September 30 Black Moon Is Second of Two September New Moons

Summary: The September 30 black moon is the second of two September new moons in some parts of the world or the first of two October new moons in other parts.

apparent disk of Sept. 30 black moon: sub-earth -3.0 degrees latitude, 3.2 degrees longitude; sub-solar 0.7 degrees latitude, 183.2 degrees longitude; apparent equatorial diameter 29 arcminutes 44.8' arcseconds: mosaic map courtesy of USGS Astrogeology Science Center/U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department, Public Domain, via US Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department

The September 30 black moon earns its descriptor as the second of two September new moons for some parts of Earth in 2016.

The Sept. 30 black moon happens at 0:11 Coordinated Universal Time. In the continental United States, the black moon occurs in the early evening. The new moon phase takes place at 5:11 p.m. Pacific Daylight Time, 6:11 p.m. Mountain Daylight Time, 7:11 p.m. Central Daylight Time and 8:11 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time.

Outside of the Lower 48, the Alaska Time Zone welcomes the Sept. 30 black moon at 4:11 p.m. In the Atlantic Time Zone, with no observance of daylight savings time, Puerto Ricans and U.S. Virgin Islanders see a black moon at 8:11 p.m.

The Sept. 30 black moon rises over Canada’s west coast metropolis of Vancouver, British Columbia, at 5:11 p.m. September’s second new moon rises over St. John’s, Newfoundland, on the Canadian east coast at 9:41 p.m.

The nearby French Overseas Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Collectivité d’Outre-mer de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon) enjoys the Sept. 30 black moon at 10:11 p.m. The archipelago is located near the southwestern coast of Newfoundland.

The moon turns new Friday, Sept. 30, at 2:11 p.m. for Hawaii and the western Aleutian islands. The Sept. 30 moon, however, does not qualify as a black moon for these Central and North Pacific Ocean island archipelagos. The Hawaii-Aleutian Time Zone experienced a black moon in August. The month’s first new moon took place Tuesday, Aug. 2, at 10:44 a.m. A second new moon occurring Wednesday, Aug. 31, at 11:03 p.m. claimed the title of black moon.

For places in the Eastern Hemisphere where the moon’s new phase occurs Saturday, Oct. 1, the new moon’s next appearance, Monday, Oct. 31, qualifies as a black moon. September is not a black moon month for these locations.

Black moon is a popular term with no single accepted definition. As the second new moon in a calendar month, a black moon occurs once every 2.5 years.

Another definition confers a seasonal context upon a black moon. Each of the year’s four seasons usually claims three new moons. The third new moon within a season of four new moons is known as a black moon.

A black moon may also refer to a month with no new moon. The absence of a new moon only occurs in the year’s shortest month, February. February’s lack is January’s and March’s gain, for both months then have two new moons.

A fourth definition applies to a calendar month with no full moon. Every 19 years or so, February misses out on a full moon. Once again, January and March profit by then featuring two full months apiece.

Three of the four types of black moon have upcoming appearances. A black moon as the third in a season of four new moons takes place Monday, Aug. 21, 2017. A black moon as a calendar month with no full moon occurs in February 2018. As the second new moon within the same calendar month, a black moon happens Wednesday, July 31, 2019.

The takeaway for the Sept. 30 black moon is that four different lunar events fall within the popular term of black moon. The Sept. 30 black moon pertains to a calendar month featuring two new moons and describes the month’s second new moon.

New moon is first of eight phases in the lunar cycle; phases of the moon, as viewed southward from Northern Hemisphere: Orion 8, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

apparent disk of September’s black moon 2016; sub-earth -3.0 degrees latitude, 3.2 degrees longitude; sub-solar 0.7 degrees latitude, 183.2 degrees longitude; apparent equatorial diameter 29 arcminutes 44.8 arcseconds: mosaic map courtesy of USGS Astrogeology Science Center/US Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department, Public Domain, via US Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department @ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/diskmap.php

New moon is first of eight phases in the lunar cycle; phases of the moon, as viewed southward from Northern Hemisphere: Orion 8, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moon_phases_en.jpg

For further information:

“Apparent Disk of Solar System Object.” US Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department > Data Services.
Available @ http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/diskmap.php

McClure, Bruce. “Black Moon on September 30?” EarthSky > Tonight. Sept. 30, 2016.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/tonight/black-moon-on-september-30

“What Is a Black Moon?” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Moon.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/moon/black-moon.html

Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ Has Yellow Plumes and Heart Leaves

Summary: Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ is a compact, New World goldenrod cultivar with golden yellow plumes and dark green heart leaves.

