Earth and Space News

Saturday, December 14, 2013

Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances

Summary: Geoff Kempter of Asplundh Tree Expert Company discusses community and tree safety awareness during line- and road-clearances.

Recordkeeping, which documents response activities and equipment, can clarify complexities and seeming chaos of storm response efforts; after-storm cleanup in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota: Joseph O'Brien/USDA Forest Service/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Storm Response, Part 4: Unique Aspects: Keeping Employees Safe, Talking to the Media, Saving Damaged Trees, Winding Down, and Lessons Learned accentuates tree safety awareness in the Arborist News December 2013 issue.

Geoff Kempter of Asplundh Tree Expert Company builds timely, vigilant pruning, publicity, recordkeeping, safety and stand-downs into the response and the restoration stages of storm responses. Safety in storm response and restoration concerns people and their equipment, infrastructure such as buildings and pavement and vehicles as well as sites and their trees. Emergency declarations by governments and by utilities derive from "extraordinary conditions" that "disrupt normal activities and cause damage to infrastructure," especially to communication and transportation networks.

With or without emergency declarations, response and restoration expand electrical hazards, tree failures and wildlife displacements and extend drive-times and workloads in "difficult or unusual environments."

Line- and road-clearances function as top priorities in storm response and restoration since communication and transportation networks and power grids facilitate returns to normal operating procedures.

Tree safety awareness sometimes gets underestimated since "Fallen trees and branches may be entangled, and partially fallen or leaning trees or hanging branches may be common." Storm-loaded wood under tension has the "possibility of unexpected movement when loads are released by cuts" from risk assessment arborists headed into removal or restoration pruning. Cuts "to allow access and restore critical services" indicate pruning procedures since "Many trees sustain severe damage but remain standing" and respond quickly to restoration schedules.

"[B]ack feed" from "improperly connected home generators" jeopardizes line- and road-clearance arborists whose metal pruners join wet wood near lines that must be treated as energized.

Line- and road-clearances always kindle learning and teaching moments for "lessons learned" and tree safety awareness stand-downs about accidents, "costly" mistakes, "near" misses and "[u]nexpected events."

Analyses of failures and successes lend themselves well to on-site stand-downs "to prevent further incidents" and post-response talks to incorporate lesson-learning into preparations for subsequent responses. They may mention publicity since line- and road-clearances, response and restoration, "attract intense public and media scrutiny, especially after large storms and during lengthy power outages." Management needs to name authorized issuers of descriptions, photographs and statements to bloggers and reporters, "homeowners and neighbors" and media outlets, social media and the public.

Pre-approved "I don't know" and "We are all working hard to get things back to normal" statements for field personnel offer nothing for misrepresentation or misunderstanding.

Recordkeeping puts in response and restoration appearances since accurately accounting "hours worked, miles traveled, and costs for food, fuel, lodging, and other expenses can be daunting."

"[P]re-negotiation of terms, including agreements on what expenses are reimbursable" and vigilant documentation from the start, with information shared between parties" quell chaos and quicken reimbursements. Pre-negotiation of "turnkey contracts with suppliers of services and materials" and "use of dedicated corporate credit cards" result in streamlined "expenses documentation and accounting" for reimbursement. Accurate, prompt accounting of legitimate expenses serves to thank those who sign checks for writing checks while correct, timely reimbursements show that people and trees matter.

Community and tree safety awareness takes many forms whose common denominator is line- and road-clearances during storms as "unruly reminders of our vulnerability to natural phenomena."

Community awareness and tree safety awareness are important components of storm response and restoration; utility pole dangerously leaning over Main Line of Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) after battering by overnight cold front's high winds, Hicksville, Long Island, New York; Thursday, Jan. 31, 2013, 12:49:48: Metropolitan Transportation Authority of the State of New York (MTAPhotos), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Kempter, Geoff. December 2013. "Storm Response, Part 4: Unique Aspects: Keeping Employees Safe, Talking to the Media, Saving Damaged Trees, Winding Down, and Lessons Learned." Arborist News 22(6): 12-18.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=0d7dd641-d347-417c-b9c7-a28300c6d215#?page=12

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Friday, December 13, 2013

Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series

Summary: Sherlock Holmes eats a fruit that epitomizes osage orange botanical illustrations and entraps a criminal in Elementary's Internal Audit Dec. 12, 2013.

osage orange (Maclura pomifera), under synonym Maclura aurantiaca; A-branches; B-portion of branch with female catkin; C-male flowers; D-male flowers, separate; E-young fruit; F-section of young fruit, showing seed disposition; G-full grown fruit; print by botanical engraving firm of Henry Hopkins Weddell (1794-1838) and Edward Weddell Smith (1796-1858) in A.B. Lambert's Description of the Genus Pinus (1828), vol. II: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Osage orange botanical illustrations address the shrub-tree's fruit and approach the sap in accompanying analyses, just as they appear in the Columbia Broadcasting System series elementary episode Internal Audit Dec. 12, 2013.

