Earth and Space News: February 2019

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Globular Cluster NGC 5634 Lies Midway Between Iota and Mu Virginis

Summary: Globular cluster NGC 5634 lies midway between Iota Virginis and Mu Virginis in southeastern Virgo the Virgin constellation.

Sir William Herschel’s 1785 discovery of Virgo’s only globular cluster, NGC 5634, occurred almost four years after his 1781 discovery of Uranus; 2.2 arcmin wide image of NGC 5634’s northwestern part: Hubble Legacy Archive, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Globular cluster NGC 5634 lies midway between Iota Virginis and Mu Virginis, stars with naked eye visibility in southeastern Virgo the Virgin constellation, near Virgo’s border with northwestern Libra the Scales constellation.

Fourth magnitude stars Iota Virginis and Mu Virginis star hop binocular and telescopic observers to globular cluster NGC 5634. Lying east of yellowish Iota Virginis, bluish-white Mu Virginis hovers near the southeastern Virgo-northwestern Libra border.

Celestial coordinates for Iota Virginis are right ascension (RA; similar to geographic longitude) at 14 hours 16 minutes 00.866 seconds and declination (DEC; similar to geographic latitude) at minus 6 degrees 00 minutes 02.01 seconds, according to Hubble Legacy Archive (HLA). HLA celestial coordinates for Mu Virginis are right ascension at 14 hours 43 minutes 03.618 seconds and declination at minus 5 degrees 39 minutes 29.59 seconds. NGC 5634’s right ascension is 14 degrees 29 minutes 37.279 seconds, with declination at minus 5 degrees 58 minutes 35.15 seconds, according to Hubble Legacy Archive.

Both stars participate in the recently discovered February mu Virginid (FMV) meteor shower as radiants. Mu Virginis is the shower’s namesake. Radiant drift accounts for February mu Virginid members appearing to trace back to a point five degrees east of Iota Virginis just before the onset of the shower’s annual activity dates of mid-February to early March. The February mu Virginid shower’s radiant drift also takes in Libra the Scales and Ophiuchus the Snake Bearer constellations.

The discovery of the February mu Virginid shower was announced in the June 2013 issue of WGN, the Journal of the International Meteor Organization (IMO). Damir Šegon and five other members of the Croatian Meteor Network are credited with detecting eight new showers, including the February mu Virginids, via the Croatian Meteor Network’s 2007 to 2010 catalogues and Japan’s SonotaCo Network’s 2007 to 2011 catalogues.

Astronomer and Sky & Telescope magazine editor James Mullaney suggests another star hopping strategy for locating NGC 5634. Mullaney specifies NGC 5634’s celestial placement at three degrees west of Mu Virginis and 30 minutes east of sixth magnitude star 104 Virginis. The blue subgiant is visible to the naked eye. HLA celestial coordinates for 104 Virginis are right ascension at 14 hours 27 minutes 24.387 seconds and declination at minus 6 degrees 7 minutes 13.21 seconds. Mullaney notes the location of 104 Virginis in “the same wide eyepiece field.”

Hartmut Frommert of the University of Konstanz’s Physics Department in southwestern Germany locates NGC 5634 at a distance of 82.2 kilo-light years. Southeastern Virgo’s globular cluster lies 69.1 kilo-light years from the Milky Way’s Galactic Center. One kilo-light year approximates 63,240,000 astronomical units (AU); 9,460,528,405,000,000 kilometers; 5,878,499,814,210,000 miles.

German-British astronomer and composer Sir Frederick William Herschel (Nov. 15, 1738-Aug. 25, 1822) is credited as NGC 5634’s discoverer. He discerned southeastern Virgo’s globular cluster March 5, 1785, almost four years after his discovery of the planet Uranus. Sir Herschel’s discovery of the solar system’s seventh planet happened March 13, 1781.

NGC 5634 appears as number 70 in “I. First Class. Bright Nebulae” in Sir William’s Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (1786). In his system of abbreviated descriptions, Sir William summarized Virgo’s globular cluster (page 472): “vB. cL. iF. vgbM.” His description translates as: “very bright. considerably round. irregularly faint. very gradually brighter in the middle.”

Sir William identified 106 Virginis as the star referenced for NGC 5634’s placement. His details revealed “that the nebula is . . . following the star” by a sidereal time of 1 minute 2 seconds and at 0 degrees 54 minutes north of the “determining star.”

