Earth and Space News

Wednesday, November 14, 2012

One Exeligmos Links Nov. 28, 2012, and Dec. 31, 2066, Lunar Eclipses

Summary: One exeligmos links the Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, and Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, penumbral lunar eclipses in the Saros lunar 145 series of 71 similar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, offers eclipse visibility regions that will be revisited in an exeligmos cycle (approximately 54 years 34 days) by the penumbral lunar eclipse of Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, in lunar Saros 145 series: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA’s GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

One exeligmos links the Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse with the Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, penumbral lunar eclipse in the Saros lunar 145 series of 71 similar eclipses.

The Saros cycle decides the periodicity and recurrence of lunar and solar eclipses. A Saros cycle approximately equates to 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). A Saros cycle separates each of the similar eclipses that are grouped together into a family, known as a series. Each series produces 70 or more eclipses over a typical timeline of 12 to 15 centuries.

A Saros series emphasizes similar occurrences in the series’ constituent eclipses. Each eclipse in a particular Saros series exhibits the shared geometry of occurrence at the same lunar node.

The approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit account for two nodes in the lunar orbit. The nodes mark the two orbital paths’ points of intersection.

The ascending node signals the moon’s movement southward of the node with each successive lunar eclipse in the series. Lunar series associated with the ascending node receive even-numbered Saros designations.

The descending node announces the moon’s movement northward of the node with each subsequent lunar eclipse in the series. Odd-numbered Saros designations are assigned to lunar series occurring at the descending node.

Each Saros cycle ends before the completion of a full rotation by Earth. The cycle’s value of 18 years 11 days 8 hours places the end at one-third of a full day (eight hours out of 24) and at one-third of a full rotation (120 degrees out of 360).

The cumulative effect of the one-third rotation demarcation at the end of each cycle explains the phenomenon of the exeligmos (Ancient Greek: ἐξέλιγμος, “entire evolution, turn of the wheel”) cycle. An exeligmos cycle approximates 54 years 34 days. Every three successive cycles within a particular Saros series, an eclipse returns to approximately the same geographic region that was favored 54 years 34 days earlier.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, will be centered on the northwestern Pacific Ocean’s marginal Philippine Sea, south of the East Asian island country of Japan and northeast of the archipelagic Republic of the Philippines. Entire eclipse visibility is available to northern North America (Alaska, western Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, most of Greenland), northern Europe (parts of Finnish and Norwegian Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway’s Svalbard archipelago, northwestern Russia), Asia (most of Central and South Asia, all of continental and maritime East Asia) and Australia. Oceanic regions of entire eclipse visibility include the Arctic Ocean, most of the Western Pacific Ocean, much of the East Indian Ocean and part of the Southern Ocean.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, will be centered on the northwestern Pacific Ocean, south of Japan and northeast of the Philippines. This eclipse is centered to the east of the November 2012 penumbral lunar eclipse. Observers in northern North America (Alaska, western and north central Canada, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, most of Greenland), northern Europe (parts of Norwegian and Finnish Scandinavian Peninsula, Norway’s Svalbard archipelago, northwestern Russia), Asia (parts of South Asia, most of Central Asia, all of continental and maritime East Asia) and Australia will experience entire eclipse visibility. Entire eclipse visibility will be available to the oceanic regions of the Arctic Ocean, parts of the North Atlantic Ocean, parts of the East Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean (all of the western, parts of the central and northeastern Pacific) and part of the Southern Ocean.

The penumbral lunar eclipses of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, and Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, belong to lunar Saros series 145. All Saros lunar series 145 eclipses occur at the descending lunar node.

Saros 145 produces 71 similarly occurring lunar eclipses over a timeline of 1,262.11 years. Saros 145 opened with the 19th century’s penumbral eclipse of Saturday, Aug. 11, 1832. Saros 145 ends with the 31st century’s penumbral lunar eclipse of Sunday, Sept. 16, 3094.

The takeaway for the one exeligmos that links the Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse with the Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, penumbral lunar eclipse in the Saros lunar 145 series of 71 similar eclipses is that an exeligmos cycle of approximately 54 years 34 days explains the approximately similar visibility regions availed by the November 2012 and December 2066 penumbral lunar eclipses.

