Is Cleopatra's Tomb at Taposiris Magna Or Will It Never Be Found?

Summary: Is Cleopatra's tomb at Taposiris Magna, where Kathleen Martínez has been searching since 2004, or will it never be found, perhaps because of Octavian?

One of history's great mysteries concerns the location of the tombs of Cleopatra and Marc Antony; Dominican archaeologist, diplomat and lawyer Kathleen Martínez's identification of Taposiris Magna, a temple complex west of Cleopatra's hometown of Alexandria, as a strong candidate has motivated her steadfast searches there since 2004: Kathleen Martinez @drkathmartinez, via Twitter Nov 21, 2021

Is Cleopatra's tomb at Taposiris Magna, where Kathleen Martínez has searched since 2004, or will it never be found, perhaps because the last Ptolemaic queen's enemy, Rome's Octavian, had the bodies of Cleopatra, Mark Antony and Cleopatra's and Julius Caesar's son, Caesarion, destroyed or hidden?

The fascination that Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) holds for Dominican archaeologist, diplomat and lawyer Kathleen Teresa Martínez Berry (born 1966) traces back to an argument in 1990 with her father, legal scholar and professor Fausto Martínez, according to magazine and newspaper writer Chip Brown in "The Search for Cleopatra," published in the June 2011 issue of National Geographic magazine. Kathleen's retrieval of Antony and Cleopatra by Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616) from her father's extensive home library occasioned an atypical disparagement from her characteristically fair father. He denounced Cleopatra as a "trollop" (mujerzuela). Kathleen's cogent response of the distortion of Cleopatra's true character by Roman propaganda and anti-female bias during and after the queen's lifetime yielded a concession of unfairness from her father.

Awareness of history's intentional misrepresentation of Cleopatra's character also has been expressed, for example, in the 21st century by American Egyptologist Jacquelyn Williamson and in the 19th century by U.S. naval officer Henry Honychurch Gorringe (Aug. 11, 1841-July 7, 1885). The loss of Egyptian sources via the destruction of Alexandria's great library and the Nile Delta's poor preservation environment have created an imbalance in which Cleopatra has been profiled by her fearers and haters. "After her death there was no one but the conquerors of her kingdom to perpetuate her memory," Gorringe assessed in Egyptian Obelisks (page 73), published in 1882.

Kathleen's post-paternal argument-inspired resolve to scrutinize Cleopatra uncovered the ignorance of the queen's burial site "in any ancient writing." Kathleen's realization of Cleopatra's sensitivity to goddess Isis, associated with the afterlife, death and resurrection, guided her to consult Greek geographer Strabo (Greek: Στράβων, Strabon; from adjective στράϐων, strabon, "cross-eyed"; ca. 64/60 BCE-ca. 20/24 CE) for sites linked with the Osiris myth, in which Isis compellingly resurrects her dismembered brother-husband Osiris in order for the couple to conceive Horus, their falcon-headed son, who avenges his father's fratricide by Set, brother of Isis and Osiris. Kathleen finessed her list to 21 places, including Taposiris Magna ("great tomb of Osiris"). The ruined temple complex had enjoyed status in antiquity as one of the 14 sites in Egypt where Set had deposited his brother's dismembered body parts.

Kathleen whittled her list of candidates by reaching out to Egyptian archaeologist Zahi Hawass (born 1947). He arranged for her to visit sites beginning in 2004. After visiting Taposiris Magna in 2004, she returned to the site in March 2005. Afterward, Kathleen shared with Dr. Hawass her belief in Taposiris Magna as the repository of Cleopatra's tomb. Kathleen and Zahi's joint Dominican-Egyptian team has been excavating Taposiris Magna since October 2005.

The team's finds include a large granite headless statue of a Ptolemaic statue and the temple's original west-side gate in 2010, according to Dutch writer Ann Wuyts in "Ptolemaic statue and temple gate discovered at Taposiris Magna," published Tuesday, May 4, 2010, in The Independent. The well-preserved statue might portray Ptolemy IV, constructor of the Taposiris Magna temple, according to Zahi Hawass. Ptolemy IV Philopator (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaios Philopator; "Ptolemy, lover of his Father"; May/June 244-July/August 204 BC) reigned from 221 to 204 BCE as Ptolemaic Egypt's fourth pharaoh. Traces on one of the entrance's limestone foundation stones suggest an entrance lined with a series of Sphinx statues.

Greco-Roman style mummies occupied a necropolis behind the Temple of Osiris. The turning of their faces toward the temple possibilitizes the temple burial of "a significant royal personality," considered Dr. Hawass.

Kathleen Martínez has continued the determined archaeological exploration of Taposiris Magna that she initiated in 2005. Although the actual tombs thus far have eluded the explorers, the site remains active, with a plethora of finds. As Dr. Hawass observed in 2010, the discovery of the tombs of Cleopatra and Mark Antony would qualify as "the most important discovery of the 21st century," as reported by Ann Wuyt's May 4, 2010, article in The Independent. Yet, if the tombs are not found at Taposiris Magna, the discoveries inside and outside the temple complex have been "major."

No hints from ancient sources have eased the search for Cleopatra's tomb. Greek biographer Plutarch (46 BCE-ca. 122 CE) gave no place names in his biography of Mark Antony (Jan. 14, 83-Aug. 1, 30 BCE), in Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly known as Parallel Lives.

