Earth and Space News: Apollo 8 first crewed moon orbiting mission

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Wednesday, December 25, 2013

Apollo 8 Imaged Joliot Crater During December 1968 Lunar Orbits

Summary: Apollo 8 imaged Joliot Crater during December 1968 lunar orbits conducted by the first three humans to travel to another astronomical body.

Apollo 8 imaged Joliot Crater during December 1968 lunar orbits conducted by the first human-crewed mission to journey to another astronomical body.

Crater Joliot is situated in a lava-flooded area to the north-northeast of Mare Marginis on the far side of the moon. As viewed from the moon, Joliot Crater occupies the far side’s northwestern quadrant, along the western limb. A favorable libration brings Joliot into view along the near side’s eastern limb for Earth-based moonwatchers.

Joliot Crater is centered at 25.79 degrees north latitude, 93.39 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 28.64 degrees north and 22.94 degrees north, respectively. Joliot obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 96.55 degrees east and 90.22 degrees east, respectively. The lunar impact crater’s diameter spans 172.79 kilometers.

Joliot parents one satellite. Joliot P lies to the south-southwest of its parent. The satellite is centered at 22.34 degrees north latitude, 91.99 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes narrowly touch 22.54 degrees north and 22.15 degrees north, respectively. The satellite petitely marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 92.2 degrees east and 91.78 degrees east, respectively. Joliot P’s diameter measures 11.82 kilometers.

Two primary craters are attached to Joliot Crater’s rim. Lyapunov Crater hugs Joliot’s western rim. Rayleigh Crater snuggles against Joliot’s northwestern rim.

Lyapunov is centered at 12.7 degrees north latitude, 86.52 degrees east longitude. The lunar impact crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 27.54 degrees north and 25.31 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 90.61 degrees east and 88.12 degrees east, respectively. Lyapunov has a diameter of 67.58 kilometers.

Lyapunov is attached to the south-southeastern rim of Rayleigh Crater, the other crater adjoining Joliot. Rayleigh is centered at 29.12 degrees north latitude, 89.45 degrees east longitude. Rayleigh obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 31 degrees north and 27.24 degrees north, respectively. The lunar impact crater marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 91.59 degrees east and 87.3 degrees, respectively. Rayleigh’s diameter measures 113.77 kilometers.

Joliot Crater’s namesake is Jean Frédéric Joliot-Curie (March 19, 1900-Aug. 14, 1958). In 1935, the French chemist and physicist was jointly awarded the Noble Prize in Chemistry with his wife, Irène Joliot-Curie (Sept. 12, 1897-March 17, 1956), for their discovery of induced radioactivity, also known as artificial radioactivity or manmade radioactivity. French chemist and physicist Irène Joliot-Curie was the elder daughter of Noble Prize winners Marie Skłodowska Curie (Nov. 7, 1867-July 4, 1934) and Pierre Curie (May 15, 1859-April 19, 1906). Irène and Jean combined their surnames to form Joliot-Curie as their married surname.

The crater’s name of Joliot-Curie was approved at the IAU’s Eleventh General Assembly, held in Berkeley, California, from Tuesday, Aug. 15, to Thursday, Aug. 24, 1961. The crater’s name was truncated to Joliot during the Fourteenth General Assembly, held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Monday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27, 1970.

Crater Lyapunov’s namesake is Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov (June 6, 1857-Nov. 3, 1918). The Russian mathematician is credited with developing the stability theory of a dynamical system. The IAU approved the crater’s name during the organization’s Twelfth General Assembly, held in Hamburg, Germany, from Tuesday, Aug. 25, to Thursday, Sept. 3, 1964.

Crater Rayleigh honors John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (Nov. 12, 1842-June 30, 1919). The British physicist received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 for his research on important gas densities and for his discovery of argon (chemical symbol Ar; atomic number 18), the third most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere. The crater’s name joined Lyapunov Crater in receiving official approval during the IAU’s twelfth General Assembly.

Apollo 8 launched Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, as the first human-crewed, lunar orbiting mission. The mission’s Command-Service Module (CSM) 103 made 10 lunar orbits between Christmas Eve, Tuesday, Dec. 24, and Christmas, Wednesday, Dec. 25. Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) William Alison Anders (born Oct. 17, 1933) was tasked as the mission’s official photographer. Frank Frederick Borman II (born March 14, 1928) commanded the mission. James “Jim” Arthur Lovell Jr. (born March 25, 1928) crewed as the Command Module Pilot (CMP).

