2019 February Epsilon Virginids Shower Earth’s Skies Jan. 29 to Feb. 9

Summary: The 2019 February epsilon Virginids shower Earth’s skies Jan. 29 to Feb. 9, the shower’s annual activity dates, with midpoint peaking Feb. 3 to 4.

February epsilon Virginid meteor shower appears to radiate from an area to the north of Vindemiatrix (Epsilon Virginis); Virgo the Virgin constellation map credit: IAU and Sky & Telescope (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg; constellation patterns by Alan MacRoberts), CC BY 4.0 International, via IAU (International Astronomical Union)

The 2019 February epsilon Virginid shower Earth’s skies Tuesday, Jan. 29, to Saturday, Feb. 9, the meteor shower’s annual activity dates, with an expected midpoint peak Sunday, Feb. 3, to Monday, Feb. 4.

Robert Lunsford, the American Meteor Society’s Meteor Activity Outlook weekly columnist, recommends pre-dawn hours for best viewing. The February epsilon Virginid shower’s radiant (apparent point of origin) appears well above the horizon before midnight local standard time. Best viewing begins around 4 a.m. local standard time.

The February epsilon Virginids shoot swift-moving meteors. The shower’s discoverers, SETI Institute intern Kathryn Steakley and senior research scientist Peter Jenniskens place entry velocity during the meteors’ encounter with Earth’s atmosphere at 63 kilometers per second (39.1 miles per second).

The February epsilon Virginids are visible in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Lunsford gives a rate of nearly one meteor per hour at all viewing locations in the last dark pre-dawn hour.

The IMO (International Meteor Organization) Video Meteor Network’s report for January 2013 assigned almost 600 meteors to the February epsilon Virginids during the shower’s activity dates from Jan. 29 to Feb. 9. The report noted that “the shower is the second or third strongest source in the sky all time long.” The February epsilon Virginid shower’s meteors were culled from recordings of more than 13,000 meteors by 71 cameras over nearly 5,000 hours of observing time.

A dark moon encourages ideal observations during the 2019 February epsilon Virginid shower’s annual activity dates, including peak. The waning crescent phase progressively darkens the moon, from only about 34 percent visibility at the shower’s onset, Tuesday, Jan. 29, down to only six percent visibility Saturday, Feb. 2. Peak activity coincides with the moon’s invisible new moon phase, which begins Monday, Feb. 4, at 21:04 Universal Time (4:04 p.m. Eastern Standard Time). The waxing crescent phase dims the lunar surface, with visibility only reaching 19 percent at the shower’s end, Saturday, Feb. 9.

The February epsilon Virginid meteor shower’s name reflects an apparent point of origin, known as the shower’s radiant, near Virgo the Virgin constellation’s third brightest star, Epsilon Virginis. February epsilon Virginid meteors appear to radiate from the constellation’s northwestern region, near Virgo’s boundary with the southeastern region of Coma Berenices the Hair of Berenice constellation.

On the February epsilon Virginid shower’s start date, Jan. 29, Lunsford locates the radiant at a point two degrees north of Epsilon Virginis. Peak activity appears to radiate from a point four degrees east of Epsilon Virginis.

Epsilon Virginis (ε Virginis; Epsilon Vir, ε Vir) lies in the second largest constellation in Earth’s sky. Virgo the Virgin also sprawls as the largest of the 12 zodiacal constellations. A third magnitude star with a yellowish hue, Epsilon Virginis represents Virgo the Virgin’s right arm or wing.

Epsilon Virginis is known as traditionally as Vindemiatrix (Latin: feminine grape gatherer) or as Vindemiator (Latin: male grape gatherer). Dr. Mohammad Heydari-Malayeri, astrophysicist at l’Observatoire de Paris, suggests that the traditional name acknowledges the star’s first visibility when grapes are ready for harvesting.

Discovery of the February epsilon Virginids occurred through the NASA-sponsored Cameras for All-sky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS) system. Examination of data recorded by the CAMS system’s stations at Fremont Peak Observatory, Lick Observatory and Sunnyvale during the first week of February (Wednesday, Feb. 1, to Saturday, Feb. 4) 2012 revealed an unknown stream. The stream’s cluster of nine meteors February Epsilon Virginids traced to a geocentric (apparent) radiant near Vindemiatrix (Epsilon Virginis, ε Virginis; Epsilon Vir, ε Vir) in Virgo the Virgin constellation.