The exeligmos cycle (approximately 54 years 34 days) that elapses between the penumbral lunar eclipses of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, and Friday, Dec. 31, 2066, accounts for the similar geographic region visibility shared by the two eclipses in lunar Saros 145 series: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA’s GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Saros Series 125.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1832 Aug 11.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 01 -33 1832 Aug 11.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1801-1900/LE1832-08-11N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2012 Nov 28.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 11 -23 2012 Nov 28.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2012-11-28N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2066 Dec 31.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 14 -20 2066 Dec 31.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2066-12-31N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2012 Nov 28.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2012Nov28Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2066 Dec 31.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2066Dec31Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 145." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros145.html

Freeth, Tony. “Eclipse Prediction on the Ancient Greek Astronomical Calculating Machine Known as the Antikythera Mechanism.” PLOS ONE. July 30, 2014.
Available via PLOS @ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0103275#references

Marriner, Derdriu. “One Exeligmos Unites Dec. 21, 2010, and Nov. 18, 1956, Lunar Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 1, 2010.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/one-exeligmos-unites-dec-21-2010-and.html

Saturday, November 10, 2012

Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk

Summary: Saltmeadow cordgrass likely accommodates the body of the one person aware of another in an airplane cargo area on Elementary's Flight Risk Nov. 8, 2012.

Limonium nashii (Sea lavender) with Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass); North Shore, Atlantic coastal Massachusetts; Tuesday, Feb. 5, 2008, 07:32:38: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Saltmeadow cordgrass acts as a second crime scene associated with a first crime scene in a private airplane's cargo area on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Flight Risk Nov. 8, 2012.

Director David Platt and writer Corinne Brinkerhoff build the first season's sixth episode around one body too many at a crash site and amid saltmeadow cordgrass. Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) concludes that the extra weight from a corpse crammed into the cargo compartment conduced to an airplane crash with four casualties. Sherlock deduces the deliberate death of lawyer Hank Gerrard (David Shumbris) before departure time, not during the aerial disaster, of an airplane dedicated to drug smuggling.

Precinct police department and prosecuting attorney's office employees always enter into the case files examples of perpetrator cooperation, such as execution site in saltmeadow cordgrass swamps.

Sherlock figures from finding saltmeadow cordgrass that Charlie Cooper (Brian Kerwin) flung Owen Barts (Matthew Humphreys), one of two Key Star Charters pilots, into brackish waters.

Saltwater cordgrass grows from germinated seeds, underground stems and vegetative fragments in Alley Pond Park and Jamaica Bay brackish (from Middle Dutch brac, "slightly salty") waters. The scientific name Spartina patens (from Greek σπαρτίνη, "cord" and Latin patēns, "open") cordage honed like Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) and roots more reproductive than seeds. The Poaceae (from Greek πόα, "fodder" and Latin -āceus, "resembling") family member institutes flowering April through October and seeding from one side of its above-ground stems.

Saltmeadow cordgrass juxtaposes reproduction asexually by downward-rooting, upward-shooting underground stems and sexually by seeds germinating at 65 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit (18.33 to 35 degrees Celsius).

Offshore breezes keep saltmeadow cordgrass seeds wind-dispersed from wheat-like, wind-pollinated, yellow 1.18- to 8.66-inch (3- to 22-centimeter) clusters of two to 30 purple-flowered, scaly, winter-browned spikelets.

Fringed 0.0197-inch (0.5-millimeter) ligules (from Latin ligula, "strap") link 6- to 12-inch (15.24- to 30.48-centimeter) by 0.0197- to 0.197-inch (0.5- to 5-millimeter) leaves' blades and sheaths. Arching 11.81- to 59.06-inch (30- to 150-centimeter) culms, as above-ground stems, merge into dense, rumpled, whorled mats brown-white in cooler, and green-white in warmer, months. Wiry, 0.079- to 0.158-inch (2- to 4-millimeter) diameter rhizomes (from Greek ῥίζα, "root" and σώμα, "body") net 2-foot (0.61-meter) annual above- and below-ground growth horizontally outward.

Beaches, brackish marshes, dunes, mudflats, overwashes and sandflats offer saltmeadow cordgrass, observed by William Aiton (1731-Feb. 2, 1793) and Gotthilf Muhlenberg (Nov. 17, 1753-May 23, 1815).

Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), saltmeadow rush (Juncus gerardii) and needle rush (Juncus roemerianus), Olney three-square (Scirpus americanus) and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) prevail seaward, landward and adjacently.

Clayey to loamy or sandy, coarse to fine soils with soil and water salinity maximally 3.91 and 35 parts per thousand qualify as saltmeadow cordgrass habitats. Sustainability requires 46.85- to 59.06-inch (1,190- to 1,500-millimeter) annual rainfall, 0- to 13-foot (0- to 3.9-meter) altitudes above sea level and soil pHs 3.7 to 7.9. Canada from Newfoundland into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the United States from Maine through Florida and Texas, and northeast Mexico support coastally native saltmeadow cordgrass.

Too many bodies turn up soil and water nutrient content and organic matter levels and turn down territorial takeovers by saltmeadow cordgrass in intertidal salt marshes.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) tackles an airplane crash site crime scene in CBS Elementary's Flight Risk (season 1 episode 6): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Nov. 6, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) tackles an airplane crash site crime scene in CBS Elementary's Flight Risk (season 1 episode 6): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Nov. 6, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/514235011922431

For further information:

Aiton, William. 1789. "Dactylis. Gen. pl. 86. patens." Pages 103-104. Hortus Kewensis; Or, A Catalogue of the Plants Cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, vol. I Monandriaj-Heptandria: 103-104. In Three Volumes. London: Printed for George Nicol, Bookseller to His Majesty, Pall Mall, M.DCC.LXXXIX.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3649864

Elementary @CBSElementary. 6 November 2012. “Does Sherlock get your vote for best detective? Get a sneak peek at Thursday's all new episode when he investigates a mysterious plane crash.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/514235011922431

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

"Flight Risk." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Nov. 8, 2012.

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Muhlenberg, Henry. 1813. "48. Spartina, 5. patens, Hort. Kew." Catalogus Plantarum Americæ Septentrionalis, Huc Usque Cognitarum Indigenarum et Cicurum: Or, A Catalogue of the Hitherto Known Native and Naturalized Plants of North America, Arranged According to the Sexual System of Linnæus: 8. Lancaster PA: William Hamilton.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45791317

Schreber, J.C.D. 1789. "98. Spartina. Schreb." Page 43. In: Carolia Linné, Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm et Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. Editio Octava Post Reichardianam Secunda Prioribus Longe Auctior atque Emendatior Curante D. Jo. Christiano Dan. Schreber. Volumen I. Francofurti ad Moenum: Sumtu Varrentrappii et Wenneri.
Available via La biblioteca digital del Real Jardín Botánico @ https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12949/?offset=4#page=75

"Spartina patens." Signature Horticultural Services > Plants > Grasses and Grass Like Species > Native Herbaceous Perennial > Spartina alterniflora.
Available @ http://www.signaturehort.com/Plants/Spartina-alterniflora.html

Walkup, Crystal J. 1991. "Spartina patens." In: Fire Effects Information System [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available @ https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/spapat/all.html

Thursday, November 8, 2012

Solar System Formation Accepts Leftovers in Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Solar system formation stages accept star formation's leftover materials, in Chapter 4's Stars and Planets of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

Artist's concept of protoplanetary, or planet-forming, disk around young star includes gaps from the latter's possible tug-of-war over outer-disk material with developing gas giants positioned between the inner and outer stellar disks. Chapter 4 of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe suggests that the tug-of-war explains Jupiter's periodic spirals toward and away from our Sun; the tug-of-war may have contributed to Saturn's rings, whose lifespan is just for another million years, from a broken-up moon about 1 million years ago; courtesy NASA /JPL-Caltech: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Caltech

Solar system formation stages apply after T Tauri stellar stages, in Chapter 4, Stars and Planets, in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Solar system formation around the flattened disk spinning around the protosun brought asteroids, Kuiper Belt objects and larger planets same-direction orbital inclinations predominantly under 4 degrees. Long-period comets such as Halley's, low-massed comets and Mercury respectively configure orbital directions opposite the solar system's, eccentric orbital inclinations and orbital inclination of 7 degrees. The stellar wind never drove Earth and Mars, as rocky, small planets that developed from the observable disk around their parent star, far from our Sun.