With an apparent magnitude of 5.42, the fifth magnitude star comes in close to sixth magnitude. HLA celestial coordinates for 106 Virginis are right ascension of 14 hours 28 minutes 41.721 seconds and declination of minus 6 degrees 54 minutes 01.89 seconds.

Sir William’s son, English astronomer and polymath Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (March 7, 1792-May 11, 1871), also catalogued astronomical observations. In his 1833 catalogue, Sir John noted his observations of southeastern Virgo’s globular cluster, under entry 1813 (page 451): “A fine small compressed globular cluster. I can barely discern the stars; they are 19 m 80” diam; has a * 7.8 m 90” dist, pos 30° s f, and another 10 m, n p.”

Sir William’s catalogue entry I.70 equates to number 3900 in Sir John’s 1864 catalogue. Sir John sought to combine his and his father’s observations in an abbreviated description (page 116): “⊕; vB; cL; R; gbM; rrr; st 19; *17 sf.” His abbreviations translate as: “globular cluster of stars; very bright; considerably large; round; gradually brighter in the middle; well resolved -- clearly seen to consist of stars; stars of the 19th magnitude; star of 17th magnitude south following.”

The prefix NGC for Virgo’s lone globular cluster abbreviates New General Catalogue, a list of deep-sky objects compiled by Danish-Irish astronomer John Louis Emil Dreyer (Feb. 13, 1852-Sept. 14, 1926). Published in 1888 in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Dreyer’s catalogue comprises observations by Sir William; his son, Sir John; his sister, Caroline Herschel (March 16, 1750-Jan. 9, 1848); Scottish Southern Hemisphere astronomer James Dunlop (Oct. 31, 1793-Sept. 22, 1848); and other sources.

The takeaways for globular cluster NGC 5634, which lies midway between Iota and Mu Virginis in southeastern Virgo the Virgin constellation, are that its discovery is credited to German-British astronomer Sir William Herschel, the discoverer of Uranus, that naked eye stars 104, Iota and Mu Virginis star hop deep-sky observers to its location and that Virgo claims NGC 5634 as the constellation’s only globular cluster.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Located in southeastern Virgo the Virgin, NGC 5634 rates as the constellation's only globular cluster: HST (Hubble Space Telescope) Phase 2 GSC2 (Guide Star Catalog 2)/NASA and STScI (Space Telescope Science Institute), Public Domain, via STScI MAST (Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes) @ http://archive.stsci.edu/cgi-bin/dss_search?v=poss2ukstu_red&r=14+29+37.28&d=-05+58+35.1&e=J2000&h=15.0&w=15.0&f=gif&c=none&fov=NONE&v3=

For further information:

“00516 FMV February mu Virginids.” IAU (International Astronomical Union) Meteor Data Center > List of All Meteor Showers.
Available @ https://www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2007/Roje/pojedynczy_obiekt.php?kodstrumienia=00516&colecimy=0&kodmin=00001&kodmax=01032&sortowanie=0

Baade, W. (Walter). “The Globular Clusters NGC 5634 and NGC 6229.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 102 (July 1945): 17-25.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1945ApJ...102...17B

Bellazzini, Michele; Francesco R. Ferraro; Rodrigo Ibata. “The Stellar Population of NGC 5634: A Globular Cluster in the Sagittarius dSph Stream?” The Astronomical Journal, vol. 124, issue 2 (August 2002): 915-923.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1945ApJ...102...17B
Available via IOPscience @ http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/341755/fulltext/

Dibon-Smith, Richard. “α Virginis.” The Constellations.
Available @ http://www.dibonsmith.com/vir_a.htm

Dreyer, J.L.E. (John Louis Emil). “A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Being the Catalogue of the Late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., Revised, Corrected, and Enlarged.” Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. XLIX, part I. London, England: Royal Astronomical Society, 1888.
Available @ https://ia800501.us.archive.org/14/items/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich.pdf
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435078053089

Dreyer, J.L.E. (John Louis Emil). “A Supplement to Sir John Herschel’s ‘General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars.’ (Read February 26, 1877.).” The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. XXVI (March 1878). Dublin, Ireland: Royal Irish Academy, 1878.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/supplementtosirj00dreyrich/

Frommert, Hartmut. “NGC 5634.” Spider SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space).
Available @ http://spider.seds.org/spider/MWGC/n5634.html