Steakley and Jenniskens were able to increase their tally of possible associations from nine to a total of 28. Examinations of 2011 CAMS and Japan’s 2007-2009 SonotaCo Meteor Network data yielded 15 additional candidates. Expanding the February 2012 CAMS data by four additional days (Sunday, Feb. 5, through Wednesday, Feb. 8) produced four additional candidates.

D-criterion calculations indicate the degree of closeness between two orbits. A comparison of the median of the 28 orbits with the D-criterion for individual orbits eliminated six outliers. D-criterion values of less than 0.15 applied to 22 of the 28 orbits. Four of the 22 orbits were sourced from SonotaCo and 18 were captured by CAMS.

Steakley and Jenniskens reported their findings to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the international association responsible for assigning designations and names to astronomical bodies and objects. IAU assigned number 506 to the new shower, now known as the February epsilon Virginids (FEV).

The discoverers figure an orbital period of 40.4 years for the February epsilon Virginid meteor shower’s unknown parent body. The orbital period qualifies the parent body as a Halley-type comet. Halley-type comets exhibit orbital periods of 20 to 200 years.

In the presentation of their discovery at the American Astronomical Society’s 221st meeting Jan. 9, 2013, in Long Beach, California, Steakley and Jenniskens identified three parent body candidates: comets C/1978 T3 (Bradfield), C/1808 F1 (Pons) and C/1939 H1 (Jurlof-Achmarof-Hassel). Discovered on Oct. 10, 1978, Comet C/1978 T3 numbered as the eighth of 18 comets credited to New Zealand-born Australian amateur astronomer William A. Bradfield (June 20, 1927-June 9, 2014). French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons (Dec. 24, 1761-Oct. 14, 1831) discovered Comet C/1808 F1 on March 25, 1808. The IAU credits Russian amateur astronomers Semyon Nikolaevich Jurlof (Yurlov) (?-1962) and Ibrahim Valiullovich Achmarof (Akhmarov) (April 18, 1912-1987?) and Norwegian amateur astronomer Olaf Hassel (May 12, 1898-Aug. 22, 1972) with the April 15, 1939, discovery of Comet C/1939 H1.

The takeaways for the 2019 February epsilon Virginids, which shower Earth’s skies annually from Jan. 29 to Feb. 9, are that peak activity by the shower’s swiftly moving meteors happens Feb. 3 to Feb. 4 and that the shower’s parent body is unknown.

SETI Institute's principal investigator, Dutch and American meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens, co-discovered the February epsilon Virginids with SETI intern Kathryn Steakley via 2012 CAMS data: SETI Institute @SETIInstitute, via Facebook March 29, 2014

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

February epsilon Virginid meteor shower appears to radiate from an area to the north of Vindemiatrix (Epsilon Virginis); Virgo the Virgin constellation map credit: IAU and Sky & Telescope (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg; constellation patterns by Alan MacRoberts), CC BY 4.0 International, via IAU (International Astronomical Union) @ https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/#com

SETI Institute's principal investigator, Dutch and American meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens, co-discovered the February epsilon Virginids with SETI intern Kathryn Steakley via 2012 CAMS data: SETI Institute @SETIInstitute, via Facebook March 29, 2014, @ https://www.facebook.com/SETIInstitute/photos/a.123276420534/10152310512255535/

For further information:

“00506 FEV February epsilon Virginids.” IAU (International Astronomical Union) Meteor Data Center > List of All Meteor Showers.
Available @ https://www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2007/Roje/pojedynczy_obiekt.php?kodstrumienia=00506&colecimy=&kodmin=00001&kodmax=01032&sortowanie=

“C/1808 F1 (Pons).” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics > JPL Small-Body Database Browser.
Available @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=c%2F1808%20f1

“C/1939 H1 (Jurlof-Achmarof-Hassel).” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics > JPL Small-Body Database Browser.
Available @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=c%2F1939%20h1

“C/1978 T3 (Bradfield).” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Solar System Dynamics > JPL Small-Body Database Browser.
Available @ https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=c%2F1978%20t3

Espenak, Fred. AstroPixels > Ephemeris > Moon > Six Millennium Catalog of Phases of the Moon: Moon Phases From -1999 to +4000 (2000 BCE to 4000 CE) > Phases of the Moon: 2001-2010 Universal Time.
Available @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases2001.html

Flammarion, Gabrielle Camille; Roger Rigollet; Ferdinand Quénisset; Marcel Gentili. “La Comète Jurlof-Achmarof-Hassel (1939d).” L’Astronomie: Revue Mensuelle d’Astronomie de Météorologie et de Physique du Globe et Bulletin de la Société Astronomique de France, vol. 53, no. 5 (mai 1939): 193-201.
Available via Gallica -- The BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Digital Library @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9629139t/f211.item.r=com%C3%A8te%20jurlof

Garfinkle, Robert. Star-Hopping: Your Visa to Viewing the Universe. Cambridge, England: Cambridge; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia: University Press, 1994.