The kicked-in door of dead independent journalist Rosalie Núñez (Kristine Johnson) bears osage orange sap from a nearby public park under a 24-7 crime-busting surveillance system. Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) consumes the fall-yellowing, latex-secreting, 3- to 6-inch (7.62- to 15.24-centimeter), woody-pulped single mass that comes from fruiting-bodied infructescences from fruiting-flowered inflorescences. He designates it monkey brains, one of its common names with bodark, bois d'arc ("wood of bow"), bow-wood, hedge apple, horse apple, mock orange and yellow-wood.

Sherlock explains the cucumber-tasting fruit as citrus-like to eat but elucidates nothing about the bitter, sticky, thick, white sap that, like leaves and thorns, it exudes.

Groppendorf-born German botanist Camillo Karl Schneider (April 7, 1876-Jan. 5, 1951) furnished one of the most accurate osage orange botanical illustrations with scientific annotations in 1906.

Osage orange gets the scientific citation (Raf.) Schneid. and the scientific name Maclura pomifera (Maclure's fruit-bearer) Nuttall by taxonomists who give credit for multiple same-plant discoverers. The citation has Rafinesque for Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (Oct. 22, 1783-Sep. 18, 1840), French-German-Italian Americanized polymath who had osage orange described and named in December 1817. Maclura and Nuttall respectively identify geologist William Maclure (Oct. 27, 1763-March 23, 1840) and his friend Thomas Nuttall (Jan. 5, 1786-Sep. 10, 1859), taxonomist in 1818.

Meriwether Lewis (Aug. 18, 1774-Oct. 11, 1809) judged Pierre Chouteau's (Oct. 10, 1758-July 10, 1849) specimens worthy of Thomas Jefferson's (April 13, 1743-July 4, 1813) attention.

Clayey-, sandy, silty-loamy, moist, nutrient-rich, permeable, sunlit, well-drained bottomland soils above pH 4.5 kick-start fall-germinating cream-brown, oval, untreated, 0.32- to 0.47-inch- (8- to 12-millimeter-) long seeds.

Hardiness lets 30- to 60-foot (9.14- to 18.29-meter) by 30- to 35-foot (9.14- to 10.67-meter) shrub-trees survive at minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 34.44 degrees Celsius). Mature shrub-trees manage deep-furrowed, orange-brown-barked trunks 2 feet (0.61 meter) around, orange-barked, 27-foot- (8.23-meter-) deep taproots and sharp, 0.5- to 1-inch- (1.27- to 2.54-centimeter-) long thorns. Alternate-arranged, end-pointed, simple, smooth-margined, 1.58- to 4.73-inch- (4- to 12-centimeter-) long, 0.79- to 2.36-inch- (2- to 6-centimeter-) wide leaves net darker green upper-sides, hairy, lighter undersides.

Osage orange botanical illustrations observe April- through June-blooming, cylinder-clustered or globular, green, hairy, short staminate flowers with four stamens and large yellow anthers on male-blossoming shrub-trees.

April- to June-blooming, dense, globular-clustered pistillate flowers present circular, flat, green, small ovaries with thread-like yellow stigmas and 0.59- to 0.98-inch (1.5- to 2.5-centimeter) basal diameters.

Shrub-trees queue up in black walnut, cedar-elm, red-cedar and white ash, mulberry and oak woodlands and boxelder-elm-locust, hackberry-oak, hickory-oak, hickory-oak-pine and northern and southern floodplain forests. Osage orange resists environmental pathogens, pests and pressures other than chainsaw girdling, picloram and triclopyr treatments, compacted soils, cotton root rot, eastern mistletoe parasitism and winter-kill. The relative of breadfruit, fig, mulberry and pineapple, serves as antioxidant, cockroach repellent, dye, fence, hedge, pesticide, post, railroad tie, shelterbelt and wagon hubs and rims.