"But Caesar, although vexed at the death of the woman, admired her lofty spirit; and he gave orders that her body should be buried with that of Antony in splendid and regal fashion. Her women also received honourable interment by his orders," Plutarch recorded, according to American classicist Bernadotte Perrin's (Sep. 15, 1847-Aug. 31, 1920) translation, published in 1920 (Plutarch's Lives, vol. IX: Anthony, pages 328-331).

Perhaps, finding Cleopatra's tomb is impossible because an honored burial spot has never existed. Octavian (Gaius Octavius; Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus; Sep. 23, 63 BCE-Aug. 19, 14 CE), adopted son and heir of Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12 or 13, 100-March 15, 44 BCE), had Cleopatra's and Julius Caesar's son, Ptolemy XV Caesar Philopator Philometor (47-30 BCE), known as Caesarion, executed after Cleopatra's death. He disappeared with his death. Similarly, Cleopatra and Mark Antony left no traces with their deaths.

Friday, Aug. 30, 2013, 16:49, seaward-facing image of north facade of Temple of Osiris ruins, Taposiris Magna, northwestern edge of Nile Delta, northern Egypt: Koantao, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

One of history's great mysteries concerns the location of the tombs of Cleopatra and Marc Antony; Dominican archaeologist, diplomat and lawyer Kathleen Martínez's identification of Taposiris Magna, a temple complex west of Cleopatra's hometown of Alexandria, as a strong candidate has motivated her steadfast searches there since 2004: Kathleen Martinez @drkathmartinez, via Twitter Nov 21, 2021, @ https://twitter.com/drkathmartinez/status/1462351505596600323

Friday, Aug. 30, 2013, 16:49, seaward-facing image of north facade of Temple of Osiris ruins, Taposiris Magna, northwestern edge of Nile Delta, northern Egypt: Koantao, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_View_of_Taposiris_Magna_Osiris_Temple.jpg

For further information:

Brown, Chip. "The Search for Cleopatra." National Geographic Magazine. July 2011.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20180310120357/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/07/Cleopatra/

Draycott, Jane. "Why the discovery of Cleopatra’s tomb would rewrite history." The Conversation. Nov. 15, 2022.
Available via Archaeology News Network @ https://archaeonewsnet.com/2022/11/why-the-discovery-of-cleopatras-tomb-would-rewrite-history.html
Available via The Conversation @ https://theconversation.com/why-the-discovery-of-cleopatras-tomb-would-rewrite-history-194481

Jarus, Owen."Mummy with a gold tongue found in Egypt." Live Science > Archaeology > Ancient Egyptians. Feb. 1, 2021.
Available via Live Science @ https://www.livescience.com/mummy-with-gold-tongue-discovered.html

Kathleen Martinez. "con el equipo de expertos en radares y el Dr Hawass en Taposiris Magna... estoy convencida que habra grandes resultados!!" Facebook. Nov. 20, 2017.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1622383294488511&set=ecnf.100001505673802
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/kathleenegipto/posts/pfbid0QWtomznGepmdYAiptxhaHL6a4RFwbR2dBvi8X2uoyXYXC88sYKkDdZXBbjACCbWJl

Kathleen Martinez. "Hemos iniciado las exploraciones con radares en esta nueva temporada!!" Facebook. Nov. 20, 2017.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1622385011155006&set=ecnf.100001505673802 Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/kathleenegipto/posts/pfbid025NmmXte8BWF67fSBkYmyMRQvzjoom6tbftCdSPCCujhxsmB4mFrHZnAzW6rcyNDTl

Kathleen Martinez @drkathmartinez. "I have never seen before a rainbow from beginning to end -- only @Tapisiris Magna/ Nunca había visto un arcoíris de comienzo a final -- solo @Taposiris Magna. Gran augurio." Twitter. Nov 21, 2021.
Available via Twitter @ https://twitter.com/drkathmartinez/status/1462351505596600323

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra's Needle in London Associates Cleopatra With Julius Caesar." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Aug. 10, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/cleopatras-needle-in-london-associates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra's Needle in New York Associates Cleopatra With Julius Caesar." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Aug. 17, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/cleopatras-needle-in-new-york.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Cleopatra's Needles: Heliopolis to Alexandria to London and New York." Earth and Space News. Thursday, Aug. 3, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/cleopatras-needles-heliopolis-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Did Cleopatra Kill Herself Or, As With Her First Son, Was She Killed?" Earth and Space News. Thursday, Aug. 24, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/did-cleopatra-kill-herself-or-as-with.html

Perrin, Bernadotte, trans. "LXXXVI. . . . But Caesar, although vexed at the death of the woman, admired her lofty spirit; and he gave orders that her body should be buried with that of Antony in splendid and regal fashion. Her women also received honourable interment by his orders." Pages 328-331. Plutarch's Lives, vol. IX: Anthony, pages 138-333. In eleven volumes. Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1920. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, MCMLIX [1959].br /> Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/plutarchslives09plutuoft/page/328/mode/1up
Available via Perseus Digital Library Project -- Tufts University @ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D85

Starr, Michelle. "Archaeologists Seeking Cleopatra's Tomb Uncovered a 'Geometric Miracle' Tunnel." ScienceAlert > Humans. May 7, 2023.
Available @ https://www.sciencealert.com/archaeologists-seeking-cleopatras-tomb-uncovered-a-geometric-miracle-tunnel

Wuyts, Ann. "Ptolemaic statue and temple gate discovered at Taposiris Magna." The Independent > Life & Style > History. Tuesday, May 4, 2010.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20111029080444/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/ptolemaic-statue-and-temple-gate-discovered-at-taposiris-magna-1961972.html

Naturalist John Hill Named Tooth Shell Constellation Dentalium in 1754

Summary: English naturalist John Hill named tooth shell constellation Dentalium in his 1754 astronomical dictionary, Urania, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens.