Heydari-Malayeri, Mohammad. “Vindemiatrix.” An Etymological Dictionary of Astronomy and Astrophysics English-French-Persian.
Available via l’Observatoire de Paris Dictionary @ http://dictionary.obspm.fr/index.php?showAll=1&formSearchTextfield=Vindemiatrix

Jenniskens, Peter. Meteor Showers and Their Parent Comets. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

Kronk, Gary W. “C/1808 F1 (Pons).” Cometography: A Catalog of Comets, vol. 2 1800-1899: 16-17. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Kronk, Gary W. “C/1939 H1 (Jurlof-Achmarof-Hassel).” Cometography: A Catalog of Comets, vol. 4 1933-1959: 94-98. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Kronk, Gary W. “C/1978 T3 (Bradfield).” Cometography: A Catalog of Comets, vol. 5 1960-1982: 623. Cambridge, England; New York NY; Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Leitner, Burkhard. “C/1939 H1 (Jurlof-Achmarof-Hassel).” Kometarium.
Available @ http://www.kometarium.com/1939h1.html

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for January 17-23, 2015.” American Meteor Society. Jan. 16, 2015.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2015/01/meteor-activity-outlook-for-january-17-23-2015/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for January 23-29, 2016.” American Meteor Society. Jan. 22, 2016.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2016/01/meteor-activity-outlook-for-january-23-29-2016/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for January 24-30, 2015.” American Meteor Society. Jan. 22, 2015.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2015/01/meteor-activity-outlook-for-january-24-30-2015/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for January 27-February 2, 2018.” American Meteor Society. Jan. 25, 2018.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2018/01/meteor-activity-outlook-for-january-27-february-2-2018/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for January 28-February 3, 2017.” American Meteor Society. Jan. 27, 2017.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2017/01/meteor-activity-outlook-for-january-28-february-3-2017/

Lunsford, Robert. “Meteor Activity Outlook for January 30-February 5, 2016.” American Meteor Society. Jan. 31, 2016.
Available @ https://www.amsmeteors.org/2016/01/meteor-activity-outlook-for-january-30-february-5-2016/

Lunsford, Robert. Meteors and How to Observe Them. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.

Marriner, Derdriu. "2019 January Comae Berenicids Shower Earth’s Skies Jan. 20 to Jan. 27." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 23, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/2019-january-comae-berenicids-shower.html

Molau, Sirko; Stefano Crivello; Rui Goncalves; Carlos Saraiva; Enrico Stomeo; Javor Kac. “Results of the IMO Video Meteor Network -- February 2017.” WGN, vol. 45, no. 4 (August 2017): 82-86.
Available via IMO @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

Molau, Sirko; Javor Kac; Erno Berko; Stefano Crivello; Enrico Stomeo; Antal Igaz; Geert Barentsen; Rui Goncalves. “Results of the IMO Video Meteor Network -- January 2013.” WGN, vol. 41, no. 2 (April 2013): 61-66.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2013JIMO...41...61M.pdf
Available via IMO @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

“Moon Phases February 2019.” Calendar-12.com > Moon Calendar > 2019.
Available @ https://www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2019/february

“Moon Phases January 2019.” Calendar-12.com > Moon Calendar > 2019.
Available @ https://www.calendar-12.com/moon_calendar/2019/january

SETI Institute @SETIInstitute. "Meet a SETI Institute Scientist! Peter Jenniskens, senior research scientist at the Carl Sagan Center of the SETI Institute. Peter is best known for his recovery of fragments of asteroid 2008 TC3 in the Nubian Desert of northern Sudan. This was the first time that an asteroid was spotted in space, observed by telescopes, then samples retrieved for study. Peter also participated the field study of the Chelyanbinsk airburst in Russia. He also currently runs the Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance project in northern California. Full details here: http://buff.ly/1pl7Gso." Facebook. March 29, 2014.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/SETIInstitute/photos/a.123276420534/10152310512255535/