Horticulturist Richard W. Lighty, first Director of northern Delaware's Mt. Cuba Center for the Study of Piedmont Flora, discovered Solidago sphacelata 'Golden Fleece' in north central North Carolina in 1985 in the garden of wildflower enthusiast Gertrude Bradley Tanner (June 24, 1915-July 20, 2003): Mt. Cuba Center, via Facebook Sep. 14, 2018

Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ is a compact, New World goldenrod cultivar that has showy golden yellow plumes and dark green heart leaves.

Horticulturist Richard W. “Dick” Lighty discovered a spontaneous volunteer seedling of Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ in Gertrude Bradley Tanner’s wildflower garden in Eden, Rockingham County, North Carolina, in 1985. Gertrude Tanner (June 24, 1915-July 20, 2003) planted her garden with wildflowers that she rescued from natural areas scheduled for development in Rockingham County. Part of her collection of more than 200 wildflower varieties was donated to the Daniel Boone Nature Garden in Boone, Watauga County, northwestern North Carolina.

Dr. Lighty transferred the young plant for evaluation at Mt. Cuba Center, located in New Castle County, about 10 miles (16 kilometers) northwest of Wilmington, Delaware’s state capital. Mt. Cuba Center encompasses the home and family estate of Lammot du Pont Copeland (May 19, 1905-July 1, 1983) and his wife, Pamela Cunningham Copeland (May 5, 1906-Jan. 25, 2001). Dr. Lighty served as the center’s founding director for 15 years, from 1983 to 1998.

Dr. Lighty’s evaluation revealed the goldenrod seedling as yielding low-growing stems with broadly rounded leaves and opening golden yellow spires in autumn. He determined that the cultivar’s compact, multibranched profile made it suitable as an attractive, perennial ground cover.

Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ was registered as official cultivar under the ICRA (International Cultivation Registration Authority) system in 1989. Mt. Cuba Center and horticulturist Dr. Hans Simon, president of ISU (Internationale Stauden-Union International Hardy Plant Union) from 1982 to 1994, introduced Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ in 1989. In 1994, ‘Golden Fleece’ was recognized as an outstanding new perennial at ISU plant trials in Switzerland. Founded Jan. 14, 1965, in Hanover, Lower Saxony, northwestern Germany, ISU is the only worldwide association of perennial plant growers.

'Golden Fleece’ thrives in sunny habitats with average moisture. The golden yellow-flowered cultivar accepts, however, a range of sunlight requirements, from full sun to partial shade. Soil tolerance ranges from ordinary garden soils to clay or shallow-rocky soils.

Stems emerge aboveground from underground stems known as rhizomes (Ancient Greek: ῥίζα, rhíza, “root"). The low-growing goldenrod’s dense mounding usually ranges between 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) in height. Longer branched stems occasionally reach around 2.5 feet (0.76 meters). Spread is generally equiproportionate, at 1 to 1.5 or 2 feet (0.3 to 0.45 or 0.6 meters). Without pruning, spread may slowly reach 3 feet (0.91 meters).

In spring, foliage appears as basal rosettes at stem bases. Broadly heart-shaped leaves have toothed edges. The dark green leaves are arranged alternately along the sturdy stems.

Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ is a late-blooming goldenrod. Flowering may begin in late August. Typical florescence spans the autumnal months of September and October.

Flowering occurs as golden yellow plumes of tiny flowers. The dense sprays of loosely branching clusters, known as panicles, appear terminally, at stem tops. The golden plume-like panicles' wands may measure lengths of 15 to 18 inches (38.1 to 45.72 centimeters).

Solidago sphacelata, the parent species for ‘Golden Fleece,’ claims New World homelands in 11 states. Solidago sphacelata occurs natively from the Mississippi River states of Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi eastward through Ohio, West Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia.

Known commonly as autumn goldenrod or dwarf goldenrod, Solidago sphacelata bequeathes to its popular cultivar sturdily arching, densely spreading stems. Each of autumn goldenrod’s densely crowded panicles may comprise as many as 250 flowers.

Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ brightens autumn landscapes with showy splashes of golden yellow plumes and dark green heart leaves. The Missouri Botanical Garden suggests plantings for late summer and early autumn perennial borders, rock gardens and wild gardens. Massed plantings of the goldenrod cultivar yield attractive ground cover.

The cultivar's appeal is not restricted to outdoor landscapes. Solidago 'Golden Fleece' successfully brings the outdoors indoors by showing well in cut flower arrangements.

Solidago sphacelata 'Golden Fleece' and Solidago flexicaulis are late-blooming goldenrods that tolerate shade: Thomas Rainer @ThomasRainerDC, via Twitter Sep. 12, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Horticulturist Richard W. Lighty, first Director of northern Delaware's Mt. Cuba Center for the Study of Piedmont Flora, discovered Solidago sphacelata 'Golden Fleece' in north central North Carolina in 1985 in the garden of wildflower enthusiast Gertrude Bradley Tanner (June 24, 1915-July 20, 2003): Mt. Cuba Center, via Facebook Sep. 14, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MtCubaCenter/posts/pfbid02rjp3JEJyxd76KieHyVK5CpxVWF8dy8KCHML58VxN5onqjzrNgQ1ZuoXZkMRve9Pwl;
Mt. Cuba Center, via Facebook Sep. 14, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MtCubaCenter/photos/a.395847234028/10156501427359029/?type=3;
replacement for image with license changed from CC BY 2.0 Generic to All Rights Reserved -- Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece,’ Native Plant Garden, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York City, Sep. 16, 2016: Kristine Paulus, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/kpaulus/29688304272/

Solidago sphacelata 'Golden Fleece' and Solidago flexicaulis are late-blooming goldenrods that tolerate shade: Thomas Rainer @ThomasRainerDC, via Twitter Sep. 12, 2013, @ https://twitter.com/ThomasRainerDC/status/378184920629522432

For further information:

Glattstein, Judy. “The Daisies of Autumn.” Arnoldia, vol. 51, no. 2 (Summer 1991): 23-31.
Available @ http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1991-51-2-the-daisies-of-autumn.pdf

“Goldenrod Solidago spp.” Chicago Botanic Garden > Plant Information.
Available @ http://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/goldenrod

“Golden Fleece Autumn Goldenrod Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece.’“ Mt Cuba Center > Research > Plant Introductions.
Available @ http://www.mtcubacenter.org/images/PDFs-and-SWFs/Mt_Cuba_Center_Plant_Introduction_1989-Present.pdf

Hawke, Richard G. “An Evaluation Report of Goldenrods for the Garden.” Chicago Botanic Garden > Plant Evaluation Notes > Issue 15. 2000.
Available @ http://www.chicagobotanic.org/downloads/planteval_notes/no15_goldenrods.pdf

Land-Grant Programs at the University of the District of Columbus. "Golden Fleece." Plants Map. June 27, 2015.
Available @ http://www.plantsmap.com/organizations/23608/plants/25071

Marriner, Derdriu. "Solidago rugosa 'Fireworks' Streams Golden Yellow Flowers in Autumn." Earth and Space News. Sunday, Sept. 4, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/solidago-rugosa-fireworks-streams.html

Plants Map @plantsmap. "#Solidago Golden Fleece by Land-Grant Programs at the UDC on PlantsMap." Twitter. Sept. 9, 2015.
Available @ https://twitter.com/plantsmap/status/641710237486084096

River Rat. “Gertrude Bradley Tanner.” Find A Grave.
Available @ http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10906814

"The Seven Samurai of Weed Control." Rodale's Organic Life > Garden > Perennials. Dec. 9, 2010.
Available @ http://www.rodalesorganiclife.com/garden/seven-samurai-weed-control

“Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece.’ ISU (International Hardy Plant Union/International Stauden-Union) > Trials.
Available @ http://www.isu-perennials.org/en/isu-awards.html

“Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece.” Missouri Botanical Garden > Gardens & Gardening > Your Garden > Plant Finder.
Available @ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=f620

“Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece.” The Perennial Farm Whats Native.
Available @ http://www.whatsnative.com/images/Solidago_whatsnative_PDF_2-12-10.pdf

“Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ Creeping Goldenrod.” New Moon Nursery > Plant List > Perennials.
Available @ http://www.newmoonnursery.com/plant/Solidago-sphacelata-Golden-Fleece