John Hill's Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation (left lower-center) inhabits the southern celestial hemisphere's fourth quadrant (SQ4), in the neighborhood of Aquarius the Water Bearer, Capricornus the Sea Goat and Delphinus the Dolphin, and shares the quadrant with two other Hill-invented constellations, Anguilla the Eel (center left) and Pinna Marina the Mussel (upper left): Ultima Thulean, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Eighteenth-century English apothecary, naturalist and writer John Hill introduced Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation in his astronomical dictionary, Urania, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens, published in 1754.

Hill (1714-Nov. 21, 1775) introduced the molluscan constellation with the standard epithet that he uniformly applied to all 15 new constellations in Urania. "A conſtellation offered to the aſtronomical world," he began, adding "and compoſed of certain unformed ſtars near the ſhoulder of Aquarius." The "out-lines" of the starry arrangement impressed as "a ſhell-fiſh, an inhabitant of the ſhallow ſeas, and is frequent in the collections of the curious." He traced the genus name, Dentalium (Latin: dentālis, “dental," toothlike shape), to the shelled marine mollusc's "reſemblance . . . to the tuſk of ſome animal, and is deſcribed by all who have written on natural hiſtory."

Although describing Dentalium the Tooth Shell as "a ſmall conſtellation," Hill appreciated the ratio of stars to space in its location. He assessed that "for its extent, it contains a conſiderable number of ſtars."

Four constellations neighbor Dentalium. Now obsolete constellation Antinous the Beloved of Hadrian, Aquarius the Water Bearer, Capricornus the Sea Goat and Delphinus the Dolphin surround the Tooth Shell. "Its open part, or mouth, is towards Antinous, and its extremity, or point, towards Aquarius." Dentalium's point nears the Water Bearer's shoulder while "the lower part of the bend of the ſhell is alſo near the hand, and a part of the robe." Antinous, the Dolphin and the Sea Goat associate with Dentalium's "open part." One of Antinous's hands nears it. The Dolphin's "tail, or lower part" and the Sea Goat's head are positioned "at ſome diſtance," almost equidistantly, over and under, respectively, Dentalium's "open part."

John Hill's Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation emerges from unformed stars near Aquarius the Water Bearer in the southern celestial hemisphere's fourth quadrant (SQ4); John Hill, Urania, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens (MDCCLXVIII [1768]): via Internet Archive

Hill tallied Dentalium's "conſpicuous ſtars" at 15. They formed four clusters "at ſome diſtance from one another."

He delineated the placements of the clusters on the celestial Dentalium. The first cluster, comprising five stars, "marks the mouth, or opening. One is placed at each limit of the ſhell, but theſe are both ſmall ones." Between the two end stars occur three larger stars, of which two are "nearly upon a level with one another, and the third is lower on the ſhell." Above the Tooth Shell's middle distantly hovers a cluster of three stars, of which the largest perches above the other two. Another cluster of three are positioned equidistantly beyond Dentalium's middle as markers of "each out-line, and . . . the midſt of the ſhell." The fourth cluster is composed of "two leſſer cluſters, of two each." The first two stars, which are small and distantly placed with each other, "stand at a ſmall ſpace from the extremity of the ſhell." The second set of two stars occur close together "very near the point of the extremity: theſe are juſt over the ſhoulder of Aquarius; and the third cluſter is almoſt immediately over his hand."

Eight of Dentalium's 15 "conſpicuous ſtars" are identified by David Harper, once an astronomer specializing in celestial mechanics and positional astronomy but now a genome researcher, and his wife, astronomer L. (Lynne) M. Stockman, in "Dentalium -- The Tooth Shell," posted on their Obliquity website. Six stars reside in Aquarius the Water Bearer: 4 Aquarii (abbreviated 4 Aqr), 11 Aqr, 12 Aqr, 15 Aqr, 16 Aqr and 21 Aqr. Two belong to Aquila the Eagle: 69 Aquilae (abbreviated 69 Aql) and 71 Aql.

Dentalium occupies the southern celestial hemisphere's fourth quadrant (SQ4). The celestial Tooth Shell shares the quadrant with two other Hill-invented constellations, Anguilla the Eel and Pinna Marina the Mussel.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) has not recognized Dentalium as an official constellation. Accordingly, Dentalium does not appear on the list of 88 IAU-approved constellations. Categorization as an obsolete constellation, however, does not dissociate Dentalium from its starry components. The asterism may still be discerned near Aquarius the Water Bearer's left shoulder.