Solar system formation entailed an asteroid belt instead of a large planet between rocky, small Mercury and gas giant Jupiter because of the latter's gravitational pull.

Solar system formation found the young Sun's stellar wind forcing such light gases as hydrogen into functioning as Jupiter's, Saturn's, Uranus' and Neptune's surface-looking atmospheric tops.

Scarcer material farther from our Sun never gave Kuiper Belt objects, 1,444-mile (2,323.89-kilometer) diameter Pluto and Pluto-sized Quoaoar and Sedna the critical sizes for gaining atmospheres. Our solar disk has gaps from the gravitational pull of the gas giant Jupiter harvesting, and having to hand back, leftover material from solar system formation. Drag force impels Jupiter's spiraling less or more energetically respectively toward and from our Sun, until Jupiter includes contested disk material or itinerates into the Sun.

Solar system formation joined sufficiently amassed hydrogen gas, with sufficient gravitational pull, into Jupiter and into Saturn, with rings from broken-up moons 4.5 billion years later.

Condensed disk material kindled solar system formation of Uranus and Neptune, critically massed between rocky planets and gas giants, and perhaps a now-lost fifth giant planet.

The Oort Cloud launched dirty ice-balled comets with ice-rubbled nuclei and lodged near Uranus and Neptune outer-disk material not dense or hot enough for planetary formation. Lunar craters manifest small-body bombardment from Uranus and Neptune moving outward, 9 billion to 9.2 billion years after the Big Bang, to present Solar System positions. Earthlings note dusty debris particles as upper-atmosphere meteors burning at 40-mile (65-kilometer) elevations above sea level and evaporated cometary ice as comet heads with long tails.

Solar system formation occasioned Asteroid Belt objects whose dislodged, solid-bodied meteoroids (from Greek μετέωρος, "lofty" and -ειδής, "-like") obtained impact craters on lunar and terrestrial surfaces.

The respective 68-day and 165-year orbits of our Sun's closest and farthest planets, Mercury and Neptune, present near-circular shapes, like the Solar System's six other planets.

Brilliant, long-period, shadow-casting comets, such as Halley's Comet (for Edmond Halley, Oct. 29, 1656-Jan. 25, 1742), qualify for eccentrically inclined, retrograde (from Latin retrōgradus, "opposite-directioned") orbits. Mercury and Venus respectively retain no appreciable atmosphere and a carbon dioxide-riddled, sulfuric acid-rich clouds and surface temperatures at 932 degrees Fahrenheit (500 degrees Celsius). Gigantic, high-temperature, silicate-cored Jupiter and Saturn and, next-biggest, the ice giants Uranus and Neptune respectively support four and one large and five and one fair-sized satellites.

Solar system formation turns up small planets such as Mercury and Venus without satellites, Mars with small Deimos and Phobos and Earth with the large Moon.

Bronze statue replicates Freddie Mercury's stance in Montreux, Switzerland, overlooking Lake Geneva, for album cover of Made in Heaven, released Nov. 6, 1995, as 15th and final studio album by British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon; Saturday, Dec. 28, 2002, 15:13: S_Werner, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2012. "Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/star-formation-acts-local-on-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2012. "Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Second 2012 Solar Eclipse Is Total Solar Eclipse Tuesday, Nov. 13

Summary: The second 2012 solar eclipse is a total solar eclipse Tuesday, Nov. 13, with Southern Hemisphere totality from north Australia across the South Pacific.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics for total solar eclipse of Nov. 13, 2012: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The second 2012 solar eclipse is a total solar eclipse Tuesday, Nov. 13, with a path of totality in the Southern Hemisphere beginning in northern Australia and spanning the South Pacific Ocean to end north of the Juan Fernandéz Islands off Chile’s west coast.

November’s total solar eclipse crosses the International Date Line. The event’s eastward path across the International Date Line has the curious effect of making totality appear to end before it begins, according to local times. The second 2012 solar eclipse begins Wednesday, Nov. 14, west of the International Date Line and ends Tuesday, Nov. 13, east of the International Date Line.

November 2012’s only total solar eclipse begins with first contact of the moon’s umbral shadow with Earth’s surface. Totality begins Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 20:35:08 Universal Time (Wednesday, Nov. 14, at 6:05:08 a.m. ACST - Australian Central Standard Time).