“Solidago sphacelata Raf. Autumn Goldenrod.” USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) PLANTS Database.
Available @ http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SOSP4

“Solidago sphacelata Rafinesque.” eFloras > Flora of North America> Flora Taxon.
Available @ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250067575

Thomas Rainer @ThomasRainerDC. "Dry shade? Try Solidago 'Golden Fleece' or Solidago flexicaulis." Twitter. Sept. 12, 2013.
Available @ https://twitter.com/ThomasRainerDC/status/378184920629522432

Golden Hop (Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’) Has Yellow Leaves Spring to Autumn

Summary: Golden hop (Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’) is an ornamental hop vine cultivar that puts forth yellow leaves spring to autumn.

closeup of golden hop (Humulus lupulus 'Aureus'); Saturday, June 30, 2007, 2007:06:30 11:07:53: Katrina Br*?#*!@nd (katrinket), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Golden hop (Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’) is an award-winning ornamental hop bine cultivar that produces maple-like yellow leaves spring to autumn and light green flowers during late summer and early autumn.

The Royal Horticultural Society recognizes Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ as a reliable garden performer. In 1993, the society honored golden hop with an Award of Garden Merit (AGM). Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ is the only hop plant to receive this prestigious mark of quality.

The common hop (Humulus lupulus) is a climbing, flowering perennial. The common hop comprises five varieties, each with different New or Old World native ranges. Humulus lupulus var. lupulus, from which ‘Aureus’ is cultivated, claims native homelands in Europe and western Asia and naturalized ranges in North America.

The common hop is classified as a bine because the plant climbs by way of long, twining stems. Bristly spines along the plant’s stem serve as climbing aids. Contrastingly, a vine depends upon tendrils for its climbing habit.

An underground stem, known as a rhizome (Ancient Greek ῥίζα, rhíza, “root”), puts forth new shoots in early spring. Humulus lupulus remains vigorous through autumn. Frost occasions plant dieback and signals the appropriate time for cutting back shoots close to the ground.

Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ has an ultimate height of 4 to 8 meters (13.12 to 26.24 feet). The Royal Horticultural Society places golden hop’s spread at 1.5 to 2.5 meters (4.92 to 8.2 feet). Golden hop requires two to five years to reach ultimate height.

Golden hop plants put forth leaves in spring. Leaf color is a bright yellow that is reminiscent of Yellow Chartreuse, the distinctive, yellow-colored liqueur introduced in 1838 by the Grande Chartreuse Monastery in southeastern France. Leaves may acquire light greenish tinges as they mature. Glowing foliage contrasts dramatically with burgundy-colored stems.

Golden hop leaves have a maple-cut style, with three to five deep lobes. Leaves are coarsely serrated. Leaf length measures up to 15 centimeters (5.9 inches).

As a dioecious (Ancient Greek: δίς, dís, “twice” + οἰκία, oikía, “house”) species, the common hop puts forth separate male and female plants. Flowers on male plants bloom as drooping, whitish or yellowish green spikes known as catkins (Middle Dutch: katteken, “little cat”).

The female plant produces downward-hanging, pine-scented, yellowish green flowers. Female plants bear cone-shaped structures that are known as strobiles (Latin: strobilus, “pine cone”). Strobiles comprise overlapping bracts, or specialized leaves. Each bract harbors a fruit that contains a single, aromatic seed. Strobiles ripen in September and October.

Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ thrives in moist, sunny landscapes. Sunlight requirements range from full sun in northern temperate zones to partial shade in subtropical zones.

Golden hop grows in moist, well-drained soils. Chalk, clay and loam are all acceptable soil types. Golden hop is tolerant of a range of pH levels, from alkaline to neutral or acidic.

The Chicago Botanic Garden showcases golden hop’s suitability for smaller landscape gardens with plantings in the seven-acre Regenstein Learning Campus. Two golden hop plants climb the west side of the open-weave fence that surrounds the Grunsfeld Children’s Growing Garden, located at the Chicago Botanic Garden’s north end. Plentiful moisture in the site’s highly alkaline soil and full sun account for the two bines’ floral abundance.