Heckman, Kurt. “Kilo-Light Year.” vCalc.
Available @ https://www.vcalc.com/wiki/vCalc/Kilo-Light+Year

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Received October 16, -- Read November 19, 1863.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCLXIV [1864]. Vol. 154: 1-137. London, England: Taylor and Francis, MDCCCLXV (1865).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Natural History Museum Library, London) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54093164
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108864

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “No. 3900.” In: “Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Received October 16, -- Read November 19, 1863.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCLXIV [1864]. Vol. 154: 116. London, England: Taylor and Francis, MDCCCLXV (1865).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Natural History Museum Library, London) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54093279
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108864?seq=116#metadata_info_tab_contents

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “No. of Catalogue: 1813.” In: “Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, With a Twenty-Feet Reflector, Between the Years 1825 and 1833. Received July 1, -- Read November 21, 1833.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 123 (1833): 451.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108003?seq=93#metadata_info_tab_contents

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William. “Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, Made at Slough, With a Twenty-Feet Reflector, Between the Years 1825 and 1833. Received July 1, -- Read November 21, 1833.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 123 (1833): 359-505.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/108003

Herschel, William. “Catalogue of 500 New Nebulae, Nebulous Stars, Planetary Nebulae, and Clusters of Stars; With Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens. Read July 1, 1802.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. For the Year MDCCCII [1802] [vol. 92], part II: 477-528. London, England: W. Bulmer and Co., MDCCCII.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Libraries) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/49130796
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library (University of Toronto -- Robarts Library) @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22894665
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/107131

Herschel, William. “Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. Read April 27, 1786.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. LXXVI, part II (1786): 457-499. London, England: Lockyer Davis and Peter Elmsly, Printers to The Royal Society, MDCCLXXXVI.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48283813
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/106639

Herschel, William. “Catalogue of a Second Thousand of New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; With a Few Introductory Remarks on the Construction of the Heavens. Read June 11, 1789.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. LXXIX, part II (1789): 212-255. London, England: Lockyer Davis and Peter Elmsly, Printers to The Royal Society, MDCCLXXXIX.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51828742
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/106695

Jenniskens, P. (Peter). “New Meteor Showers Recognized.” CBET (Central Bureau for Electronic Telegrams), no. 3707. Nov. 12, 2013. Edited by Daniel W.E. Green.
Available via Harvard University’s Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/cbet/003700to003800.txt

Marriner, Derdriu. “February Mu Virginids Shower Earth’s Skies February to Early March.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 20, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/february-mu-virginids-shower-earths.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Uranus the Blue Green Ice Giant: Sideways Seventh Planet From the Sun.” Earth and Space News. Friday, March 13, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/03/uranus-blue-green-ice-giant-sideways.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Uranus Discovery 234 Years Ago on March 13, 1781, by Sir William Herschel.” Earth and Space News. Friday, March 13, 2015.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/03/uranus-discovery-234-years-ago-on-march.html

Mullaney, James. The Herschel Objects and How to Observe Them. AST Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media LLC, 2007.

Mullaney, James; Wil Tirion. The Cambridge Atlas of Herschel Objects. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia; Madrid, Spain; Cape Town, South Africa; Singapore; São Paulo, Brazil; Delhi, India; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City: Mexico: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

O’Meara, Steve. Herschel 400 Observing Guide: How to Find and Explore 400 Star Clusters, Nebulae, and Galaxies Discovered by William and Caroline Herschel. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia; Madrid, Spain; Cape Town, South Africa; Singapore; São Paulo, Brazil: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Seligman, Courtney. “NGC 5634 (= GCL 28).” Courtney Seligmen Website > Online Astronomy Text > Sky Atlas > NGC Objects > NGC 5600-5649.
Available @ http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc56.htm#5610

Šegon, Damir; Željko Andreić; Korado Korlević; Filip Novoselnik; Denis Vida; Ivica Skokić. “8 New Showers From Croatian Meteor Network Data.” WGN, vol. 41, no. 3 (June 2013): 70-74.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2013JIMO...41...70S
Available via IMO @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

Monday, February 25, 2019

La Fille du Régiment Is the March 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: La Fille du Régiment is the March 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, numbering 14th of 24 in the 2018-2019 season’s schedule.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season revives French opera and theatre director Laurent Pelly’s staging, which debuted April 21, 2008, and which updates the setting to the First World War: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Feb. 19, 2018

Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment is the March 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as the 14th of 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season.