The brown, green, orange, yellow shrub-tree turns up in osage orange botanical illustrations, bows for archers, fences, hedges and Internal Audit's homicide scene and public park.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) surveys crime scene of murdered private hedge fund manager Donald Hauser (Thomas Ryan), whose killing is finally solved by way of a slick of osage orange sap on similarly-murdered journalist Rosalie Nuñez's apartment door in Elementary tv series' Internal Audit (season 2 episode 11): Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Dec. 11, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Elementary Writers ‏@ELEMENTARYStaff. 12 December 2013. "All the Osage Orange stuff, including the park in Brooklyn where they're found, is true. #monkeyballs #ELEMENTARY." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/ELEMENTARYStaff/status/411335995271815168

"Internal Audit." Elementary: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 12, 2013.

Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. 1828. "Maclura aurantiaca. Osage Orange or Bow-Wood." Description of the Genus Pinus, Illustrated With Figures; Directions Relative to the Cultivation, and Remarks on the Uses of the Several Species: Also Descriptions of Many Other Trees of the Family of Coniferae. Second edition. Vol. II: 32. London, England: Messrs. Weddell, MDCCCXXVIII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30944690

"Maclura aurantiaca Nutt." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21301576

"Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K. Schneid." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/21300468

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Park Slope Parents @ParkSlopeParents. 26 October 2014. "If you've see these in Prospect Park they are fruit from the Osage Orange Tree." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=751575554889877

Schneider, Camillo Karl. 1906. "Fig. 153 a-g Ioxylon pomiferum (Maclura aurantiaca)." Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde: 239. Jena, Germany: Gustav Fischer.
Available via Biodiversity Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/448423

Wednesday, December 11, 2013

Lamb Crater Parents Three Satellites in Southern Mare Australe

Summary: Lamb Crater parents three satellites in southern Mare Australe (Southern Sea) as a crater system on the lunar far side.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 116 shows Lamb Crater with Lamb A and Lamb G, two of its three satellites, in Mare Australe on the lunar far side; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Lamb Crater parents three satellites in southern Mare Australe (Southern Sea) as a crater system occupying the lunar far side, just beyond the near side’s southeastern limb.

The Lamb Crater system’s primary crater is centered at minus 42.67 degrees south latitude, 100.94 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Lamb Crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 41.07 degrees south and minus 44.32 degrees south, respectively. The southern hemisphere crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 103.27 degrees east and 98.62 degrees east, respectively. Lamb Crater’s diameter spans 103.55 kilometers.

Lamb Crater parents three satellites in the lunar eastern hemisphere’s Mare Australe. The Southern Sea stretches across the near side’s southeastern limb to occupy the far side’s portion of the lunar eastern hemisphere. The Lamb Crater system’s three satellites are located to the east of their parent.

Lamb A lies to the north of its parent. Satellite A’s placement qualifies it as the most northerly of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites.

Lamb A is centered at minus 39.87 degrees south latitude, 101.55 degrees east longitude. It confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 39.6 degrees south and minus 40.14 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes linger at 101.9 degrees east and 101.19 degrees east, respectively. Lamb A’s diameter measures 16.45 kilometers.

Lamb E resides to the east-northeast of its parent. Satellite E lies to the southeast of Lamb A and to the northeast of Lamb G. Lamb E’s placement qualifies it as the most easterly of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites.

Lamb E is centered at minus 41.55 degrees south latitude, 107.05 degrees east longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 41.36 degrees south and minus 41.74 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 107.3 degrees east and 106.8 degrees east, respectively. Lamb E has a diameter of 11.31 kilometers.

Lamb E’s diameter qualifies it as the smallest of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites. Satellite E’s diameter of 11.31 kilometers approximates 10.93 percent of its parent’s diameter of 103.55 kilometers.

Lamb G is sited to the east of its parent. Its location lies to the south-southwest of Lamb E. Satellite G’s placement qualifies it as the most southerly of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites.

Lamb G is centered at minus 43.06 degrees south, 105.7 degrees east longitude. It posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 41.94 degrees south and minus 44.19 degrees south, respectively. It marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 107.24 degrees east and 104.17 degrees east, respectively. Lamb G’s diameter spans 68.03 kilometers.

Lamb G’s diameter qualifies it as the largest of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites. Lamb G’s diameter of 68.03 kilometers approximates 65.7 percent of its parent’s diameter of 103.55 kilometers.

Lamb A claims Gernsback H and Gernsback J as its nearest named northern neighbors. Gernsback H and Gernsback J lie to the northeast and north-northeast, respectively, of Lamb A.