‘Aureus’ is a showy hop cultivar that enlivens private and public landscapes throughout its yellow-themed, above-ground lifespan.

closeup of golden hop (Humulus lupulus 'Aureus') in Coventry, West Midlands, western central England; Tuesday, Aug. 19, 2008, 16:58:43: Amanda Slater (amandabhslater), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

closeup of golden hop (Humulus lupulus 'Aureus'); Saturday, June 30, 2007, 2007:06:30 11:07:53: Katrina Br*?#*!@nd (katrinket), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzyblue/690940576/

closeup of golden hop (Humulus lupulus 'Aureus') in Coventry, West Midlands, western central England; Tuesday, Aug. 19, 2008, 16:58:43: Amanda Slater (amandabhslater), CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/pikerslanefarm/2778709968/

For further information:

“Golden Hop Vine.” Paghat > In the Garden of Paghat the Ratgirl > Creepers & Vines.
Available @ http://www.paghat.com/hop.html

“Hops ‘Aureus’ Humulus lupulus.” Dave’s Garden > Guides.
Available @ http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1153/

“Hops Humulus lupulus.” Chicago Botanic Garden > Plant Information Service.
Available @ http://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/hops

“Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus.’” Missouri Botanical Garden > Gardens & Gardening > Your Garden > Plant Finder.
Available @ http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j440

“Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus.’” Perennial Resource > Perennial Encyclopedia.
Available @ http://www.perennialresource.com/encyclopedia/view/?plant=1003

“Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ (Common Hop).” Gardenia.net > Plant Types > Vines.
Available @ https://www.gardenia.net/plant/Humulus-Lupulus-Aureus-Common-Hop

“Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ golden hop.” Royal Horticultural Society > Plants.
Available @ https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=981

“Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’ Golden Hops Vine.” Heritage Perennials > Plants.
Available @ http://www.perennials.com/plants/humulus-lupulus-aureus.html

“Humulus lupulus L. var. lupuloides E. Small common hop.” USDA NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service).
Available @ http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HULUL

Johnson, Steve. “Chicago Botanic Garden Grows With $28M Learning Campus.” Chicago Tribune > Entertainment. Aug. 24, 2016.
Available @ http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-chicago-botanic-new-learning-center-ent-0825-20160824-story.html

Salontai, Alexandru; A. Roman; V. Felecan; Leon Sorin Muntean; Solovastru Cernea. “New Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Cultivars From Romania.” Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Clug-Napoca, vol. 15 (1985): 5-7.
Available @ http://www.notulaebotanicae.ro/index.php/nbha/article/view/193

Tenaglia, Dan. “Humulus lupulus L.” Missouri Plants > Green Flowers, Leaves Opposite or Whorled.
Available @ http://missouriplants.com/Greenopp/Humulus_lupulus_page.html

Ten Eyck, Laura; Dietrich Gehring. The Hop Grower's Handbook: The Essential Guide for Sustainable, Small-Scale Production for Home and Market. White River Junction VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, Inc., 2015.

“What’s in Bloom - September 15, 2016.” Chicago Botanic Garden > Visit > What’s in Bloom.
Available @ http://www.chicagobotanic.org/sites/default/files/pdf/inbloom.pdf

Woodie, Maria. “For Great Colorful Garden Foliage Try Golden Hop Vine.” Horticulture Magazine > Plants We Love.
Available @ http://www.hortmag.com/plants/plants-we-love/for-great-colorful-garden-foliage-try-golden-hop-vine

2016 Northern Autumnal Equinox Happens Thursday, Sept. 22

Summary: The 2016 northern autumnal equinox marking the start of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere takes place Thursday, Sept. 22, at 14:21 UTC.

view of instant of 2016 northern autumnal equinox from 150122759 kilometers above 0 degrees north latitude 40 degrees west longitude: John Walker, Public Domain, via Fourmilab Switzerland

The 2016 northern autumnal equinox, which marks the start of autumn in the Northern Hemisphere, happens Thursday, Sept. 22, at 14:21 Coordinated Universal Time.

The 2016 northern autumnal equinox is one of two equinoxes that mark the sun’s twice yearly crossing of the celestial equator. The solar crossing of the imaginary circle in the sky above Earth’s equator takes place annually in March and again in September.

In March, the sun crosses the celestial equator from south to north. In September, the crossing is directed from north to south.

Two celestial coordinate systems are usually referenced to specify the sun’s position at the time of the March and September equinoxes. The ecliptic coordinate system identifies the spring equinox as occurring with the solar position at 0 degrees longitude. The solar position at geocentric ecliptic longitude 180 degrees. The equatorial coordinate system pinpoints the March equinox at right ascension 0 hours and September’s equinox at right ascension 12 hours.