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” identifies Garig Gunak Barlu National Park in the remote, sparsely populated Arnhem Land region in Australia’s Northern Territory as the site of first land contact. The central eclipse path begins in the park, at a point located about 250 kilometers (155.343 miles) east of the Northern Territory’s capital city of Darwin.

November’s path of totality continues southeast over the park’s pristine, rugged wilderness on the Cobourg Peninsula. Totality’s path leaves Arnhem Land to venture across the Gulf of Carpentaria’s large, shallow waters.

The path of totality makes next landfall Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 20:37 UT (Wednesday, Nov. 14, at 6:37 a.m. AEST - Australian Eastern Standard Time) on the west coast of Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland. “Mr. Eclipse” notes the Cairns Region on Cape York Peninsula’s east coast as “first and only populated region in the path.”

Known as the Gateway to the Great Barrier Reef and also Gateway to Northern Australia, the city of Cairns is sited about 30 kilometers (18.64 miles) south of the path of totality’s central line. Time And Date web site gives the sun’s altitudes above Cairns’ east-southeast horizon as 13.8 degrees at totality’s start and 14.3 degrees at totality’s end.

Cairns’ totality begins Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 20:38 UT (Wednesday, Nov. 14, at 6:38 a.m. AEST) and lasts for two minutes. The NASA Eclipse Web Site finds that viewers along the central line gain only an additional five seconds, for a total duration of 2 minutes 5 seconds.

As a central solar eclipse, November’s event experiences the traversal of Earth’s surface by the lunar shadow cone’s central axis. The track laid by the shadow axis within the path of totality is known as the eclipse’s central line. Totality’s duration is longest on the central line and decreases to zero at the path of totality’s width limits.

Australia represents the only landfall along November’s path of totality. After exiting from Cape York Peninsula’s east coast, the path encounters the Coral Sea, the South Pacific Ocean’s marginal sea off Australia’s northeastern coast.

Totality continues across the vastness of the South Pacific Ocean to log its next major event in the Southern Hemisphere’s middle latitudes. Greatest eclipse signals the instant of the closest passage of axis of the moon’s shadow cone to Earth’s center.

Greatest eclipse takes place Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 22:11:48 UT. The NASA Eclipse Web Site places totality’s maximum duration at 4 minutes 2 seconds. At greatest eclipse, the path measures a width of 179 kilometers (111.225 miles). The sun is poised at an altitude of 68 degrees.

The path of totality ends over the open waters of the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Last contact between the lunar umbral shadow and Earth’s surface happens Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 23:48 UT (Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 8:48 p.m. CLST - Chile Summer Time).

The path’s end point lies four degrees north of the Juan Fernandéz Islands of Insular Chile (Spanish: Las islas Esporádicas “the Sporadic Islands”). The archipelago of three main volcanic islands is located about 670 kilometers (416 miles; 362 nautical miles) west of the V Valparaiso Region (Spanish: V Región de Valparaíso) of Chile’s central western coast.

A partial solar eclipse frames 2012’s only total solar eclipse. The partial solar eclipse begins Tuesday, Nov. 13, at 19:37:58 UT. End time for the partial solar eclipse is Wednesday, Nov. 14, at 0:45:34 UT.

November’s solar event produces a partial solar eclipse for areas of Earth’s surface that are contacted by the moon’s penumbral shadow. The penumbra is the shadow’s lighter, outer region. Contrastingly, the umbra, or dark, innermost region of the lunar shadow, is responsible for the total component of November’s solar event.

The path of annularity is smaller than the path of partiality. November’s solar event takes in three continents for its path of partiality: western Antarctica, Australia and southern South America. The expansive path also takes in easternmost maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania’s islands, from New Guinea to New Caledonia to New Zealand.

Oceanically, the Southern Ocean joins the South Pacific Ocean in the path of partiality. Also, partiality glides across the equator to include the low latitudes of the North Pacific Ocean.

An annular solar eclipse precedes the second 2012 solar eclipse. The year’s only annular solar eclipse takes place Sunday, May 20, as the first of the year’s two solar eclipses.