The takeaway for Apollo 8’s image of Joliot Crater during the mission’s December 1968 lunar orbits is that the impact crater's placement along the lunar far side's western limb allows for visibility to Earth-based moonwatchers during favorable librations.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 46 shows Joliot Crater, with attached primary craters Lyapunov and Rayleigh to the west (left) and satellite Joliot P to the south (below); scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

High-altitude, oblique view, looking northeastward across lunar far side, shows Joliot Crater (center left), dark-floored Lomonosov Crater (center right) and bright-rayed Giordano Bruno (below Lomonosov); Christmas Eve, Tuesday, Dec. 24, 1968, photograph taken from Apollo 8 spacecraft; NASA ID AS08-12-2209; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-as08-12-2209;
No known copyright restrictions, via GetArchive NARA (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) & DVIDS (Defense Visual Information Distribution Service) Public Domain Archive @ https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as08-12-2209-apollo-8-apollo-8-mission-image-joliot-curie-lomonosov-e46a92;
NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, No copyright maintained, via Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth @ https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=AS08&roll=12&frame=2209;
Project Apollo Archive (Apollo Image Gallery), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/21879350378;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AS08-12-2209_(21879350378).jpg

Borman, Frank; and Robert J. Serling. Countdown: An Autobiography. New York NY: Silver Arrow, 1988.

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

De Jager, C. (Cornelius) ; and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

International Astronomical Union. “Giordano Bruno.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2172

International Astronomical Union. “Joliot.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2839

International Astronomical Union. “Joliot P.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/10231

International Astronomical Union. “Lomonosov.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3462

International Astronomical Union. “Lyapunov.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3526

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Marginis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3681

International Astronomical Union. “Rayleigh.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4966

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lovell, Jim; and Jeffrey Kluger. Apollo 13. First Mariner Books edition. Boston MA; New York NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

Lovell, Jim; and Jeffrey Kluger. Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Imaged Goclenius Crater During December 1968 Lunar Orbits.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 17, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/apollo-8-imaged-goclenius-crater-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Imaged Lomonosov Crater During December 1968 Lunar Orbits.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 18, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/apollo-8-imaged-lomonosov-crater-during.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Apollo 8 Flight Was Only, Second and Third Flight for Anders, Borman and Lovell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 28, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/apollo-8-was-only-second-and-third.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First Crewed Lunar Orbiting Mission Apollo 8 Launched Dec. 21, 1968.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/first-crewed-lunar-orbiting-mission.html

Menzel, D.H. (Donald Howard); M. (Marcel) Minnaert; B. (Boris) Levin; A. (Audouin) Dollfus; and B. Bell. “Report on Lunar Nomenclature by The Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU.” Space Science Reviews, vol. 12, issue 2 (June 1971): 136-186.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M

Menzel, Donald H. Interim Report No. 2 on NGR 22-007-194 Lunar Nomenclature. Cambridge MA: Harvard College Observatory, Aug. 17, 1970.
Available via NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA NTRS) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700028251.pdf

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Orloff, Richard W. “Apollo 8 The Second Mission: Testing the CSM in Lunar Orbit.” Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference: 31-50. NASA History Series. NASA SP 4029. Washington DC: NASA Headquarters Office of Policy and Plans, 2000.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf

Pecker, J.-C. (Jean-Claude), ed. XIIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XII B and XII C Proceedings of the 12th General Assembly Hamburg, Germany, August 25-September 3, 1964. Oxford UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Jan. 1, 1966.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Sadler, D.H. (Donald Harry), ed. “Session Administrative du 17 août 1961: Résolution No. 1.” XIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XI B Proceedings of the 11th General Assembly Berkeley CA, USA, August 15-24, 1961. Oxford UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications, Jan. 1, 1962.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/
Available via The Moon-Wiki @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_Transactions_XIB

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Wednesday, December 21, 2011

First Crewed Lunar Orbiting Mission Apollo 8 Launched Dec. 21, 1968

Summary: First crewed lunar orbiting mission Apollo 8 launched Dec. 21, 1968, made 10 lunar orbits and splashed down Dec. 27.

First crewed lunar orbiting mission Apollo 8 launched Dec. 21, 1968, made 10 revolutions around Earth’s moon and successfully splashed down Dec. 27 in the North Pacific Ocean.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) configured the Apollo 8 mission as “its first mission designed to orbit men around the Moon,” according to the agency’s Apollo 8 Press Kit (page 1), released Dec. 15, 1968. The Press Kit described Apollo 8 as “the second manned flight in the Apollo program and the first manned flight on the Saturn V rocket, the United States’ largest launch vehicle.”