SonotaCo. “A Meteor Shower Catalog Based on Video Observations in 2007-2008.” WGN, vol. 37, no. 2 (April 2009): 55-62.
Available via IMO (International Meteor Organization) @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

Steakley, Kathryn; P.M. Jenniskens. “Discovery of the February Epsilon Virginids (FEV, IAU#506).” American Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting #221, id.353.11 (The Solar System and Astrobiology). Long Beach CA: American Astronomical Society, Jan. 9, 2013.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AAS...22135311S
Available via American Astronomical Society @ https://aas.org/meetings/aas221/science_program

Steakley, Kathryn; P.M. Jenniskens. “Discovery of the February Epsilon Virginids (FEV, IAU#506).” WGN, vol. 41, no. 4 (August 2013): 109-111.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?2013JIMO...41..109S.pdf
Available via IMO (International Meteor Organization) @ https://www.imo.net/publications/wgn/

Tatum, Jeremy B. “Where Is the Radiant?” Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, vol. 101 (February/février 2007), no. 1: 14-24.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2007JRASC.101...14T

Wright, W.H. (William Hammond); S. (Sturla) Einarsson; H.M. (Hamilton Moore) Jeffers. “Report of the Comet Medal Committee.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 52, no. 305 (February 1940): 54-58.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40031483

Carmen Is the Feb. 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: Bizet’s Carmen is the Feb. 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, numbering ninth of 24 in the 2018-2019 season’s schedule.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season's performances of Carmen revive Sir Richard Eyre's staging, which debuted Dec. 31, 2009: Paul Selar @OperaChaser, via Twitter Feb. 11, 2017

Georges Bizet’s Carmen is the Feb. 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as the 10th of 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season.

French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875) set his musical score for Carmen to a French libretto by French librettist, novelist and playwright Ludovic Halévy (Jan. 1, 1834-May 7, 1908) and French dramatist and librettist Henri Meilhac (Feb. 23, 1830-July 6, 1897). The libretto’s literary source is the same-named novella by French archaeologist, historian and writer Prosper Mérimée. The novella was first published in 1845 in la Revue des Deux Mondes, a French language cultural, literary and political affairs magazine that has been issued monthly in Paris, France, since 1829.

Opéra Comique premiered the first performance of Bizet’s Carmen at Salle Favart in Paris March 3, 1875. Salle Favart, the third of three buildings at the current site, is located on the Seine’s right bank (rive droite) at 1 Place Boïeldieu, in the 2nd arrondissement (2e arrondissement de Paris).

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Bizet’s emotionally turbulent opera took place Jan. 5, 1884, at Boston Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. The premiere season’s 10 performances were all sung in Italian.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season offers 14 performances of Bizet’s Carmen. Opening night happened Tuesday, Oct. 30, at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time.

Four performances took place in November. The month’s performances happened Saturday, Nov. 3, at 1 p.m. EDT. Late autumn’s time change placed start times according to Eastern Standard Time: Tuesday, Nov. 6, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Nov. 10, at 8 p.m.; and Thursday, Nov. 15, at 7:30 p.m.

January 2019 offered six performances. January performances dates comprised Wednesday, Jan. 9, at 8 p.m.; Saturday, Jan. 12, at 8:30 p.m.; Thursday, Jan. 17, at 7:30 p.m.; Monday, Jan. 21, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Jan. 26, at 1 p.m.; and Tuesday, Jan. 29, at 7:30 p.m.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s last three performances are scheduled for February. The month’s first performance is slated for Saturday, Feb. 2, at 1 p.m. and airs as the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 10th Saturday matinee radio broadcast. The month’s second performance takes place Tuesday, Feb. 5, at 7:30 p.m. The month’s last performance, Friday, Feb. 8, at 7:30 p.m. is closing night.

The Metropolitan Opera’s production has an estimated run time of 3 hours 21 minutes during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season. Act I spans 101 minutes. An intermission of 36 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 64 minutes.

Omer Meir Wellber conducted the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s autumn performances of Bizet’s Carmen. The Israel conductor makes his Metropolitan Opera debut with his autumnal conductorship.

Omer Meir Wellber shares conductorship with Louis Langrée, who conducts the opera’s winter performances, including the Feb. 2 Saturday matinee. The French conductor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Nov. 27, 2007, in the opera company’s sixth performance of Iphigénie en Tauride by German classical composer Christoph von Gluck (July 2, 1714-Nov. 15, 1787).