Gernsback H is centered at minus 38.41 degrees south latitude, 103.17 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are found at minus 37.61 degrees south and minus 39.21 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are obtained at 104.2 degrees east and 102.14 degrees east, respectively. Gernsback H’s diameter measures 48.69 kilometers.

Gernsback J is centered at minus 37.81 degrees south latitude, 101.79 degrees east longitude. It finds northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 37.5 degrees south and minus 38.12 degrees south, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 102.18 degrees east and 101.39 degrees east, respectively. Gernsback J has a diameter of 18.74 kilometers.

The takeaways for Lamb Crater’s parentage of three satellites in southern Mare Australe are that the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites are associated with their parent’s eastern half; that one satellite, Lamb A, lies to the east-northeast of its parent; and that the Lamb Crater system’s other two satellites, Lamb E and Lamb G, reside as eastern satellites to the northeast and east, respectively, of their parent.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 1172 shows Lamb Crater with Lamb E and Lamb G, two of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites: courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Gernsback H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9475

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Gernsback J.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9476

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Jenner.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2819

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3252

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10571

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10572

> Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10573

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Australe.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3665

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Pogson.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4774

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Lamb Crater Honors British Mathematician and Physicist Sir Horace Lamb.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 4, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/lamb-crater-honors-british.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Pogson Crater Honors British Astronomer Norman Robert Pogson.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 20, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/pogson-crater-honors-british-astronomer.html

The Moon Wiki. “Gernsback.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > G Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Gernsback

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Jenner.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > J Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Jenner

The Moon Wiki. “Lamb.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lamb

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Australe.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Australe

The Moon Wiki. “Pogson.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Pogson

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Friday, December 6, 2013

Australian Baobab Tree Botanical Illustrations and Images Down Under

Summary: Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images abound with the Australian endemic's distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances.

Group of Gouty Stem Trees, Adansonia gregorii F. Muell., on the Baines River, North West Australia (1857 oil on canvas) by English artist and explorer Thomas Baines (Nov. 27, 1820-May 8, 1875); Lynn Museum, King's Lynn, England: Public Domain, via The Athenaeum

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images acclaim the only Australian endemic among nine extant baobab tree species whose other eight members appear natively in mainland Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar.

Australian baobabs bear the English common names Australian baobab trees, baobs and boabs and bottle-trees, cream-of-tartar trees and gouty-stems for biogeography, as nicknames and from appearances. They carry the scientific name Adansonia gregorii to commemorate Michel Adanson (April 7, 1727-Aug. 3, 1806) and Sir Augustus Charles Gregory (Aug. 1, 1819-June 25, 1905). Taxonomies in Carl Linnaeus's (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) system date to 1857 by Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller (June 30, 1825-Oct. 10, 1896).

Western Australia's Derby-area, 1,500-year-old Boab Prison Tree, 1,343 years older than the Mueller explications, epitomizes the elder examples in Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images.

Australian baobabs favor floodplain, forest, riverbed and rocky distribution ranges through 984.25-foot (300-meter) altitudes above sea level from Kimberley, Western Australia, eastward into the Northern Territory.

The Boab Prison Tree, 19th-century gathering-place, or not, for gaoling aboriginals before sentencing 3.73 miles (6 kilometers) northward, in Derby, generates a 48.23-foot (14.7-meter) mature girth. Australian baobabs have average 29.53- to 39.37-foot (9- to 12-meter) heights within 16.40- to 49.21-foot (5- to 15-meter) ranges and diameters through 16.40-plus feet (5-plus meters). Bean-like seeds, brown-black gourd-like capsules, brown-gray smooth bark, compound emerald-green leaves and white flowers identify gourd-gourd and sour-gourd tree members of the Malvaceae mallow plant family.

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images juggle root-like branches atop cylindrical, downward-flared trunks atop branch-like rhizomes (from the Greek ῥῐ́ζᾰ, rhíza, "root") and downward-growing roots.

Branches and rhizomes keep Australian baobab bulb-based, tube-like trunks straight and sustainable since they respectively know foliage, flowers, fruits and seeds and rooting, shooting woody offsets.

