. 24, at 6 p.m. Samson et Dalila’s 2018-2019 season premiere also debuted a new production under the directorship of Serbian-American theater director Darko Tresnjak.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s Saturday matinee radio broadcast schedule also includes Samson et Dalila. Saint-Saëns’s Biblical opera is the Saturday, March 23, 2019, Saturday matinee radio broadcast. Samson et Dalila numbers as 17th in the 2018-2019 Saturday matinee radio broadcast lineup.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s fourth week includes two performances of La Fanciulla del West by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). The week’s performances of La Fanciulla del West are scheduled for Wednesday, Oct. 17, at 7:30 p.m. and Saturday, Oct. 20, at 8 p.m.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s Saturday matinee radio broadcast schedule includes La Fanciulla del West. Puccini’s California Gold Rush-themed opera is the Saturday, Dec. 22, 2018, Saturday matinee radio broadcast. La Fanciulla is presented as the fourth of 24 Saturday matinee radio broadcasts during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s fourth week features the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Marnie by American contemporary classical music composer Nico Muhly. Marnie’s Metropolitan Opera premiere takes place Friday, Oct. 19, at 8 p.m.

In addition to the Metropolitan Opera premiere date, the Metropolitan Opera stages six performances of Marnie. All performances are offered during the autumn.

October claims four performances, including the premiere. October’s three additional performances are scheduled for Monday, Oct. 22, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Oct. 27, at 8 p.m.; Wednesday, Oct. 31, at 7:30 p.m.

Three of autumn’s performances occur in November. November dates are Saturday, Nov. 3, at 8 p.m.; Wednesday, Nov. 7, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Nov. 10, at 1 p.m.

Marnie also appears in the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s lineup of Saturday matinee radio broadcasts. Marnie is the Saturday, Jan. 26, 2019, Saturday matinee radio broadcast. Marnie numbers as ninth in the season’s offerings of 24 Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

The takeaway for the 2018-2019 Met Opera premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie on Friday, Oct. 19, is that Marnie’s premiere date joins continuing performances of Puccini’s La Fanciulla del West, Saint-Saëns’s Samson et Dalila and Verdi’s Aida during the 2018-2019 season’s fourth week.

The Metropolitan Opera’s Saturday, Oct. 20, performance of Saint-Saëns’s Samson et Dalila is also available via the opera house’s 2018-2019 Live in HD series: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 19, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Nico Muhly’s Marnie takes place Friday, Oct. 19, at 8 p.m.: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 19, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160146381850533/

The Metropolitan Opera’s Saturday, Oct. 20, performance of Saint-Saëns’s Samson et Dalila is also available via the opera house’s 2018-2019 Live in HD series: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 19, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10160146386110533

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Opens Sept. 24 With Samson et Dalila.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 17, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/2018-2019-met-opera-season-opens-sept.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of La Fanciulla del West Is Thursday, Oct. 4.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 24, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/2018-2019-met-opera-season-premiere-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season’s Third Week Offers Puccini, Saint-Saëns, Verdi.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 1, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-seasons-third-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Metropolitan Opera Season Presents Four New Productions.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 25, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/2018-2019-metropolitan-opera-season_25.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Metropolitan Opera Season Stages 29 Operas.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 18, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/2018-2019-metropolitan-opera-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Aida Is the April 15, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, April 10, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/aida-is-april-15-2017-metropolitan.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “The 2018-19 Live in HD season has been announced!” Facebook. Feb. 19, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10160146386110533

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Live in HD November 10. Composer Nico Muhly unveils his second new opera for the Met with his gripping reimagining of Winston Graham’s novel, set in the 1950s, about a beautiful, mysterious young woman who assumes multiple identities. . . .” Facebook. Feb. 19, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10160146381850533/

“New Production: Aida.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 294740 New Production Aida {924} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/8/1988.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=294740

“New Production: La Fanciulla del West.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 306170 New Production La Fanciulla del West {76} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/10/1991.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=306170

“New Production: Samson et Dalila.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330432 New Production Samson et Dalila {177} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/13/1998.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330432