Guanqun Yu appeared in all five autumn performances as Micaëla, whose love for Don José is thwarted by the corporal’s obsession with Carmen. The Chinese soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Sept. 29, 2012, as Leonora in the opera company’s 626th performance of Il Trovatore by 19th century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901). In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Guanqun Yu also appears as Donna Anna in Don Giovanni by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Guanqun Yu shares the role of Carmen with Aleksandra Kurzak and Susanna Phillips. Aleksandra Kurzak sings the title role in eight (Jan. 9, 12, 21, 26, 29; Feb. 2, 5, 8) of winter’s nine performances. The Polish operatic soprano is scheduled for the Feb. 2 Saturday matinee broadcast. Aleksandra Kurzak’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 10, 2004, as Olympia in the opera company’s 233rd performance of Les Contes d’Hoffmann by German-born French composer Jacques Offenbach (June 20, 1819-Oct. 5, 1880).

Susanna Phillips sang the title role in the Thursday, Jan. 17, performance. The American lyric soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 15, 2008, as Musetta in the opera company’s 1,201st performance of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Susanna Phillips reprises her Met Opera debut role and also appears as Donna Elvira in Mozart’s Don Giovanni.

Clémentine Margaine appears in all performances in the impetuous, seductive title role. The French mezzo-soprano reprises her Metropolitan Opera debut role. She debuted as Met Opera’s Carmen Jan. 19, 2017, in the opera company’s 1,002nd performance of Bizet’s passionate opera.

Yonghoon Lee appears in autumn performances as Don José, whose obsession with a gypsy seductress ends in tragedy. The South Korean operatic tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Nov. 29, 2010, in the title role in the opera company’s 193rd performance of Verdi’s Don Carlo. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Yonghoon Lee also appears as Radamès in Verdi’s Aida.

Yonghoon Lee shares the role of Don José with Roberto Alagna, who appears in all nine winter performances. The French tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened April 10, 1996, as Rodolfo in the opera company’s 1,031st performance of Puccini’s La Bohème. In addition to playing Don José to his wife Aleksandra Kurzak’s Micaëla in Carmen, during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season Roberto Alagna also sings the male title role in Samson et Dalila by French Romantic Era composer Camille Saint-Saëns (Oct. 9, 1835-Dec. 16, 1921).

Kyle Ketelsen appeared in autumn performances as Escamillo, the captivating bullfighter who comes between Carmen and Don José. The American bass-baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened April 22, 2006, as Angelotti in the opera company’s 874th performance of Puccini’s Tosca.

Kyle Ketelsen shares the role of Escamillo with Alexander Vinogradov and Michael Todd Simpson. Alexander Vinogradov appears in eight (Jan. 9, 12, 21, 26, 29; Feb. 2, 5, 8) of winter’s nine performances. The Russian bass is scheduled for the Feb. 2 Saturday matinee broadcast. Alexander Vinogradov’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened as Count Walter in the opera company’s 87th performance of Verdi’s Luisa Miller.

Michael Todd Simpson appears as Escamillo in the Thursday, Jan. 17, performance. The American operatic baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 3, 2009, as Hermann/Schlémil in the opera company’s 241st performance of Offenbach’s Les Contes d’Hoffmann. During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Michael Todd Simpson also appears as Sonora in Puccini’s La Fanciulla del West and as Donner in Das Rheingold by 19th century German composer and librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s performances of Bizet’s Carmen revive Sir Richard Eyre’s staging. The English film, opera, television and theatre director’s staging debuted as a new Met Opera production Dec. 31, 2009, in the opera companys 946th performance of Bizet’s Carmen.

Sir Eyre’s production team comprises Rob Howell, set and costume designer; Peter Mumford, lighting designer; and Christopher Wheeldon, choreographer. Paula Williams is the revival stage director.

