Earth and Space News: Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils

Summary: Root-stem transition zones aim loading forces from mechanical stress through roots and soils, according to Arboriculture & Urban Forestry September 2020.

The juncture of root tissue with stem tissue is known as a tree's root-stem transition zone (RSTZ): USDA Forest Service -- Northeastern Area , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Root-stem transition zones aim loading forces from mechanical stress, through roots, into soils, according to Strain Patterns Across the Root-Stem Transition Zone in Urban Trees in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry September 2020.

Kenneth E. Beezley, Gregory A. Dahle, Jason Miesbauer and David DeVallance begin with plant growth as nutrient-economizing for light competition and reactive tissue-forming against mechanical stress. West Virginia-, Illinois- and Slovenia-based co-authors consider as strain- and stress-counteractive branch-bending, stem-bending; growth-adapting; mass-damping; root-anchoring, root-plate tilting; soil and root-interactive; stem-deflecting, stem-tilting; and wood-shedding countermeasures. Predisposing factors such as compromised soil properties, construction-driven intrusion of root zones, roots priorly wind-damaged and unstable soil conditions draw tree failure from mild-weather, mild-wind events.

Root-stem transition zones encompass areas where root tissues encounter trunk tissues and where elevated radial growth ensues, from canopy stress, as swelling from tree-base torsional strain.

The Morgantown-based study finds root-stem transition zones featuring stem bases, stem-root-collars and, where stems form into large structural and then small-diameter roots, zones of rapid taper.

Tree crowns guide dynamic and static forces down along stems, whose bending generates roots flexing under stress, as force per unit area, and strain, as deformation. Elastic yield points higher and lower than mechanical stress and strain respectively herald original shapes and plastic deformation-altered shapes once loading forces head away from trees. Static load trials identify load-induced failure, loading-force intra-tree itineraries, risk assessment-estimated overall stability and root loss-induced short-term stability but ignore such dynamic wind-loading parameters as torsion.

West Virginia University-based, Morton Arboretum-based and University of Primorska-based co-authors judged digital image correlation mapping loading forces on strained outer-bark primary phloem least jeopardizing tree stability.

Three-dimensional digital image correlation mapping of black-speckled, white-painted root-stem transition zones keeps track of mechanical-load, stem-root transfers, strain types and magnitudes and loading-force and root-growth directions.

Pulling lines linked webbed-sling electric winches to load cells to let 15 mature 35-year-old to 45-year-old pin oaks (Quercus palustris) list 0.1 degree from natural lean. For 18,537-N pulling-force maximums and 99,105-N bending-moment averages on trees with mean 51-centimeter breast-height diameters and 19-meter heights, they manifested mean 5.5-meter heights and 42-centimeter diameters. Leeward roots netted 133 peak strain points from peak applied loading forces at 8 to 10 reference-mark niches and least, 3.8-percent tension, and most, 96.2-percent compression.

Tension strain in root-stem transition zones occurs less without, more with, windward roots, whose 131 peak strain points observed 95.4-percent, most tension and 4.6-percent, lowest compression.

Tangential roots, with 132 peak strain points, presented higher torsion strain than leeward and windward roots and second-highest compression and tension, at 34.8 and 65.2 percent.

Maximum strain queued non-significant relationships with root divergence from pulling-force direction, breast-height diameters, tree heights, peak loads, bending moments, soil moisture, overall and root-type reference marks. Mean maximum strain at reflection points and bending moments ran lowest, higher, highest 0.0492, 0.0910, 0.0911 percent and weakest, stronger, strongest in tangential, leeward, windward roots. Study trials never scrutinized shear plane stress and torsional strain and stress despite inconsistent, low tangential-root strain suggesting them and in-line neutral planes of unidirectional loading.

Mechanical stress and strain threaten tree stability through prevailing directions of winds and other loading forces troubling in-line leeward and windward roots in root-stem transition zones.

Static load tests of 15 mature pin oaks (Quercus palustris) were conducted between May 28, 2015, and June 24, 2015, on West Virginia University Morgantown's Evansdale Campus; 22-year-old Quercus palustris at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois; Thursday, May 31, 2007: Bruce Marlin, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Earth and Space News

Sunday, September 27, 2020

Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils

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