About two and one-third months earlier, the Saturn IB rocket had launched Apollo 7 on Friday, Oct. 11, 1968, at 15:02:45 GMT/UTC (11:02 a.m. EST) from Launch Complex 34 (LC-34) as the first crewed Apollo space mission. The Apollo 7 crew of Commander Walter “Wally” Marty Schirra Jr. (March 12, 1923-May 3, 2007), Command Module Pilot (CMP) Donn Fulton Eisele (June 23, 1930-Dec. 2, 1987) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Ronnie Walter Cunningham (born March 16, 1932) completed 163 low Earth orbits. Splashdown occurred Tuesday, Oct. 22, in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Apollo 8 launched on time Saturday, Dec. 21, 1968, at 12:51:00 Greenwich Mean Time/Coordinated Universal Time (7:51 a.m. Eastern Standard Time). The launch, which took place at central Florida’s John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), marked the first use of Launch Pad 39-A. The mission’s astronauts were Commander Frank Frederick Borman II (born March 14, 1928), CMP James “Jim” Arthur Lovell Jr. (born March 25, 1928) and LMP William Alison Anders (born Oct. 17, 1933).

The Saturn V launch vehicle’s S-IVB third stage achieved translunar injection after one and one-half Earth orbits, according to freelance space writer Richard Orloff’s Apollo by the Numbers, published by NASA in 2000 (page 35). Translunar injection occurred at 15:47:05 GMT/UTC (10:47 a.m. EST), 2 hours 56 minutes 05.51 seconds after liftoff (002:56:05.51 Ground Elapsed Time GET). The injection occurred at a velocity of 35, 504.41 feet per second (fps; 24,207.55 miles per hour) and at an altitude of 187.221 nautical miles.

A maneuver 24 minutes 54 seconds later by the Apollo 8 mission’s service module reaction control system (RCS) separated Command-Service Module (CSM) 103 from the S-IVB. The separation occurred at 16:11:59 GMT/UTC (11:11 a.m. EST; 003:20:59.3 GET).

Two evasive maneuvers, instigated by the service module’s reaction control system (RCS), were performed to keep the spacecraft at a safe distance from the S-IVB. The first maneuver was performed at 16:31:01 GMT/UTC (11:31 a.m. EST; 003:40:01 GET), at 1.1 feet per second. The second maneuver occurred at 17:36:01 (12:36 p.m. EST; 004:45:01 GET), at 7.7 feet per second.

The separation was intended to place the S-IVB on a slingshot trajectory for a flyby of the moon’s trailing edge prior to insertion into a solar orbit. The slingshot maneuver was initiated at 17:35:56 GMT/UTC (12:35 p.m. EST; 004:44:56.63 GET).

The S-IVB made its closest lunar approach, at 682 nautical miles, Christmas Eve, Tuesday, Dec. 24, at 10:49:55 (5:49 a.m. EST; 069:58:55.2 GET). The selenographic coordinates of the closest approach were 19.2 degrees north latitude at 88.0 degrees east longitude. Apollo by the Numbers details the S-IVB’s solar orbit with a periodicity of 340.8 days and with apsides of 79.770 million nautical miles for aphelion and 74.490 million nautical miles for perihelion.

Insertion of CSM-103 into lunar orbit happened Christmas Eve at 09:59:20 GMT/UTC (4:59 a.m. EST; 069:08:20.4 GET). NASA’s Apollo 8 Mission Report states: “Ten revolutions were completed during the 20 hours 11 minutes spent in lunar orbit” (1-1).

The mission’s trans-Earth injection for leaving lunar orbit for a return-to-Earth trajectory began with ignition of the service propulsion system (SPS) engine at 06:10:16 GMT/UTC (1:10 a.m. EST; 089:19:16.6 GET) on Christmas, Wednesday, Dec. 25. The 203.7-second maneuver was initiated at an altitude of 60.2 nautical miles.

The command and service modules separated Friday, Dec. 27, at 15:19:48 GMT/UTC (10:19 a.m. EST; 146:28:48.0 GET). Apollo by the Numbers noted the unavailability of radar tracking data for the service module’s re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere but suggested a good correlation of photographic coverage information with the service module’s predicted trajectory.