The takeaway for Georges Bizet’s Carmen as the Feb. 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that the French Romantic era composer’s impassioned opera airs as the 10th of the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, French mezzo-soprano Clémentine Margaine reprises her Met Opera debut role as a fiery gypsy seductress in Georges Bizet's Carmen: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Jan. 23, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season's performances of Carmen revive Sir Richard Eyre's staging, which debuted Dec. 31, 2009: Paul Selar @OperaChaser, via Twitter Feb. 11, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/OperaChaser/status/830551946339639296

In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, French mezzo-soprano Clémentine Margaine reprises her Met Opera debut role as a fiery gypsy seductress in Georges Bizet's Carmen: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Jan. 23, 2017, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/pcb.10158246590790533/10158246583705533/

For further information:

“Debut: Aleksandra Kurzak.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351104 Les Contes d'Hoffmann {233} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/10/2004.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351104

“Debut: Alexander Vinogradov.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356929 Luisa Miller {87} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/10/2004.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356929

“Debut: Guanqun Yu.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354555 Il Trovatore {626} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/29/2018.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354555

“Debut: Kyle Ketelsen.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351503 Tosca {874} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/22/2006.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351503

“Debut: Michael Todd Simpson.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353209 Les Contes d’Hoffmann {241} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/03/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353209

“Debut: Susanna Phillips.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352749 La Bohème {1201} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/15/2008.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352749

“Debut: Yonghoon Lee, Maxime de Toledo.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353647 Don Carlo {193} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/29/2010.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353647

“Debuts: Clémentine Margaine, Rafael Davila, Shirin Eskandani.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356599 Carmen {1002} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/19/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356599

“Debuts: Louis Langrée, Sasha Cooke, Michele Losier, Jacqueline Antaramian, Mark Capri.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352202 New Production Iphigénie en Tauride {6} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/27/2007.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352202

“Debuts: Roberto Alagna, William Shimell, Simone Young.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 323890 La Bohème {1031} Metropolitan Opera House: 04/10/1996.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=323890

Ives, George Burnham, trans. Prosper Mérimée. Little French Masterpieces. New York, NY; London, England: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1903.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/prospermrime00mrgoog

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season Premiere of Carmen Is Tuesday, Oct. 30.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 22, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/2018-2019-met-opera-season-premiere-of_22.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2018-2019 Met Opera Season’s 10th Week Offers Bizet, Boito and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 19, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/2018-2019-met-opera-seasons-10th-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Carmen Is the Feb. 11, 2017, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Feb. 6, 2017.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/carmen-is-feb-11-2017-metropolitan.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Marnie is the Jan. 26, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 26, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/marnie-is-jan-26-2019-met-opera.html

Mérimée, Prosper. Carmen. Paris, France: Michel Lévy Frères, 1846.
Available via Gallica -- The BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Digital Library @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86267256/f9.image

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Clémentine Margaine in the title role of Bizet's Carmen is on stage tonight, 1/23. Performances through Feb 18: bit.ly/2j6SKAH Photo by Marty Sohl/Metropolitan Opera.” Facebook. Jan. 23, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/pcb.10158246590790533/10158246583705533/

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Carmen.” [Met Performance] CID: 1560 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Carmen {1} Boston Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts: 01/5/1884.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1560

“New Production: Carmen.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353274 New Production Carmen {946} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/31/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353274

Operatraveller @Operatraveller. “I had a most cordial chat with the magnificent Clémentine Margaine where we discussed Concepción, Carmen, pushing the limits, and the joy of working with colleagues.” Twitter. June 2, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Operatraveller/status/1002862950271651840

Paul Selar‏ @OperaChaser. “Over the times I've seen this @MetOpera Carmen, I appreciate more and more Sir Richard Eyre's lively thoughtful direction. The tears rolled.” Twitter. Feb. 11, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/OperaChaser/status/830551946339639296

Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Summary: An article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry January 2019 adds urban tree vulnerability to urban forest management functional and structural assessments.

A study of publicly-owned trees during the 2014 growing season in the Downtown Toronto neighborhood of Harbord Village revisited a 2007-2008 inventory of publicly-owned trees (i.e., street, front-yard rights-of-way, park and schoolyard trees) to assess vulnerability; bay-and-gable-styled houses in Harbord Village; Friday, Jan. 16, 2009, 17:29: SimonP, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

An article in the Arboriculture & Urban Forestry January 2019 issue assesses publicly owned residential urban tree vulnerability for 806 specimens in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, through inventories in 2007/2008 and in 2014.

Andrew Millward, David Nowak, Pamela Robinson, Sandy Smith and James Steenberg broach high building density, human population, impervious surfaces, stressor-friendly commercial land use and tree mortality. Their article, A Social-Ecological Analysis of Urban Tree Vulnerability for Publicly Owned Trees in a Residential Neighborhood, concerns stress-caused decline in urban forest ecosystem service supply. Urban tree vulnerability assessments discern building, ground-cover, lighting, sidewalk and street exposures; building, infrastructure, sidewalk and utility conflicts; and social stressors such as mismanagement and vandalism.