Australia's 'abū ḥibāb (from Arabic أَبُو حِبَاب, "father of many seeds") lodges 2.56- to 4.73-inch (6.5- to 12-centimeter) by 0.98- to 1.77-inch (2.5- to 4.5-centimeter) leaflets. Australian baobabs, mentioned in northwestern aboriginal languages by the names gadawon, larrgadi and larrgadiy, maintain foliage from November through June and flowers from December through May. Night-opening flowers net 4.33- to 4.72-inch- (11- to 12-centimeter-) long petals in 13.5- to 15-inch (34.29- to 38.1-centimeter) by 1.5- to 2.5-inch (3.81- to 6.34-centimeter) corollas.

Bloom times offer bottom-fused, 1.18- to 2.76-inch (30- to 70-millimeter) anther filaments; sepal-filled, 2.36-inch- (6-centimeter) calyxes (from Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk") and stamen-filled, 0.79-inch (2-centimeter) tubes.

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images present 0.39- to 0.43-inch (10- to 11-millimeter) by 0.32-inch (8-millimeter) seeds from 0.39-inch- (10-centimeter-) long, 1.58-inch- (4-centimeter-) wide fruits.

Joseph Henry Maiden (April 25, 1859-Nov. 16, 1925), in 1889, qualified the "dry acidulous pulp of the fruit" as "an agreeable taste, like cream of tartar." Australian baobabs rate reputations for edible, mealy pulp; habitable, water-holding trunks; iron-rich, medicinal leaves; outer fruit surfaces carved or painted by aboriginal artists; and roasted seeds. The Boab Prison Tree, the Gija Jumulu, the Hillgrove Lockup and the Wyndham caravan park tree serve as special Australian baobabs for locals, residents and visitors.

Australian baobab tree botanical illustrations and images team 19.69- to 59.06-inch (500- to 1,500-millimeter) rainfall in 55.4 to 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit (13 to 39 degrees Celsius).

Gija Jumulu, an Australian baobab tree (Adansonia gregorii), was removed from Telegraph Creek, in Western Australia's northernmost Kimberley region to make way for a road bridge on the Great Northern Highway and transported 3,200 kilometers (2,000 mi) southwest to the Wheatbelt region for July 20, 2008, replanting; Gija Jumulu at Two Rivers Lookout, Forrest Carpark, in Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia, southwestern Australia; Sunday, Feb. 5, 2012, 16:53: Moondyne, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Adansonia gregorii F. Muell." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3900667

"Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller." Find A Grave > Memorial.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/176287019/ferdinand-jacob_heinrich-von_mueller

Maiden, Joseph Henry. 1889. "7. Adansonia Gregorii." The Useful Native Plants of Australia, (Including Tasmania): 4-5. London, England: Trubner and Co; and Sydney, Australia: Turner and Henderson.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12453235
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/usefulnativeplan1889maid

Mueller, F. (Ferdinand). 1857. "Nova Genera et Species Aliquot Rariores in Plagis Australlæ Intratropicis Superrime Detecta: Adansonia Gregorii." Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany, vol. IX:14. London, England: Lovell Reeve.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/784897

Pakenham, Thomas. 2004. The Remarkable Baobab. New York NY; and London UK: W.W. Norton & Company.

Wickens, Gerald E.; and Pat Lowe. 2008. The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science + Business Media, B.V.

Wednesday, December 4, 2013

Lamb Crater Honors British Mathematician and Physicist Sir Horace Lamb

Summary: Lamb Crater honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb, whose achievements include creating the physics term vorticity in 1916.

Detail of oblique view, obtained 1971, just after trans-Earth injection (TEI), with Apollo 15 mapping camera, shows Lamb Crater (upper right) with satellites Lamb A (lower right of parent), Lamb G (lower left of parent) and Lamb E (below Lamb G); NASA ID AS15-M-2753: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Lamb Crater honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb, whose writings include classic physics textbooks and who introduced the physics term vorticity in 1916 in his reference work on fluid dynamics, Hydrodynamics.

Lamb Crater is a lunar crater in the far side’s southwestern quadrant. The crater’s generally circular rim encloses an interior floor flooded by basaltic lava. Craterlets dot the floor. A small crater occupies the south-southeastern floor.

Lamb Crater is centered at minus 42.67 degrees south latitude, 100.94 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 41.07 degrees south and minus 44.32 degrees south, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 103.27 degrees east and 98.62 degrees east, respectively. Lamb Crater’s diameter measures 103.55 kilometers.

Lamb Crater parents three satellites. All three satellites round their parent’s eastern half.

The Lamb Crater system resides in southern Mare Australe (Southern Sea) beyond the near side’s southeastern limb. The Southern Sea overlaps the moon’s near and far sides.