Nineteenth century Italian bel canto opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848) set his musical score for La Fille du Régiment to a French libretto by French playwrights Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges (Nov. 7, 1799-Dec. 23, 1875) and Jean-François Alfred Bayard (March 17, 1796-Feb. 20, 1853). La Fille du Régiment was the first opera that Donizetti specifically composed for a French libretto.

Opéra-Comique premiered La Fille du Régiment Feb. 11, 1840, at Salle de la Bourse in Paris, France. Sited at the intersection of Rue Vivienne and Rue des Filles-St. Thomas in the second arrondissement (2e arrondissement de Paris), Salle de la Bourse derived its name from its location across from the Paris Stock Exchange (la Bourse de Paris).

La Fille du Régiment’s Metropolitan Opera premiere happened Jan. 6, 1902. Donizetti’s opera shared opening night the opera house’s 68th performance of Cavalleria Rusticana by Italian composer Pietro Mascagni (Dec. 7, 1863-Aug. 2, 1945). Including its premiere, La Fille du Régiment received five performances during the 1901-1902 Met Opera season.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season offers seven performances of La Fille du Régiment. Opening night took place Thursday, Feb. 7, at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. The month’s five additional performances happened Monday, Feb. 11, at 7:30 p.m.; Friday, Feb. 15, at 8 p.m.; Monday, Feb. 18, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Feb. 23, at 8 p.m.; and Tuesday, Feb. 26, at 8 p.m.

Closing night is slated for Saturday, March 2, at 1 p.m. March’s only performance of La Fille du Régiment airs as the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 14th Saturday matinee radio broadcast.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s Rigoletto has an estimated run time of 2 hours 35 minutes. Act I spans 77 minutes. An intermission of 28 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 50 minutes.

Enrique Mazzola conducts all performances. The Spanish-born Italian conductor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened March 10, 2016, in the opera house’s 285th performance of Donizetti’s L’Elisir d’Amore.

Pretty Yende appears in all performances as Marie, who finds love and answers to her mysterious past via her encounters as a canteen girl for the regiment that adopted her as an abandoned baby. The South African operatic soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Jan. 17, 2013, as Countess Adèle in the Metropolitan Opera’s ninth performance of Le Comte Ory by Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868). In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Pretty Yende also appears as Leïla in Les Pêcheurs de Perles by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875).

Stephanie Blythe appears in all performances as Marquise of Berkenfeld, who comforts Marie by acknowledging her as her daughter and by consenting to Marie’s marriage to Tonio. The American mezzo-soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut occurred April 14, 1995, as the Voice in the opera house’s 273rd performance of Parsifal by 19th century German composer and librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883). During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Stephanie Blythe also appears as Frugola in Il Tabarro segment of Il Trittico by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924); as la Principessa in Suor Angelica segment of Puccini’s Il Trittico; and as Zita in Gianni Schicchi segment of Puccini’s Il Trittico.

Javier Camarena appears in all performances as Tonio, who loves Marie as the regiment’s canteen girl and marries her as the Marquise’s daughter. The Mexican operatic tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Oct. 1, 2011, as Count Almaviva in the opera house’s 587th performance of Rossini’s Il Barbiere di Siviglia. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Javier Camarena also appears as Nadir in Bizet’s Les Pêcheurs de Perles.

Alessandro Corbelli appeared in the first three performances (Feb. 7, 11, 15) as Sulpice, the regiment’s sergeant who recognizes the Marquise’s last name of Birkenfeld from a letter left with Marie as an abandoned baby and who cares about Marie’s happiness. The Italian baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Oct. 16, 1997, as Dandini in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Rossini’s La Cenerentola.

Maurizio Muraro appears as Sulpice in the last four performances (Feb. 18, 23, 26; March 2). During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, The Italian operatic bass-baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened 2005, as Dr. Bartolo in the opera house’s 419th performance of Le Nozze di Figaro by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791). Maurizio Muraro also appears as Talpa in Il Tabarro segment of Puccini’s Il Trittico; as Simone in Gianni Schicchi segment of Puccini’s Il Trittico; and as Prince of Bouillon in Adriana Lecouvreur.

Donizetti set La Fille du Régiment in the Swiss Tyrol during the early 19th century’s Napoleonic Wars. The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s production updates the setting to the First World War.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s performances of Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment revive Laurent Pelly’s staging. The French opera and theatre director’s staging debuted April 21, 2008, in the opera house’s 89th performance of La Fille du Régiment.