A proper framework for analyzing urban tree vulnerability examines age-, condition-, size-, structure-determined sensitivity and adaptive capacity after exposure to externally caused systemic disturbances and stressors.

Exposure indicators feature more indirect relationships between ecosystem stress and surroundings than such direct stressors as vandalism within the Deciduous Forest Region and Mixedwood Plains Ecozone.

Saplings; species, not necessarily Toronto's green ash, honey-locust, horse-chestnut, Manitoba maple, Norway maple, silver maple, tree-of-heaven, white cedar and white mulberry; and transplants garner high mortalities. The study's 400- to 700-people dissemination areas, smallest census and National Household Survey geo-units, harbor canopy-cover, education, green-space, income, ownership, stewardship and value adaptive capacity indicators. Researchers in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in Syracuse, New York, and in Toronto, Ontario, invoked artificial, biological brain-like, multilayer perceptron neural network (MPNN) algorithms and data structures.

One Dalhousie University, one State University of New York, one University of Toronto and two Ryerson University researchers judged MPNN judicious for tree mortality morphological parameters.

Supervised learning-keyed error values kindled final weight values of vulnerability indicators and predictive capacity for tree mortality by MPNN, known from artificial intelligence and computer science.

The five researchers listed two-thirds of the MPNN-logged data records as training samples, to limit overfitting models and generating incorrect results, and one-third as testing samples. Their study mentions adjacent commercial buildings and commercial land uses as most detrimental to urban tree health through maximum exposure and urban tree decline and mortality. Urban tree vulnerability assessments need to note among physical and social exposures such biological exposures as emerald ash borer-provoked green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanicus) decline and mortality.

Tree size offers urban tree vulnerability assessments an interactor with exposures and a predictor of tree condition, itself a predictor of diameter growth and of mortality.

Age-associated tree decline perhaps predicts mature, sensitive urban tree vulnerability in established, older neighborhoods and presents processes behind tree decline and tree mortality as sometimes non-overlapping.

Household-scale, qualitative research queues up potential insights into the array of social processes that quicken adaptive capacity, semi-reluctant indicator of ecological change and urban tree vulnerability. Long-lived, mature trees with large leaf areas and trending low age and species diversity respectively realize high-level ecosystem services and age-, pest-, storm-sensitive urban tree vulnerability. Urban tree vulnerability science serves to strengthen research into functional and structural loss, risk and tree safety in such highly, complex, social-ecological systems as urban forests.

Testing Toronto's dogwood, eastern red cedar, Freeman maple, Japanese maple, mugho pine, serviceberry and white cedar takes managing ecosystem function and structure into urban tree vulnerability.

An urban tree vulnerability study during the 2014 growing season revisited the Downtown Toronto neighborhood of Harbord Village, where a tree inventory had been conducted in 2007-2008: HarbordVillage @HarbordVillage, via Twitter Nov. 28, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

A study of publicly-owned trees during the 2014 growing season in the Downtown Toronto neighborhood of Harbord Village revisited a 2007-2008 inventory of publicly-owned trees (i.e., street, front-yard rights-of-way, park and schoolyard trees) to assess vulnerability; bay-and-gable-styled houses in Harbord Village; Friday, Jan. 16, 2009, 17:29: SimonP, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harbord_Village.JPG

An urban tree vulnerability study during the 2014 growing season revisited the Downtown Toronto neighborhood of Harbord Village, where a tree inventory had been conducted in 2007-2008: HarbordVillage @HarbordVillage, via Twitter Nov. 28, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/HarbordVillage/status/1067884563018346496

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

HarbordVillage @HarbordVillage. 28 November 2018. "Mon Dec 3, 7pm at 918 Bathurst: Trees and How to Help Them -- A report on our 2017-18 Tree Inventory, Q&A with arborists on recognizing tree problems, caring for new, old and damaged trees. Refreshments too! . . . ." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/HarbordVillage/status/1067884563018346496

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Steenberg, James W.N.; Andrew A. Millward; David J. Nowak; Pamela J. Robinson; and Sandy M. Smith. January 2019. "A Social-Ecological Analysis of Urban Tree Vulnerability for Publicly Owned Trees in a Residential Neighborhood." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 45(1): 10-25.