The year’s two equinoxes mark opposite seasons northward and southward of the equator. The March equinox is known in the Northern Hemisphere as the northern vernal (Latin: vernalis, “of or pertaining to spring”) equinox because it announces the start of spring. The Southern Hemisphere knows the March equinox as the southern autumnal equinox because it ushers in autumn. The September equinox that is an autumnal placeholder in the Northern Hemisphere marks the beginning of spring in the Southern Hemisphere.

The vernal point serves as the origin of the ecliptic longitude in the ecliptic coordinate system and of the right ascension in the equatorial coordinate system. The vernal point identifies the instant of the vernal equinox with the sun’s northward crossing of the celestial equator.

The ecliptic coordinate system bases the orbits and positions of solar system objects either upon the center of the Earth for geocentric (Ancient Greek γῆ, gê, “earth” + κεντρικός , kentrikós, “central”) ecliptic longitude or upon the center of the sun for heliocentric (Ancient Greek ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”) ecliptic coordinates. The ecliptic longitude for the autumnal and spring equinoxes is geocentric.

The equatorial coordinate system relates the positions of celestial objects to the Earth’s center. Right ascension (RA) measures the angular distance along the celestial equator from the vernal point eastward to the celestial object’s hour circle. Hour circles are perpendicular to the celestial equator and are analogous to a globe’s lines of longitude. Right ascension refers to the view of a celestial object’s rising from Earth’s equator. The intersection of the celestial equator with the horizon at Earth’s equator forms a right angle.

As with geocentric ecliptic coordinates, the equatorial coordinate system imagines a plane projected from Earth’s equator onto an imaginary celestial sphere that is concentric with Earth. The plane’s primary direction is toward the vernal point. A right-handed convention presents north and east positions with positive coordinates.

The takeaway for the 2016 northern autumnal equinox is that the Northern Hemisphere has now shed summer’s greenery for autumn’s golds. The balance of daylight and nighttime is shifting. By Monday, Nov. 7, about one and one-half months after the autumnal equinox, clock hands in a multitude of locations in the Northern Hemisphere will have fallen backward as a balance to their spring forward in March.

equinox with sun in zenith at noon: Tau'olunga, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

view of autumnal equinox 2016 from 150122759 kilometers above 0 degrees north latitude 40 degrees west longitude: John Walker, Public Domain, via Fourmilab Switzerland @ https://www.fourmilab.ch/cgi-bin/Earth

equinox with sun in zenith at noon: Tau’olunga, CC BY SA 2.5 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equinox-0.jpg

For further information:

“Autumnal Equinox - Fall Equinox.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Autumnal Equinox.
Available @ http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/autumnal-equinox.html

Byrd, Deborah. “Everything you need to know: September equinox.” EarthSky > Astronomy Essentials. Sept. 21, 2016.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/?p=26181

“Daylight Saving Time Around the World 2016.” Time And Date > Time Zones.
Available @ http://www.timeanddate.com/time/dst/2016.html

Fisher, Kurt. “Equinox Line.” EPOD USRA (Universities Space Research Association’s Earth Science Picture of the Day) > Blog > October 2006. Oct. 21, 2006.
Available @ http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2006/10/equinox-line.html

McClure, Bruce. “Sun over Earth’s equator at equinox.” EarthSky Tonight. Sept. 21, 2016.
Available @ http://earthsky.org/tonight/sun-over-earths-equator-at-equinox

Owens, Steve. “Equinox, Equilux, and Twilight Times.” Dark Sky Diary > General Astronomy, Time and Date. March 20, 2010.
Available @ https://darkskydiary.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/equinox-equilux-and-twilight-times/

Richmond, Michael W. “Some basic astrometry.” Rochester Institute of Technology SPIFF > Classes > Physics 445 > Lectures.
Available @ http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys445/lectures/astrom/astrom.html

“What is the September Equinox?” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > September Equinox.
Available @ http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/september-equinox.html

‘Fimmsunpur’ Chrysanthemum Has Early Cerise Pink Ray Florets in August

Summary: ‘Fimmsunpur’ chrysanthemum, a new cultivar by British chrysanthemum breeder Peter Wain, opens early cerise pink ray florets by mid to late August.

top perspective view of 3.5-month-old ‘Fimmsunpur’ plant, grown during summer and autumn in 19-centimeter (7.48-inch) container in glass-covered greenhouse at Fides B.V., De Lier, Netherlands; image included in patent application, filed Oct. 11, 2014, as application number 14/121,719, with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO); United States Plant Patent No. US PP27,091; Date of Patent Aug. 23, 2016: Peter Wain, Public Domain, via U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

‘Fimmsunpur’ chrysanthemum, a newly cultivated variety of Chrysanthemum x morifolium (synonym: Chrysanthemum x grandifolium) by British chrysanthemum breeder Peter Wain, has dark green leaves and cerise pink ray florets that open early, by mid to late August.