John Hill equated his Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation with Earth's Dentalium genus of shelled marine molluscs, known as tooth shells or tusk shells; depictions of Dentalium species (lower right), in John Hill, An History of Animals (1752), Plate 7, opposite page 139: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

John Hill's Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation (left lower-center) inhabits the southern celestial hemisphere's fourth quadrant (SQ4), in the neighborhood of Aquarius the Water Bearer, Capricornus the Sea Goat and Delphinus the Dolphin, and shares the quadrant with two other Hill-invented constellations, Anguilla the Eel (center left) and Pinna Marina the Mussel (upper left): Ultima Thulean, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_Hemisphere_Hill's_Constellations.png

John Hill's Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation emerges from unformed stars near Aquarius the Water Bearer in the southern celestial hemisphere's fourth quadrant (SQ4); John Hill, Urania, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens (MDCCLXVIII [1768]): via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_urania-a-new-astronom_hill-john-m-d-calli_1768/page/23/mode/1up; Ultima Thulean, CC BY SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dentalium_Constellation.jpg

John Hill equated his Dentalium the Tooth Shell constellation with Earth's Dentalium genus of shelled marine molluscs, known as tooth shells or tusk shells; depictions of Dentalium species (lower right), in John Hill, An History of Animals (1752), Plate 7, opposite page 139: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56071345; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/50374595528/

For further information:

Harper, David; and L. (Lynne) M. Stockman. "Dentalium -- The Tooth Shell. Unofficial Abbreviation: Den. Genitive: Dentalia. Origin: John Hill." Obliquity > Sky Eye > The Constellations > Extinct Constellations.
Available @ https://www.obliquity.com/skyeye/88const/Den.html

Hill, John. "Dentalium." Pages 120-121. An History of Animals: Containing Descriptions of the Birds, Beasts, Fishes, and Insects, of the Several Parts of the World; and Including Accounts of the Several Classes of Animalcules, Visible Only by the Assistance of Microscopes. London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, in Gray's-Inn, M.DCCLII [1752].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56071325

Hill, John. "Dentalium." Urania, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens, Containing the Antient and Modern Astronomy, in Form of a Dictionary. London: T. Gardner, M.DCC.LIV [1754].
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/lzigAAAAMAAJ?hl=en
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lzigAAAAMAAJ/page/n185/mode/1up

Hill, John. "The Shell Fish Series 1." Plate 7, opposite page 139. An History of Animals: Containing Descriptions of the Birds, Beasts, Fishes, and Insects, of the Several Parts of the World; and Including Accounts of the Several Classes of Animalcules, Visible Only by the Assistance of Microscopes. London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, in Gray's-Inn, M.DCCLII [1752].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56071344

Hill, John. Urania, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens, Containing the Antient and Modern Astronomy, in Form of a Dictionary. London: T. Gardner, M.DCC.LIV [1754].
Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/lzigAAAAMAAJ?hl=en
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_lzigAAAAMAAJ/

Hill, John, M.D. [Urania]. A New Astronomical Dictionary, or, A Compleat View of the Heavens Containing Antient and Modern Astronomy Illustrated with a Great Number of Figures. London: T. Gardner, MDCCLXVIII [1768].
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_urania-a-new-astronom_hill-john-m-d-calli_1768/

Marriner, Derdriu. "English Naturalist John Hill Introduced 15 Constellations in 1754." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 2, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/english-naturalist-john-hill-introduced.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "English Naturalist John Hill Named Bufo the Toad Constellation in 1754." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 23, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/english-naturalist-john-hill-named-bufo.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "English Naturalist John Hill Named Eel Constellation Anguilla in 1754." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 9, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/english-naturalist-john-hill-named-eel.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "English Naturalist John Hill Named Spider Constellation Aranea in 1754." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 16, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/english-naturalist-john-hill-named.html

Sassarini, Iacopo. "4 Aquarii." The Sky Live > Constellations > Aquarius.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/4-aquarii-star

Sassarini, Iacopo. "11 Aquarii." The Sky Live > Constellations > Aquarius.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/11-aquarii-star

Sassarini, Iacopo. "12 Aquarii." The Sky Live > Constellations > Aquarius.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/12-aquarii-star

Sassarini, Iacopo. "15 Aquarii." The Sky Live > Constellations > Aquarius.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/15-aquarii-star

Sassarini, Iacopo. "16 Aquarii." The Sky Live > Constellations > Aquarius.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/16-aquarii-star

Sassarini, Iacopo. "21 Aquarii." The Sky Live > Constellations > Aquarius.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/21-aquarii-star

Sassarini, Iacopo. "69 Aquilae." The Sky Live > Constellations > Libra.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/sky/stars/69-aquilae-star

Perhaps Helgi in White Death Apes Ancient Crimes by Dufthak in Iceland

Summary: Perhaps Helgi Reykdal in White Death, anglicized from Icelandic standalone novel Hvítidauði by Ragnar Jónasson, apes ancient crimes by Dufthak in Iceland.

A ship perhaps much akin and alike to the Íslendingur (from Old Norse ísur land ingr, "ice land inhabitant") replica of 1996 no longer abided in Atlantic Ocean waters around Hjörleifshöfði (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hǫfði, “sword inheritance headland”) island. It accommodated the first criminals, thralls (from Old Norse þræll, “slave”) of their master, in pre-settlement Iceland. It accounts for the victim's cousinly brother-in-law, likewise accruer of such a boat, at the criminal hideaway in the Westman Islands (Vestmannaeyjar, from Old Norse Vestmaðr ey, “west man['s] island”) shortly thereafter; Friday, July 18, 2014, 12:31, image of Íslendingur, Víkingaheimar (Viking World Museum), Keflavík, Reykjanes Peninsula, southwestern Iceland: Neitram, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Perhaps Helgi Reykdal in White Death, anglicized in 2023 from Icelandic standalone novel Hvítidauði in 2019 by Ragnar Jónasson, apes ancient crimes by Dufthak in Iceland against early Norse settler Hjörleif Hróðmarsson.