May’s annular solar eclipse also opens the year’s eclipse lineup as the first of 2012’s four eclipses. Fifteen days after May’s solar event, the year’s only partial lunar eclipse takes place Monday, June 4. Five days after November’s total solar eclipse, 2012’s second lunar event happens. Wednesday, Nov. 28’s penumbral lunar eclipse closes 2012’s eclipse lineup.

The November 2012 total solar eclipse belongs to Saros series 133. A Saros cycle links eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle approximates 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

Observers of the annular and partial phases of April 2014’s solar eclipse should avoid looking directly at the sun. Safe viewing of April 2014’s solar eclipse entails use of proper equipment and following of proper techniques.

The takeaway for the second 2012 solar eclipse, which occurs as a total solar eclipse Tuesday, Nov. 13, is the path of totality’s exclusive landfall over northern Australia and eastward traversal of the South Pacific Ocean, and the path of partiality’s expansive landfalls as well as oceanic passes over the Southern Ocean and low latitudes of the North Pacific Ocean.

animation showing annular solar eclipse of Nov. 13, 2012: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Eclipse Web Site, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

animation showing annular solar eclipse of Nov. 13, 2012: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Eclipse Web Site, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SolarEclipse2012Nov13T.GIF

For further information:

Chou, B. Ralph. “Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses Help. Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/safety2.html

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2012.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observers Handbook.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2012.html

Espenak, Fred. "Figure 4 Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 Nov 13." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipses Past and Future: Eclipses During 2012 > Eclipses During 2012: 2012 Nov 13 Total Solar Eclipse: Total Solar Eclipse of November 13.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2012-Fig04.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Figure 5: Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 Nov 13.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observers Handbook > Observers Handbook Figures > Observers Handbook 2012.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2012-Fig05.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE2001-2100.html

Espenak, Fred. “Greatest Eclipse.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/SEglossary.html

Espenak, Fred. “Table 4: Path of the Umbral Shadow of the Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 November 13.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observers Handbook > Observers Handbook Tables > Observers Handbook 2012.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2012-Tab04.pdf

Littmann, Mark; Ken Willcox; Fred Espenak. “Observing Solar Eclipses Safely.” MrEclipse > Totality.
Available @ http://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityCh11.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First 2012 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse Sunday, May 20.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 16, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-2012-solar-eclipse-is-annular.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens June 4 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 30, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Nov. 13, 2012, Total Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 133." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/nov-13-2012-total-solar-eclipse-belongs.html

“November 13/14, 2012 -- Total Solar Eclipse.” TimeAndDate > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2012-november-13

“November 14, 2012 -- Total Solar Eclipse – Cairns, Queensland, Australia.” TimeAndDate > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/australia/cairns?iso=20121113

“November 14, 2012 -- Total Solar Eclipse -- Garig Gunak Barlu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia.” TimeAndDate > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/in/@8155707?iso=20121113

Saturday, November 3, 2012

Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils

Summary: Anisakis worms and an angel of death are respectively adversarial to sushi appreciation and patient ailments on Elementary's Lesser Evils Nov. 1, 2012.

Anisakiasis, also known as herring worm disease, is caused by infective Anisakis larvae; Anisakid larvae display characteristic watch-spring coil shape in the body cavity of a herring (Clupea harengus): Anilocra, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Anisakis worms are appalling to one consulting detective who accordingly anticipates their adulterating raw fish sushi and appealing to another on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Lesser Evils Nov. 1, 2012.

Director Colin Bucksey and writer Liz Friedman bemoan raw fish sushi banes of Anisakis simplex, mercury poisoning, salmonella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus on Season One's fifth episode. Consulting detective Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) considers seafood sushi a celebratory choice for consulting detective Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and her concluding assisted death cases. Sherlock describes the dreadful, even deathly, damage done by devouring raw fish sushi even though the latter does not necessarily deliver the former among its ingredients.

The Japanese words sashimi (刺身), sushi (寿司) and wasabi (山葵) respectively equate to raw fish; rice with eggs, seafood or vegetables; and the two's horseradish-like paste.

Sushi, as a cultural appropriation by the seventh-century Japanese from Chinese food traditions since the first century, sometimes fosters false food associations and unfavorable food experiences.