Laurent Pelly is credited as both director and costume designer. His production team comprises Chantal Thomas, set designer; Joël Adam, lighting director; and Laura Scozzi, choreographer. Agathe Mélinand is the Associate Director/Dialogue. Christian Rath is the production’s revival stage director.

The takeaway for Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment as the March 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that the happy, loving opera airs as the 14th of the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

Spanish-born Italian conductor Enrique Mazzola makes his Metropolitan Opera debut in the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s production of Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment: Enrique Mazzola @EnriqueMazzola, via Twitter Feb. 15, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

“Debut: Javier Camarena.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354056 Il Barbiere di Siviglia {587} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/01/2011.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354056

“Debuts: Alessandro Corbelli, Cesare Lievi, Maurizio Baln, Gigi Saccomandi, Daniela Schiavone.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330072 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Cenerentola {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/16/1997.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330072

“Debuts: Mark Wigglesworth, Maurizio Muraro . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351338 Le Nozze di Figaro {419} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/02/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351338

“Debuts: Pretty Yende, Nicola Ulivieri.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354792 Le Comte Ory {9} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/17/2013.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354792

“Debuts: Stephanie Blythe, Anthony Dean Griffey.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 320010 Parsifal {273} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/14/1995.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=320010

Enrique Mazzola ‏@EnriqueMazzola. “So happy to be back at the @MetOpera for Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment in February 2019 in Laurent Pelly’s beautiful staging!!! wowowoowow!!!!” Twitter. Feb. 15, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/EnriqueMazzola/status/964185617071558656

Enrique Mazzola’s friends ‏@enriquemazzolafanpage. “So happy to be back at The Metropolitan Opera for Donizetti’s La Fille du Régiment in February 2019 in Laurent Pelly’s beautiful staging!!! wowowoowow!!!!” Facebook. Feb. 15, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/enriquemazzolafanpage/photos/a.269655033091563/1695790437144675/

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Metropolitan Opera Season Stages 29 Operas.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 18, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/2018-2019-metropolitan-opera-season.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Live in HD March 2, 2019 Tenor Javier Camarena and soprano Pretty Yende team up for a feast of bel canto vocal fireworks—including the show-stopping tenor aria “Ah! Mes amis,” with its nine high Cs. Enrique Mazzola conducts. Learn more: http://bit.ly/2oc5iuD Photo by Marty Sohl / Met Opera.” Facebook. Feb. 19, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10160146382215533/

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: La Fille du Régiment.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 28510 Metropolitan Opera Premiere (La Fille du Régiment) La Fille du Régiment {1} Cavalleria Rusticana {68} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/6/1902
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=28510

“New Production: La Fille du Régiment.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352500 New Production La Fille du Régiment {89} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/21/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352500

Sunday, February 24, 2019

Offer Young Taro Leaves To Hawaii Five-0 Episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima

Summary: The Hawaii Five-0 episode E'ao Luau A Kualima Feb. 22, 2019, arises from ancient abilities to always offer young taro leaves to lu'aus.

Hawaiians traditionally dedicate small pondfields (lo'i) to taro (kalo) cultivation; (on left) a ditch ('auwai) diverts stream water to the lo'i; Maunawili Valley, windward O'ahu: Hawaiians traditionally dedicate small pondfields (lo'i) to taro (kalo) cultivation; (on left) a ditch ('auwai) diverts stream water to the lo'i; Maunawili Valley, windward O'ahu; Saturday, Sep. 7, 2002, 12:24: Eric Guinther (Marshman at en.wikipedia), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode E'ao Lu'au A Kualima Feb. 22, 2019, alludes to ancient agriculture allowing even wave-slapped, weather-soaked Keawalua beach to offer young taro leaves to familial, friendly lu'aus.

Director Alex O'Loughlin and writers Matt Wheeler and David Wolkove brandish Season 9's 17th episode as second part of the season's first, series' third double episode. The series' 210th episode overall commences with one of the 'ōlelo no'eau (proverbs) that commemorate the ancient Hawaiian language and its ancient comportment, culture and customs. Ancient Hawaiian culture delegated distinct daily and ritual duties to such taro plant body parts as edible, large, starchy underground stems and fresh young taro leaves.

Taro emerged from the grave of Hāloanakalaukapalili (Breath long quivering), elder brother of the first Hawaiian, Hāloa, and Ho'ohokukalani's (Starmaker) and Wākea's (Sky Father) stillborn son.