Helgi Reykdal (from Old Norse heilagr reykr dalr, “holy smoke dale, holy steam valley”) bemoans being a basement tenant whose upstairs neighbors blab to Reykjavik police. The responding officers never check why Helgi’s romantic partner Bergthóra (from Old Norse bjorg þórr, “deliverance thunder” via Icelandic Bergþóra) never comes out during their call. Reimar (from Old Norse regin marr, “[divine-]power famous”) discerns Helgi as police-related dissertator even as he never detects the latter’s bloodstained shirt from disputing with Bergthóra.

Perhaps an enfuriated Helgi evokes enfuriated thrall Dufthak (from Old Norse þræll, “slave”; Gaelic dubh taigh, “dark horse”), who ended Hjörleif Hróðmarsson’s life 1,137 years earlier.

The thrall Dufthak (from Old Norse þræll, “slave”; Gaelic dubh taigh, “dark horse” via Old Norse Dufþakur) accused a bear of killing the ox of his master, Hjörleif Hróðmarsson (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hróðr, "sword inheritance glory famous"). And yet Iceland acquired no permanent populations of bear species after brown-bear species (Ursus arctos arctos) extinction there well before Norse exploration and settlement. Brown bears of that species nevertheless acquitted themselves ably in the Norwegian ambiance in which Norse explorers and settlers such as Ingolfr Arnarson (844-849?-903-910?, from Old Norse Yngvi ulfr, “[god] Ing’s wolf”; ǫrn -arr, “eagle army”) originally acted; Ursus arctos, "Ours de Norwège, âgé de trois mois et trois semaines" (Norwegian bear, aged three months and three weeks), illustrated by 19th-century French natural history artist Jacques Christophe Werner (1798-1856), lithographed by French agronomist and lithographer Charles Philibert de Lasteyrie du Saillant (C. de Last.; Nov. 4, 1759-Nov. 3, 1849), in Iconographia Zoologica collection, Allard Pierson Repository, University of Amsterdam: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Book of the Icelandic Settlements Part 1, Chapters VI and VII, transcribed from Landnámabók by Aaron Meyer, features cousinly brothers-in-law Ingolfr Arnarson and Hjörleif Hróðmarsson.

Ingólfshöfði and Hjörleifshöfði islands respectively guarded Ingolfr Arnarson (844-849?-903-910?, from Old Norse Yngvi ulfr, “[god] Ing’s wolf”; ǫrn -arr, “eagle army”) winter 874 and winter 875. Hjörleifshöfði (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hǫfði, “sword inheritance headland”) housed its namesake Hjörleif Hróðmarsson (845?-875?, from Old Norse hróðr, “glory”; mærr, “famous”) two winters, 874-875. The thrall Dufthak (from Old Norse þræll, “slave”; Gaelic dubh taigh, “dark horse”) impaled the household ox even as he invented a wood-bear as purported killer.

Perhaps the modern violence of Helgi against his breadwinner partner in White Death joins the ancient crimes of Dufthak of pre-settlement Iceland against his property-owning master.

Perhaps an ox inadvertently actualized ancient crimes in pre-settlement Iceland in 875. Iceland adds no permanent populations of ox species to its domesticated and wild animals. Norse settlers of 9th-century Iceland nevertheless admired ox, ox-like and ox-looking species admitted among Norwegian domesticated and wild species. Norse mythology admitted Gefjon as goddess of ploughing with oxen; Tuesday, April 21, 2009, 23:29, image of Gefion Fountain, bronze and granite sculpture created by Danish sculptor Anders Bundgaard (Aug. 7, 1864-Sep. 19, 1937) and installed in Nordre Toldbod waterfront area, Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1908: Bloodofox, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Dufthak killed Hjörleif in Hjörleifshöfði-area woods and kidnapped the latter’s wife, Ingolfr’s sister Helga Arnardóttir (from Old Norse heilagr ǫrn -arr dóttir, “holy eagle army daughter”).

Ingolfr located Dufthak, the latter’s co-kidnapping thrall and Hróðmarsson goods and household southwest of Hjörleifshöfði island, on Vestmannaeyjar (from Old Norse Vestmaðr ey, “west man['s] island”). He murdered Dufthak on Heimaey or less likelier Álsey, Bjarnarey, Brandur, Elliðaey, Faxasker, Geirfuglasker, Geldungur, Grasleysa, Hæna, Hani, Hellisey, Hrauney, Stóri Orn, Stóristakkur, Suðurey, Súlnasker, Surtsey). Ingolfr navigated Atlantic Ocean waters southwest of Hjörleifshöfði island and, after numbering Hjörleif’s second thrall along with Dufthak among the two casualties, and back to Hjörleifshöfði.

Ancient crimes of killing a household master, kidnapping his mistress and keeping their household goods and members perhaps occur 1,137 years earlier than White Death killings.