Traditional Chinese food processors got raw seafood from fish fermented and preserved in rice and salt that subsequent Japanese processors grouped into edible fish and rice. Seventeenth-century Japanese hastened fermentation and preservation times for edible raw fish with rice, salt and vinegar and heralded twenty-first-century vinegared rice with or without raw seafood. Anisakis worms, bacteria and toxins in raw fish impair soy and wasabi sashimi and, as vinegared rice with raw seafood instead of eggs or vegetables, sushi.

Anisakis worms journey from raw fish and squid through digestive systems and, for temporary hosts, out excrementary systems or, for permanent hosts, into digestive system walls.

Anisakidae (from Greek άνισος, "unequal"; ἀκίς, "needle"; and -ειδής, "-like") family members, known scientifically since Félix Dujardin (April 5, 1801-April 8, 1860), know parasitic life cycles.

Sherlock lists Anisakis simplex (from Latin simplex, "simple"), labeled by Karl Rudolphi (July 14, 1771-Nov. 29, 1832), one of six Anisakis worms that raw seafood lodges. Anisakis simplex matures into adult anisakis only inside dolphin, sea lion, seabird, seal, shark and whale definitive hosts, whose excrementary releases move Anisakis simplex eggs out. Unembryonated 0.00161- to 0.00169- by 0.00154- to 0.00165-inch (41- to 43- by 39- to 42-micrometer) eggs nestle into polar and temperate waters as embryonated, hatched eggs.

Respectively 0.59- to 0.98-inch- (15- to 25-millimeter-) and 1.18- to 1.97-inch- (30- to 50-millimeter-) long second- and third-stage larvae occur in water and in intermittent hosts.

Anisakis simplex L2 and L3 (second- and third-stage larvae) pass through, or perish inside, intermittent hosts and raw seafood-eating human hosts within 14 to 21 days.

First- through fifth-stage larval and mature Anisakis worms respectively queue up coiled, pink-tinged transparent bodies with visible white stomachs and cylindrical white-yellow bodies with oval stomachs. Mature 1.34- to 2.76-inch- (34- to 70-millimeter-) long female and 1.77- to 5.51-inch- (45- to 140-millimeter-) long male Anisakis worms reveal muscular throats and straight intestines. Anisakis worms never survive 15 hours at minus 31 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 35 degrees Celsius) or 168 at minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 degrees Celsius).

Nausea, stomachaches and vomiting from raw seafood tell angel of death Danilo Gura (David Costabile), Joan and malpractitioner Mason Baldwin (David Harbour) to treat anisakis worms.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) considers hospital fatalities in CBS Elementary's Lesser Evils (season 1 episode 5): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Oct. 31, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) considers hospital fatalities in CBS Elementary's Lesser Evils (season 1 episode 5): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Oct. 31, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/431720996891580

For further information:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Dujardin, Félix. 1845. "77. Ascaride des Dauphins. Ascaris Simplex. -- Rudolphi, Entoz. 11, 1., p. 170, et Synops., p. 60 no 53." Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux: 220-221. Paris, France: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/histoirenaturell1845duja/page/220

Elementary @CBSElementary. 31 October 2012. “Nine victims, 23 suspects--for Sherlock Holmes, the devil is in the details. Watch this sneak peek of tomorrow's all new episode.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/431720996891580

"Lesser Evils." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Nov. 1, 2012.

Rudolphi, Carolo Asmundo. 1809. "35. Ascaris simplex R." Entozoorum, Sive Vermium Intestinalium Historia Naturalis, volum. II, P. I: 170. Amstelaedami: Sumtibus Tabernae Librariae et Artium.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14390848
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/entozoorumsivev01rudogoog/page/n180

Rudolphi, Carolo Asmund. 1819. "53. Ascaris simplex R." Entozoorum Synopsis Cui Accedunt Mantissa Duplex et Indices Locupletissimi: 49. Berolini: Sumtibus Augusti Rücker.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9698028
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/entozoorumsynops00rudo/page/48

Thursday, November 1, 2012

Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe

Summary: Star formation actualizes bigger first than second-generation stars in Chapter 4, Stars and Planets, of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

Illustration presents our universe's cosmic epochs from Big Bang to present, with position of Galaxy A1689-zD1 exemplifying an especially early forming and distant galaxy; image release date Feb. 8, 2008: credits NASA / ESA and A. Feild (Ann Feild) / (STScI): No claim to copyright is being asserted by STScI and material on this site may be freely used as in the public domain, via NASA Hubble Space Telescope (Hubblesite)