Mare Australe is centered at minus 47.77 degrees south latitude, 91.99 degrees east longitude. The dark, basaltic plain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend from minus 31.84 degrees south to minus 64.2 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 113.36 degrees east and 70.43 degrees east, respectively. Mare Australe’s length spans 996.84 kilometers.

Jenner Crater resides near Lamb’s western rim. Jenner’s placement to the west of Lamb and just east of the near side’s southeastern limb qualifies it for visibility to Earth-based observers under favorable libration and lighting conditions. Libration references the expanded surface visibility, extending into the far side, that accompanies changes in the perspectives of Earth-based observers.

Jenner Crater is centered at minus 42.01 degrees south latitude, 95.98 degrees east longitude. The terraced crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 40.8 degrees south and minus 43.22 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 97.62 degrees east and 94.35 degrees east, respectively. Jenner Crater has a diameter of 73.66 kilometers.

Lamb Crater honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb (Nov. 27, 1849-Dec. 4, 1934). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Lamb as the crater’s official name in 1970, during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Tuesday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27. Prior to its official naming, Lamb Crater was designated as Crater 404. The IAU approved the letter designations of the Lamb Crater system’s three satellites in 2006.

Lamb published A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motions of Fluids in 1879. In his preface, he traced the origin of the work to 1874. During lectures that he delivered in Cambridge University’s Trinity College, he realized the need for a systematic consideration of the current state of fluid motion theory.

The reference work’s title change to Hydrodynamics, beginning with the second edition in 1895, reflected extensive “additions and alterations” in the subject. As a subdiscipline of fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics (Ancient Greek: ὑδρο-, hudro-, from ὕδωρ, húdōr, “water” + δυναμικός, dunamikós, “powerful”) focuses on the motion of liquids.

The fourth edition of Hydrodyanmics appeared in 1916. In his preface, Lamb highlighted his introduction of a new term, vorticity, as a replacement for rotation, to distinguish the vector (ξ, η, ζ [xi, eta, zeta]) from components with half of the velocity values.

The Cambridge University Press website offers the sixth edition of Hydrodynamics, published in November 1993. The website describes Hydrodynamics as a “definitive reference work” and as a “relevant, timeless classic.”

Lamb was elected as a Fellow of The Royal Society (FRAS) on Dec. 6, 1884. The Royal Society website lists Lamb’s research fields as “applied mathematics, geophysics.”

Horace Lamb became Sir Horace Lamb with his knighting in 1931.

The takeaways for Lamb Crater, which honors British mathematician and physicist Sir Horace Lamb, are that the lunar crater resides on the far side, just beyond the near side’s southeastern limb; that Lamb Crater parents three satellites in southern Mare Australe (Southern Sea); and that the crater’s namesake introduced a new term, vorticity, in the fourth edition of his still-in-print, definitive work, Hydrodynamics, published in 1916.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Lamb Crater, with neighbor Jenner Crater, in lunar far side's southern Mare Australe, just beyond near side's southeastern limb: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Dunbar, Brian, page ed. “Moon.” Internet Archive Wayback Machine > World Book at NASA.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20130703162844/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lamb G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10573

Lamb, Horace. The Dynamical Theory of Sound. London [England]: Edward Arnold, 1910.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/dynamicaltheoryo00lambrich/

Lamb, Horace. Hydrodynamics. Second edition. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/hydrodynamics00horarich/

Lamb, Horace. Hydrodynamics. Fourth edition. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1916.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/hydrodynamics02lambgoog/

Lamb, Horace. A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of the Motion of Fluids. First edition. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1879.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/maththeorfluid00lambrich/

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Love, Augustus Edward Hough; and Richard Tetley Glazebrook. “Sir Horace Lamb, 1849-1934.” Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 1932-1935, vol. 1 issue 4: 375-392.
Available via The Royal Society Publishing @ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1935.0003

Marriner, Derdriu. “Maxwell Crater Honors Scottish Mathematical Physicist James Maxwell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 13, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/maxwell-crater-honors-scottish.html

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Jenner.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > J Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Jenner

The Moon Wiki. “Lamb.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lamb

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Australe.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Australe

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

The Royal Society. “Lamb; Sir; Horace (1849-1934).” The Royal Society > Fellows.
Available @ https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=6&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27lamb%27%29

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Wilhelms, Don E.; John F. McCauley; and Newell J. Trask. The Geologic History of the Moon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1348