On Oct. 11, 2014, Peter Wain filed an application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to patent his invention, a chrysanthemum plant named ‘Fimmsunpur.’ He listed Fides B.V. of De Lier, South Holland province, midwestern Netherlands, as assignee. Primary examiner June Hwu reviewed the patent application. On Aug. 23, 2016, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office granted patent PP27,091 for a chrysanthemum plant named ‘Fimmsunpur.’

Wain’s invention originates in a planned cross-pollination program conducted January 2010 at Locks Heath, a suburb of Fareham, southern Hampshire county, southern England. Cross-pollination involved proprietary selections of female and male Chrysanthemum x morifolium plants as seed and pollen parents, respectively.

In September 2010 the inventor discovered and selected a single flowering plant, now known as ‘Fimmsunpur,’ from the progeny of the common garden chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum x morifolium). Propagation by terminal vegetative cuttings, first conducted in December 2010, yielded successive generations with stable, truly reproduced features of ‘Fimmsunpur.’

A comparison of ‘Fimmsunpur’ with the program’s proprietary parent selection reveals differences. ‘Fimmsunpur’ has slightly larger inflorescences than selected female plants. The newly cultivated variety undergoes an earlier flowering season than selected male plants. The coloring of the invention’s ray florets also differs from the pink color displayed by both female and male Chrysanthemum x morifolium plants.

Peter Wain’s application describes 12-week-old plants. His description of ‘Fimmsunpur’ chrysanthemum is based upon plants grown during winter in 14-centimeter (5.51-inch) containers. Production occurred in a glass-covered greenhouse in Locks Heath. Day and night temperatures during production ranged from 17 to 21 degrees Celsius (62.6 to 69.8 degrees Fahrenheit).

A chrysanthemum plant named ‘Fimmsunpur’ presents a compact, dense, uniformly mounded appearance. Upright to outwardly spreading stems have numerous lateral branches. Plant height reaches about 19 centimeters (7.48 inches). ‘Fimmsunpur’ spreads to a width of about 23 centimeters (9.05 inches).

Leaves form an alternate arrangement along stems. Palmately lobed, roughly ovate (Latin: ovatus, “egg-shaped”) leaves comprise three to five lobes with slightly dentate, or toothed, margins.

Leaf length measures about 4 centimeters (1.57 inches). Leaf width measures about 3.4 centimeters (1.33 inches).

Upper surfaces of leaves are slightly wavy, with a fine downy surface, described botanically as pubescent. Lower surfaces are finely pubescent with prominent veins.

Upper surfaces of fully expanded leaves are dark green (Royal Horticultural Society color 137A), with brown green (RHS 146B) ventation. Lower surfaces of fully expanded leaves are brown green (RHS 147C) with brown green (RHS 147C) veins.

‘Fimmsunpur’ features an early season flowering that begins in mid to late August in the United Kingdom. A freely flowering habit is characterized by the development of about 91 inflorescences per plant. Inflorescences, which are persistent, each last about three to five weeks.

Flowers actually comprise individual flowers, known as florets. The dense, terminal cluster of florets form a head, known as a capitulum.

Ray florets have a ligulate, or strap-like, to slightly spatulate, or spatula-like, shape. No disc florets are noticeable. The National Chrysanthemum Society, USA, notes that all chrysanthemum classes have both disc and ray florets. Disc florets, however, are not apparent in many of the 13 classes.

About 163 ray florets are arranged in about eight whorls. Floret margins are smooth, described as entire, and surfaces also are smooth.

Upper surfaces of fully opened flowers are purple (RHS 60C), becoming purple red (RHS 60D) with development. Lower surfaces of fully opened flowers are blue pink (RHS 186C), becoming blue pink (RHS 186D) with development.