Star formation assures second-generation stars from first-generation stars, as supernova shock-waving heavy elements into gas clouds, in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Star formation brightened our Universe, despite galactic quasars becoming normal galaxies, until star death rates began beating star birth rates four to five billion years ago. Spiral galaxies concentrated older yellow stars in their central bulge and hot, massive, recent-birthed blue stars, brief-lived for a few ten million years, in their arms. Hydrogen molecules, and later carbon or oxygen atoms, dissipated radiation energy; decreased dust and gas nebula ("cloud") temperatures; and drove slow-moving particles into gravitationally collapsed stars.

Particle speed entails higher temperatures for swifter movement to evade gravitational collapse and lower temperatures for slower movement to encourage enough gravitational collapse for star formation.

Carbon-formed, silicon-formed mini-particles in protostellar cores at non-reversible collapse points frustrate visible-light and, at 10 Kelvin (minus 263.15 degrees Celsius, minus 441.67 degrees Fahrenheit), infrared wavelengths.

Low intra-nebula temperatures generated complicated surface structures of hydrogen gas mixed with such simple compounds as carbon monoxide frozen on mini-particulate dust not even sand grain-sized. Low temperature-gases headed slowly about in low-density gas clouds that harbored few chemical reactions since their gas molecules had only low-energy, rare collisions with one another. Frozen, light atoms such as hydrogen perhaps itinerated and initiated intermolecular chemical reactions that imparted complex molecules of 10-plus atoms from star formation for planetary formation.

Ever denser central cores to gravitationally collapsing clumps several light-days across, 20-plus times our Solar System, joined colliding hydrogen atoms into helium, for gas-shielded star ignition.

Dust-clumped, gas-clumped, 10,000-year-long hot cores at 300 Kelvin (26.85 degrees Celsius, 80.33 degrees Fahrenheit) kindled from ice-melted, new-formed chemicals complex molecules that submillimeter radiation-sensitive telescopes know.

Star-ignited star formation leaves for possible planetary system formation 100-plus complex molecular species, such as ethanol and methanol alcohols, and perhaps amino acids for protein-based life. Carbon-based life manifests chiral negative spins antiparallel, and positive spins parallel, to particle momentum by carbon atoms, each maintaining maximally four stable bonds to other molecules. One carbon atom nets equal-numbered left-handed and right-handed molecules from mirror-imaged left-handed and right-handed bonding dissimilar chemical and physical properties, same chemical formulas to four molecules.

Perhaps star formation opted to organize left-handed molecules for Earthly and exoplanetary life's complicated chemistry even as circular-polarized light perhaps obliterated right-handed molecules in nebula dust.

Star-ignited star formation passed from million-year-long gravitational collapse into 10,000,000-year-long T Tauri stages of polar jets and stellar winds pushing surface particles 200-plus astronomical units outward.

Star-ignited star formation queues Beta Pictoris, far-southern star with disk and without gas clouds, into 1,000-million-plus-year-long Main Sequence stages of equilibrated core gravity and outer-layer pressure. Balanced inward-ranging gravity and outward-ranging hot gases and radiation energy result in each light-energy photon particle requiring a one-plus-million-year-long escape route from our Sun's Main-Sequence core. Star formation simultaneously started up locally so four stars and Sun-like stars respectively share the Trapezium cluster in the Orion Nebula and binary and multiple-star systems.

Star formation sometimes turns three-star into two-star systems by turning out a small-massed star and turns up our one and only Sun for planetary system formation.

British rock band Queen's Roger Taylor, Brian May, John Deacon and Freddie Mercury released their third studio album, Sheer Heart Attack, on Nov. 8, 1974: Queen @Queen, via Facebook Oct. 31, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

British rock band Queen's Roger Taylor, Brian May, John Deacon and Freddie Mercury released their third studio album, Sheer Heart Attack, on Nov. 8, 1974: Queen @Queen, via Facebook Oct. 31, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.141525617361/10151142029762362/

For further information:

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Queen @Queen. 31 October 2012. "Happy Halloween...Sheeeeeeeeeeeeeer Heart Attack!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/Queen/photos/a.141525617361/10151142029762362/