The first kidnappers and killers in pre-settlement Iceland adopted an uninhabited island among the Westman Islands group (Vestmannaeyjar, from Old Norse Vestmaðr ey, “west man['s] island”). Westman Islands as big as 5.2-square-mile (13.4-square-kilometer) Heimaey and as small as the Smáeyjar (from Icelandic smá, "small" and Old Norse ey, "island") adorn Atlantic Ocean waters southwest of Hjörleifshöfði (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hǫfði, “sword inheritance headland”) island, perhaps site of the first crimes in pre-settlement Iceland; Sunday, Aug. 17, 2014, 11:29, image of Smáeyjar islands (left to right) of Haena, Hani and Hrauney, Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands), Suðurland, Iceland[.]": Diego Delso, delso.photo, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Landnámabók (from Old Norse landnám bók, “land-taking book”), perhaps by Ari þorgilsson (1067-1148, from Old Norse ari þórr gísl, “eagle thunder pledge”), presents Eid as deathplace.

The Meyer transcription qualifies the place name, at footnote 16, as “Eid means Isthmus” (Ingolfr: part 1 page 2) without queuing which island quartered Dufthak’s body. William Gershom Collingwood (Aug. 6, 1854-Oct. 1, 1932) and Jón Stefánsson (Nov. 6, 1862-July 20, 1952) refer to Dufthak’s co-kidnapper if not co-killer as thrall Drafdrit. They suggest as a Gaelic etymology for Drafdrit “Dreach-treithe, “haggard face” (Collingwood and Stefánsson: page 2) in their book A Pilgrimage to the Saga-Steads of Iceland.

Saga-telling Iceland transmits ancient crimes by Drafdrit and Dufthak even as White Death transmits 30-year-old crimes by transgressors whom Helgi tackles while tallying his own crimes.

The Book of the Icelandic Settlements (Landnámabók, from Old Norse landnám bók, “land-taking book”) advances our acquainance with pre-settlement Iceland. It perhaps affirms among its earliest authors Ari þorgilsson (1067-1148, from Old Norse ari þórr gísl, “eagle thunder pledge”); image of a page from manuscript of Landnámabók in the Árni Magnússon Manuscript Museum, Reykjavík, Iceland: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

A ship perhaps much akin and alike to the Íslendingur (from Old Norse ísur land ingr, "ice land inhabitant") replica of 1996 no longer abided in Atlantic Ocean waters around Hjörleifshöfði (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hǫfði, “sword inheritance headland”) island. It accommodated the first criminals, thralls (from Old Norse þræll, “slave”) of their master, in pre-settlement Iceland. It accounts for the victim's cousinly brother-in-law, likewise accruer of such a boat, at the criminal hideaway in the Westman Islands (Vestmannaeyjar, from Old Norse Vestmaðr ey, “west man['s] island”) shortly thereafter; Friday, July 18, 2014, 12:31, image of Íslendingur, Víkingaheimar (Viking World Museum), Keflavík, Reykjanes Peninsula, southwestern Iceland: Neitram, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Íslendingur_02.jpg

The thrall Dufthak (from Old Norse þræll, “slave”; Gaelic dubh taigh, “dark horse” via Old Norse Dufþakur) accused a bear of killing the ox of his master, Hjörleif Hróðmarsson (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hróðr, "sword inheritance glory famous"). And yet Iceland acquired no permanent populations of bear species after brown-bear species (Ursus arctos arctos) extinction there well before Norse exploration and settlement. Brown bears of that species nevertheless acquitted themselves ably in the Norwegian ambiance in which Norse explorers and settlers such as Ingolfr Arnarson (844-849?-903-910?, from Old Norse Yngvi ulfr, “[god] Ing’s wolf”; ǫrn -arr, “eagle army”) originally acted; Ursus arctos, "Ours de Norwège, âgé de trois mois et trois semaines" (Norwegian bear, aged three months and three weeks), illustrated by 19th-century French natural history artist Jacques Christophe Werner (1798-1856), lithographed by French agronomist and lithographer Charles Philibert de Lasteyrie du Saillant (C. de Last.; Nov. 4, 1759-Nov. 3, 1849), in Iconographia Zoologica collection, Allard Pierson Repository, University of Amsterdam: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ursus_arctos_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_UBA01_IZ22600019.tif

Perhaps an ox inadvertently actualized ancient crimes in pre-settlement Iceland in 875. Iceland adds no permanent populations of ox species to its domesticated and wild animals. Norse settlers of 9th-century Iceland nevertheless admired ox, ox-like and ox-looking species admitted among Norwegian domesticated and wild species. Norse mythology admitted Gefjon as goddess of ploughing with oxen; Tuesday, April 21, 2009, 23:29, image of Gefion Fountain, bronze and granite sculpture created by Danish sculptor Anders Bundgaard (Aug. 7, 1864-Sep. 19, 1937) and installed in Nordre Toldbod waterfront area, Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1908: Bloodofox, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gefion_fountain_by_Anders_Bundgaard_II.jpg