The life cycles of perennial taro, fêted as Hawaiian kalo, fit leafing, fruiting and seeding around flowering from February through April and from August through September.

Cuttings, offshoots and stems vegetatively and rare seeds sexually generate the Araceae (from Greek άρον, áron, "arum" and Latin -āceae, "resembling") family subtropical and tropical member. Green-yellow or orange-red, one- to 50-seeded, rare berries have brown-yellow, elliptical or oval, lengthwise-ribbed, rare, 0.039- to 0.059-inch- (1- to 1.5-millimeter-) high, 0.032-inch- (0.8-millimeter-) wide seeds. Taro, identified by Carl Linneaus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) and Heinrich Schott (Jan. 7, 1794-March 5, 1865), includes 0.12- to 0.19-inch- (3- to 5-millimeter-) fruits.

Pollinating flies journey within 9.84- to 101.6-inch (25- to 40-centimeter-) long, 6-inch- (15.24-centimeter-) wide spathes (from Greek σπάθη, spáthē, "blade") for female, male and sterile flowers.

Two- to 6.49-inch- (5.08- to 16.5-centimeter-) long spadixes (from Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ, spádīx, "palm branch") keep fetid-smelling, 0.019- to 0.32-inch- (0.5- to 0.8-millimeter) diameter female flowers bottom-most.

Heart-shaped, 3.94- to 39.37- (10- to 100-centimeter-) long and wide leaves lie atop 9.84- to 78.74-inch- (25- to 200-centimeter-) high petioles (from Latin petiolus, "little foot"). Mature taro maintains 3- to 6-foot- (0.91- to 1.83-meter-) high and wide, 1- to 3-plus-foot- (0.31- to 0.91-plus-meter-) wide growth habits at 5.91-foot- (1.8-meter-) planting intervals. Taro, named Colocasia esculenta (from Greek κολοκασία, kolokasía, "sacred lotus" and Latin ēsculenta, "edible"), nestles atop rounded corms (from Greek κορμός, kormós, "trunk stripped of boughs").

Black-brown, root-threaded, scale-leafed, 2.21- to 8.82-pound (1- to 4-kilogram), 11.81-inch- (30-centimeter-) long, 1.18- to 5.91-inch- (3- to 15-centimeter-) wide corms offer internodes with axillary corm-reproducing buds.

Taro perhaps proliferated from wild Bangladesh, East India and Nepal into cultivated Southeast and East Asia; the Pacific Islands; West Asia; Africa; the Caribbean and America.

Cool, flowing 5.91-inch (15-centimeter-) deep floodwaters and 70.87 to 106.29-inch (1,800- to 2,700-millimeter) rainfall versus dry-land-cultivation respectively queue up mature taro within six and 12 months. Taro requires sea-level through 3,280.84- to 8,858.27-foot (1,000- to 2,700-meter) altitudes; moisture-retentive, rich, semi-shaded, well-drained soil pHs between 5.5 and 6.5; and 200-plus frost-free, warm days. Temperatures between 69.8 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit (21 to 35 degrees Celsius) and United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 9 through 11 support taro sustainability.

Aphids, leaf blight, root rot, soft rot, spider mites and whiteflies threaten taro sustainability far more traumatically than Hawaiian kalo turned into food wraps for lu'aus.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force's Captain Lou Grover (Chi McBride), Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) and Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) investigate a heist at the Bank of O'ahu in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 17, E'ao Lu'au A Kualima: CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.17 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Feb. 6, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Hawaiians traditionally dedicate small pondfields (lo'i) to taro (kalo) cultivation; (on left) a ditch ('auwai) diverts stream water to the lo'i; Maunawili Valley, windward O'ahu; Saturday, Sep. 7, 2002, 12:24: Eric Guinther (Marshman at en.wikipedia), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kalo_Loi_Harvest.jpg

"Arum colocasia L." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2101816

"Arum esculentum L." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2101853

"Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2102373

"E'ao Lu'au A Kualima: Offer Young Taro Leaves To." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 22, 2019.

"Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa: When Covetousness Is Conceived, Sin Is Born." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 22, 2019.