The command module splashed down at 15:51:42 GMT/UTC (10:51 a.m. EST; 147:00:42.0 GET) in the North Pacific Ocean. NASA’s Apollo 8 Mission Report noted: “The total flight duration was 147 hours 42 seconds” (1-2). The recovery ship, USS Yorktown, reached the command module at 18:13 GMT/UTC (1:13 p.m. EST; 149:22 GET). The Mission Report placed splashdown at “8 degrees 8 minutes north latitude and 165 degrees 1 minute west longitude, as determined by the primary recovery ship USS Yorktown” (1-2).

The takeaways for first crewed lunar orbiting mission Apollo 8’s launch Dec. 21, 1968, is that the spaceflight of 147 hours 42 minutes demonstrated the viability of crewed flight to the moon and suggested the possibility of lunar landing missions in the near future.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

North American Rockwell artist’s concept illustrates Command Service Modules (CSM), still attached to Saturn V third stage (S-IVB), heading away from Earth at approximately 24,300 miles per hour; NASA ID S68-51304: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-S68-51304

North American Rockwell artist’s concept illustrates starting of 20,500-pound thrust engine over lunar far side in preparation for return to Earth; NASA ID S68-51302: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-S68-51302

For further information:

Borman, Frank; and Robert J. Serling. Countdown: An Autobiography. New York NY: Silver Arrow, 1988.

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lovell, Jim; and Jeffrey Kluger. Apollo 13. First Mariner Books edition. Boston MA; New York NY: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.

Lovell, Jim; and Jeffrey Kluger. Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Jettisoned LM Snoopy Descent Stage Appeared Near Taruntius Crater.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 11, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/jettisoned-lm-snoopy-descent-stage.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

NASA JSC Web Team. “Apollo: 1963-1972.” NASA JSC (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center) History Portal. Updated July 16, 2010.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/apollo.htm

NASA JSC Web. “Mission Transcripts: Apollo 8.” NASA JSC (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center) History Portal. Updated July 16, 2010.
Available @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/apollo8.htm

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, comp. Analysis of Apollo 8 Photography and Visual Observations. NASA SP-201. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Technology Utilization Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1969.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700005062.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Mission Report. Prepared by Mission Evaluation Team. MSC-PA-R-69-1. Houston TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center, February 1969.
Available via NASA History-Apollo Flight Journal @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-missionreport.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Mission (AS-503) Post Launch Mission Operation Report No. 1. Prepared by Apollo Program Office-MAO. Report No. M-932-68-08. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Manned Space Flight, Feb. 10, 1969.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-postlaunch-rep.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Press Kit. Release no. 68-208. Dec. 15, 1968. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1969.
Available via NASA History-Apollo Flight Journal @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/a08-presskit.pdf
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/specials/apollo50th/pdf/A08_PressKit.pdf
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690003059.pdf

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription (Goss Net 1). Prepared for Data Logistics Office Test Division Apollo Spacecraft Program Office. Houston TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Manned Spacecraft Center, December 1968.
Available via Johnson Space Center (JSC) History Portal @ https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/mission_trans/AS08_TEC.PDF

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Apollo 8 Technical Crew Debriefing. Prepared by Mission Operations Branch Flight Crew Support Division. Houston TX: Manned Spacecraft Center, Jan. 2, 1969.
Part 1 (pages i-70): Available via ibiblio @ https://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/Documents/Apollo8-TechnicalDebriefing-Martin-1.pdf
Part 2 (pages 71-149): Available via ibiblio @ https://www.ibiblio.org/apollo/Documents/Apollo8-TechnicalDebriefing-Martin-1.pdf

Ransford, Gary A.; Wilbur R. Wollenhaupt; and Robert M. Bizzell. Lunar Landmark Locations -- Apollo 8, 10, 11, and 12 Missions. NASA Technical Note TN D-6082. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, November 1970.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap10fj/pdf/19710002567_lunar-landmark-locations-a8-a10-a11-a12.pdf
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710002567.pdf

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. “Apollo 10 (AS-505).” Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum > Missions > Apollo 10.
Available @ https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/orbital-missions/apollo10.cfm

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. “Saturn V Launch Vehicle.” Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum > Spacecraft & Vehicles > Saturn V Launch Vehicle.
Available @ https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/spacecraft/saturn_v.cfm

Woods, W. David; and Frank O’Brien. “Apollo 8 Photography Index.” NASA History > Apollo Flight Journal > The Apollo 8 Flight Journal.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/a08-photoindex.html

Woods, W. David; and Frank O’Brien. “Apollo 8 Documents.” NASA History > Apollo Flight Journal > The Apollo 8 Flight Journal.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/index.html

Zimmerman, Robert. Genesis: The Story of Apollo 8: The First Manned Flight to Another World. New York NY: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1998.