The first kidnappers and killers in pre-settlement Iceland adopted an uninhabited island among the Westman Islands group (Vestmannaeyjar, from Old Norse Vestmaðr ey, “west man['s] island”). Westman Islands as big as 5.2-square-mile (13.4-square-kilometer) Heimaey and as small as the Smáeyjar (from Icelandic smá, "small" and Old Norse ey, "island") adorn Atlantic Ocean waters southwest of Hjörleifshöfði (from Old Norse hjǫrr lėif hǫfði, “sword inheritance headland”) island, perhaps site of the first crimes in pre-settlement Iceland; Sunday, Aug. 17, 2014, 11:29, image of Smáeyjar islands (left to right) of Haena, Hani and Hrauney, Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands), Suðurland, Iceland[.]": Diego Delso, delso.photo, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Islas_Smáeyjar,_Islas_Vestman,_Suðurland,_Islandia,_2014-08-17,_DD_034.JPG

The Book of the Icelandic Settlements (Landnámabók, from Old Norse landnám bók, “land-taking book”) advances our acquainance with pre-settlement Iceland. It perhaps affirms among its earliest authors Ari þorgilsson (1067-1148, from Old Norse ari þórr gísl, “eagle thunder pledge”); image of a page from manuscript of Landnámabók in the Árni Magnússon Manuscript Museum, Reykjavík, Iceland: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg

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Marriner, Derdriu. 1 August 2023. "Reykjavik and Videy Sides of Kollfjordur Bay Add Anxiety in Reykjavík." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/reykjavik-and-videy-sides-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 July 2023. "Reykjavík Botanic Garden Perhaps Alleviates Anxiety in White Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/reykjavik-botanic-garden-perhaps.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 July 2023. "Ragnar Jónasson Adds Two Standalones With Reykjavík and White Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/ragnar-jonasson-adds-two-standalones.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 July 2023. "White Death Avails English Readers of Hvítidauði by Ragnar Jónasson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/white-death-avails-english-readers-of_033263944.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 July 2023. "A Prime Minister and a Thriller Novelist Authored the Book Reykjavík." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/a-prime-minister-and-thriller-novelist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 June 2023. "Winterkill, Anglicized from Vetrarmein, Airs Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/winterkill-anglicized-from-vetrarmein.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 June 2023. "Hot Chocolate Awes Easter Crowds in Winterkill, Anglicized From Sigló." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/hot-chocolate-awes-easter-crowds-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2023. "Quentin Bates Adds a Translation to Outside, Anglicized From Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/quentin-bates-adds-translation-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 June 2023. "Winterkill Anglicizes What Jean-Christophe Salaün Frenchified as Sigló." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 May 2023. "David Warriner Anglicizes Winterkill From Vetrarmein By Way of Sigló." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/david-warriner-anglicizes-winterkill.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 May 2023. "Perhaps Falls Are Jumps in Winterkill, Anglicized From Vetrarmein." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/perhaps-falls-are-jumps-in-winterkill.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 May 2023. "Harborside Rooms and Violent Deaths Add Stayover Traffic to Winterkill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/harborside-rooms-and-violent-deaths-add.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 May 2023. "Whiteout, Anglicized From Andkör, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/whiteout-anglicized-from-andkor.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2023. "Flaming Coffee Sambuca Acts as a Christmas Toast in Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/flaming-coffee-sambuca-acts-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2023. "Axel Sveinsson Lighthouses Add Jobs and Attract Tourists in Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/axel-sveinsson-lighthouses-add-jobs-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2023. "Whiteout Admits Northern Landscapes Akin to Jón Stefánsson Paintings." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/whiteout-admits-northern-landscapes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2023. "Jóhann Jónsson Adds Autumn Flowers to Andköf, Anglicized as Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/johann-jonsson-adds-autumn-flowers-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 April 2023. "A Baby Arrives Auspiciously in Whiteout, Anglicized From Andkör." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/a-baby-arrives-auspiciously-in-whiteout.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 March 2023. "A Northern Lighthouse Inadvertently Admits Adverse Traffic in Whiteout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/a-northern-lighthouse-inadvertently.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 March 2023. "Rupture, Anglicized From Rof, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/rupture-anglicized-from-rof-archives.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 March 2023. "Coffees Appear Black or Milky, Poisoned or Sugary in Rupture." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/coffees-appear-black-or-milky-poisoned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 March 2023. "Rupture, Anglicized From Rof, Acknowledges Ásgrímur Jónsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/rupture-anglicized-from-rof.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2023. "Thorleifur Ragnar Jónasson Acquaints Us With Adverse Areas in Rupture." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/thorleifur-ragnar-jonasson-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2023. "Past Actions Affect Present Anxieties in Rupture, Anglicized From Rof." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/past-actions-affect-present-anxieties.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2023. "Tunnels Accelerate Justice and Traffic in Rupture, Anglicized From Rof." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/tunnels-accelerate-justice-and-traffic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2023. "Icelandic Names and Words Are in Blackout, Anglicized From Myrknætti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/icelandic-names-and-words-are-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2023. "Biscuits, Burgers, Chips, Dried Fish Appeal to Police in Blackout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/biscuits-burgers-chips-dried-fish.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2023. "Thorleifur Ragnar Jónasson Accuratizes Volcanic Glaciers in Blackout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/thorleifur-ragnar-jonasson-accuratizes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 January 2023. "Jón Gudmundsson the Learned Accounts for Poetic Advice in Blackout." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/jon-gudmundsson-learned-accounts-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 January 2023. "Seven Are Taciturn About Death in Blackout, Anglicized From Myrknætti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/seven-are-taciturn-about-death-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 January 2023. "Summerhouses Add to Crime Rates in Blackout, Anglicized From Myrknætti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/summerhouses-add-to-crime-rates-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 December 2022. "Nattblinda, as Nightblind, Appends a Poem by Freysteinn Gunnarsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/nattblinda-as-nightblind-appends-poem.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 December 2022. "Nattblinda, as Nightblind, Appends Spring Returns to the Valley." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/nattblinda-as-nightblind-appends-spring.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2022. "Nattblinda, Anglicized Nightblind, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/nattblinda-anglicized-nightblind.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 December 2022. "Náttblinda, Anglicized Nightblind, Admits Fresh Buns, Coffee and Pizza." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/nattblinda-anglicized-nightblind-admits.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 November 2022. "Thórbergur Thórdarson Assuages Anxiety in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/thorbergur-thordarson-assuages-anxiety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2022. "Thorsteinn Jónsson Advises All Are Astray in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/thorsteinn-jonsson-advises-all-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2022. "Abandoned Areas Are Awful for New Hires in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/abandoned-areas-are-awful-for-new-hires.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2022. "Active Tunnels Adjust to Awful Weather in Nattblinda, as Nightblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/active-tunnels-adjust-to-awful-weather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2022. "Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/snjoblinda-anglicized-snowblind.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2022. "Indian Rice Affirms Area Affluence in Snjóblinda, Anglicized Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/indian-rice-affirms-area-affluence-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2022. "Kjarval Adorns a Retired Diplomat’s Walls in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/kjarval-adorns-retired-diplomats-walls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2022. "Gunnlaugur Blöndal Art Assuages Sailors in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/gunnlaugur-blondal-art-assuages-sailors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2022. "House and Job for Two Years Are Alluring in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/house-and-job-for-two-years-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2022. "Locals and Tourists Adore Fish and Theatre in Snjóblinda, as Snowblind." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/locals-and-tourists-adore-fish-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Archives Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-archives.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2022. "Ham and Ptarmigan Are Christmas Meats in Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/ham-and-ptarmigan-are-christmas-meats.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 September 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Acquaints Us With Davíd Stefánsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2022. "Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died, Alludes to Thorsteinn Th. Thorsteinsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/thorpid-as-girl-who-died-alludes-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2022. "Five Deaths Affect 16 Lives in Thorpid, Anglicized The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/five-deaths-affect-16-lives-in-thorpid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2022. "Ring Road Accesses Northeast Iceland for Thorpid, as The Girl Who Died." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/ring-road-accesses-northeast-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Appends Party of Two." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-appends.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 August 2022. "Outside, Anglicized From Úti, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/outside-anglicized-from-uti-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2022. "Icelandic Rock Ptarmigans Avoid Blizzards and Hunters in Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/icelandic-rock-ptarmigans-avoid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 July 2022. "Veröld Accepted Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti, Anglicized Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/verold-accepted-icelandic-standalone.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 July 2022. "Victoria Cribb Anglicizes Icelandic Standalone Novel Úti Into Outside." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/victoria-cribb-anglicizes-icelandic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 July 2022. "Four Friends and One Enemy Are Indoors in Outside, Anglicized from Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/four-friends-and-one-enemy-are-indoors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2022. "Adverse Weather Afflicts East Iceland in Outside, Anglicized From Úti." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/adverse-weather-afflicts-east-iceland.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 June 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Appends The Silence of the Falling Snow." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-anglicized-mist-appends-silence.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2022. "Mistur, as The Mist, Appends Christmas Apples by Katrín Guðjónsdóttir." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-as-mist-appends-christmas-apples.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2022. "Mistur, anglicized The Mist, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/mistur-anglicized-mist-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2022. "Hulda Ate Icelandic Food Christmas Eve in Mistur, Anglicized The Mist." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/hulda-ate-icelandic-food-christmas-eve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized The Mist, Acknowledges Halldór Laxness at Christmas." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-mist-acknowledges.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Acquaints Us With Olaf Olafsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-as-mist-acquaints-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2022. "Accidental and Violent Deaths Aggrieve Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/accidental-and-violent-deaths-aggrieve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2022. "Mistur, Anglicized as The Mist, Angles Ring Road Along Coastal Iceland." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/mistur-anglicized-as-mist-angles-ring.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-island-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized The Island, Allows Icelandic Cuisine Takeout Pizza." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-island-allows.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Acquaints Us With Bessastadir." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-as-island-acquaints.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2022. "Drungi, Anglicized as The Island, Asks What Einar Benediktsson Avers." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/drungi-anglicized-as-island-asks-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2022. "Seven Deaths Afflict One Detective in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/seven-deaths-afflict-one-detective-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 March 2022. "Fjords and Isles Are Accessible in Drungi, Anglicized as The Island." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/fjords-and-isles-are-accessible-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 March 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized The Darkness, Accumulates Icelandic Names and Words." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/dimma-anglicized-darkness-accumulates.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 March 2022. "Icelandic Cuisine Americanizes Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/icelandic-cuisine-americanizes-dimma.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 March 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness, Accesses Bishop Jón Vídalín For Us." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/dimma-anglicized-as-darkness-accesses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2022. "Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness, Acquaints Us With Tomás Gudmundsson." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/dimma-anglicized-as-darkness-acquaints.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2022. "Not All Are Accounted For in Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/not-all-are-accounted-for-in-dimma.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 February 2022. "Driving and Walking Tours Acquit Dimma, Anglicized as The Darkness." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/driving-and-walking-tours-acquit-dimma.html

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