Linnaei, Caroli [Carl Linnaeus]. 1753. "7. Arum esculentum." Species Plantarum: Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, Ad Genera Relatas, Cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Editio Quarta, Post Reichardianum Quinta. Adjectis Vegetabilibus Hucusque Cognitis Curante Carolo Ludovico Willdenow. Tomus II: 965. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26068936

Linnaei, Caroli [Carl Linnaeus]. "6. Arum colocasia." Species Plantarum: Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, Ad Genera Relatas, Cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Editio Quarta, Post Reichardianum Quinta. Adjectis Vegetabilibus Hucusque Cognitis Curante Carolo Ludovico Willdenow. Tomus II: 965. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26068936

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2019. “Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/kanawao-shrub-fruits-for-hawaii-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2019. “Five-0 Hawaiian Rain Gardens Not Made Prisoner by the Reign of the Rain.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/five-0-hawaiian-rain-gardens-not-made.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2019. “Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/humpback-whales-depressed-with-heat-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

Nguyen, T.H.T. 2011. "Colocasia esculenta." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T169058A6570708. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T169058A6570708.en.
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/169058/6570708

Schott, Henrico [Heinrich Wilhelm Schott]; Stephano Endlicher [Stephen Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher]. 1832. "XVIII. Colocasia. a. Eucolocasia Schtt." Meletemata Botanica: 18. Vindobonae [Vienna, Austria]: Caroli Gerold [Charles Gerold].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28142659

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Kanawao Shrub Fruits for Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa

Summary: Kanawao shrub fruits avoid one kind of evil on Hawaii Five-0's Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa: When Covetousness Is Conceived, Sin Is Born Feb. 22, 2019.

Kanawao shrub fruits assure actual childbirth, not symbolic births of evil in the Hawaii Five-0 episode Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa: When Covetousness Is Conceived, Sin Is Born Feb. 22, 2019.

Director Jerry Levine and writers Talia Gonzalez and Bisanne Masoud borrow a biblical passage from the New Testament book of James for Season 9's 16th episode. The series 209th episode overall concentrates upon the first half of verse 15 in the first chapter by James the Just (4 B.C.?-62 or 69 A.D.). The verse's two halves together describe desire for someone or something deemed someone else's as the deliberate descent into spiritual death before and after physical demise.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force members encounter a dead salesperson whose pyramid schemes extract investments for beauty company expenses and later investments for earlier investors' dividend earnings.

Kanawao shrubs and trees fit flowering, fruiting and seeding months into cultivated and wild Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Lāna'i, Maui, Moloka'i and O'ahu as endemic evergreen woody perennials.

Kanawao cuttings garner mature plants at all elevations even as grooved, oblong, 0.25-inch- (0.64-centimeter-) long seeds germinate growth-stressed seedlings in low-altitude botanical gardens and home landscapes. The Hydrangeaceae (from Greek ύδωρ, húdōr, "water" and αγγος, ángos, "jar"; and Latin '-āceae, "resembling") family member's red berries, with ti leaf-baked eggs, anecdotally help fertility. Blue, cream-white, pink, yellow, 0.39-inch (10-millimeter) female flowers include five 0.06-inch (1.5-millimeter) petals, five-lobed 0.12-inch (3-millimeter) calyxes, five-celled ovaries, grooved ovules, short styles and five-lobed stigmas.

Only female-flowering 1.97- to 4.33-inch (5- to 11-centimeter) clusters jostle 0.39-inch (10-millimeter) diameter berries on dioecious (from Greek δίς, dís, "twice" and οικία, oikía, "house") dioecious.

Male-flowering 0.51-inch (13-millimeter) corymbs (from Greek κόρυμβος, kórumbos, "embryo") know five 0.39-inch (10-millimeter) petals, five-lobed calyxes (from Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk") and ten 0.51-inch (13-millimeter) stamens.

Leaf undersides lodge nanana makaki'i (happy-face spiders, Theridion grallator) and log coarse, green, leathery, veined leaves with orange, pink, red or white midribs and sharp-toothed edges. Opposite-positioned kanawao shrub and tree foliage maintains 3.94- to 9.84-inch (10- to 25-centimeter) lengths and 1.58- to 3.54-inch (4- to 9-centimeter) widths during five-plus-year life cycles. Kanawao shrubs and trees, named Broussaisia arguta (from François-Joseph-Victor Broussais, Dec. 17, 1772-Nov. 17, 1838, and same-spelled Latin for "keen, quick-witted, sharp, witty"), naturalize outside Hawaii.

Kanawao shrubs and trees, observed scientifically by Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré (Sept. 4, 1789-Jan. 16, 1854), only occurs endemically in Hawaii, on six of eight main Hawaiian Islands.

Mature growth habits, maximally at 4.92- to 9.84-foot (1.5- to 3-meter) heights and 19.69-foot (6-meter) spreads, produce rough-surfaced, wildlife-friendly kanawao shrub fruits and kanawao tree berries.

The Hawaiian honeycreepers 'akohekohe (Palmeria dolei), 'amakihi (Chlorodrepanis virens), 'ō'ū (Psittirostra psittacea) and po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) and Maui parrotbills kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) queue up on kanawao. They rest atop the brown-gray outer, pink inner bark of semi-fissured trunks and semi-succulent twigs and on 0.79- to 1.97-inch- (2- to 5-centimeter-) long leaf stalks. Their kanawao shrub and tree host plants seek 50- to 100-inch (1,270- to 2,40-millimeter) rainfall at 985- to 6,700-plus-foot (300.23- to 2,042.16-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Kanawao shrub fruits anciently thwarted barren couples coveting another's children whereas nothing nowadays threatens coveting another's money or, except Hawaii Five-0 task force members, another's life.

Hawaii Five-0 Investigator Adam Noshimuri (Ian Anthony Dale) thanks the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force team for rescuing him from being "so sick to my stomach with sadness" in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 16, Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa: CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.16 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Feb. 7, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

kanawao (Broussaisia arguta), also known as puahanui in Hawaiian; 1885 illustration (plate 36) by Scottish botanist and botanical illustrator Isabella McHutcheson Sinclair (1842-Dec. 29, 1900), who expressed concern that Hawaiian flora would not "long survive the invasion of foreign plants," in Indigenous Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/46677374071/;
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, Rights The contributing institution believes that this item is not in copyright; Copyright Status: Not provided; Contact Holding Institution to verify copyright status, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53758101

"Broussaisia arguta." Native Plants Hawaii > Browse Plants > Listing of Native Hawaiian Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Broussaisia_arguta

Gaudichaud, Charles [Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]. 1826. "Planche 69: Broussaisia arguta." Voyage Autour du Monde, Entreprise par Ordre du Roi, . . . Exécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, Pendant les Années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820; Histoire Naturelle: Botanique: Planches: 69. Paris, France: Pillet Aîné.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15735346

Gaudichaud, Charles [Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré]. 1826. "Saxifrageæ? Jussieu. Broussaisia." Voyage Autour du Monde, Entreprise par Ordre du Roi, . . . Exécuté sur les Corvettes de S. M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, Pendant les Années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820; [Tome IV] Botanique; Livre II Classification des Herbiers: 479-480. Paris, France: Pillet Aîné.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31616240

"Hapai Ke Kuko, Hanau Ka Hewa: When Covetousness Is Conceived, Sin Is Born." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 22, 2019.

"Kanawao." Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (Native and Introduced). Agriculture Handbook No. 679 by Elbert L. Little Jr. and Roger G. Skolmen. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1989. Reprint version published by the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003.
Available @ https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gsp/doc/Forestry/Little_Skolmen_CFT/CFT_Broussaisia_arguta.pdf

Mann, Horace. June 1868. "XI. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Order XXVII. Saxifragaceæ. 1. Broussaisia Gaud. [Kanawao.]." Communications of the Essex Institute, Vol. V, 1866-7. Issued in Quarterly Numbers with the Proceedings. Vol. V, No. 31: 240-241. Salem MA: Essex Institute Press, 1868.
Available @ https://books.google.com/books?id=Skw9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA240

"O Ka Episetole Hoolaha A Iakobo: James 1." Baibala Hemolele: The Hawaiian Bible. Ulukau: Hawaiian Electronic Library. Honolulu HI: Partners in Development Foundation, 2003-2008.
Available @ http://baibala.org/cgi-bin/bible?e=d-1off-01994-bible--00-1-0--01994v2-0--4--Sec---1--1en-Zz-1-other---20-frameset-search-browse----011-01994v1--210-0-1-escapewin&a=p&p=frameset&d=NULL.4.3.2.2&toc=0&gg=text&bibleyear=1994

Sinclair, Mrs. Francis, Jr. (Isabella McHutcheson Sinclair). 1885. "The Puahanui. Broussaisia pellucida, Gaud." Indigenous Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands: 36. London, England: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53758100
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/CAT11021591/cat11021591#page/n161/mode/1up