A chrysanthemum plant named ‘Fimmsunpur’ exhibits good garden performance, with a temperature tolerance ranging from about 0 to about 35 degrees Celsius (32 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit).

‘Fimmsunpur’ demonstrates garden amiability with an early season flowering habit of showy, cerise pink ray florets atop a compact, densely mounded shape.

‘Fimmsunpur’ is the varietal denomination for a newly cultivated variety of Chrysanthemum x morifolium, an important chrysanthemum hybrid; colorful array of cultivated varieties of Chrysanthemum x morifolium, Dompierre-sur-Mer, Charente Maritime department, southwestern France; Saturday, Oct. 29, 2011, 16:40: Jebulon, Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

top perspective view of 3.5-month-old ‘Fimmsunpur’ plant, grown during summer and autumn in 19-centimeter (7.48-inch) container in glass-covered greenhouse at Fides B.V., De Lier, Netherlands; image included in patent application, filed Saturday, Oct. 11, 2014, as application number 14/121,719, with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO); United States Plant Patent No. US PP27,091; Date of Patent Aug. 23, 2016: Peter Wain, Public Domain, via U.S. Patent and Trademark Office @ http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=PP027091
color scans via Plant Patents Image Database, Digital Collections @ University of Maryland Libraries, @ https://digital.lib.umd.edu/plantpatents/id/PP27091

‘Fimmsunpur’ is the varietal denomination for a newly cultivated variety of Chrysanthemum x morifolium, an important chrysanthemum hybrid; colorful array of cultivated varieties of Chrysanthemum x morifolium, Dompierre-sur-Mer, Charente Maritime department, southwestern France; Saturday, Oct. 29, 2011, 16:40: Jebulon, Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysanthemum_×_morifolium_Dompierre_1.jpg

For further information:

“Chrysanthemum.” New World Encyclopedia.
Available @ http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Chrysanthemum

“Chrysanthemum Classifications.” New York Botanical Garden Mertz LibGuides > Plant & Gardening Help > Chrysanthemum History and Flower Form.
Available @ http://libguides.nybg.org/content.php?pid=671296&sid=5780887

“Chrysanthemum Plant Named ‘Fimmsunpur.’” United States Patent and Trademark Office > Program in Word (PIW). Aug. 23, 2016.
Available @ http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=PP027091

"History of the Chrysanthemum." National Chrysanthemum Society USA.
Available @ http://www.mums.org/history-of-the-chrysanthemum/

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. “Document TGP/14: Glossary of Technical, Botanical and Statistical Terms Used in UPOV Documents.” UPOV (Union Internationale Pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales). Dec. 9, 2006.
Available @ http://www.upov.org/edocs/mdocs/upov/en/tc_edc/2007/tgp_14_draft_1_section_2_3_2.pdf

Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover

Summary: Researchers look at stormwater runoff landscaping with urban grassy, shrubby groundcover and tree canopy cover during summer and winter storms in Oregon.

Stormwater runoff landscaping incorporates ground and tree canopy covers to control stormwater runoff through ground infiltration; ground cover in rain garden designed to capture stormwater runoff in 7-SIGMA's parking lot, South Minneapolis, Minnesota; Monday, Oct. 15, 2007: BrianAsh at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Groundcover acts against acceleration and accumulation of surface runoff in urban watersheds more during summer than winter storms, according to an article for the September 2016 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The article Statistical Analysis of Vegetation and Stormwater Runoff in an Urban Watershed During Summer and Winter Storms in Portland, Oregon, U.S., broaches stormwater runoff landscaping. Corresponding author Geoffrey Donovan and co-authors David Butry and Megan Mao consider random-effects regression model consequences of vegetation for summer and winter peak and total runoff. Previous research in the forms of small-scale experiments and of wildland studies does not describe the interactions of built, impervious-surfaced components with vegetation in urban watersheds.

The study examines grassy, shrubby groundcover, green infrastructure and tree canopy cover, at 34 sewer-monitoring sites June 15 and 16 and Dec. 18 and 19, 2010.

The same combined-sewer system pipes fill with sanitary flow from 70 percent of Portland's homes and storm runoff from the city's mean annual 42.91-inch (109-centimeter) precipitation.

The Columbia Slough gets untreated flows four times during winter and once every third summer and the Willamette River once every fifth winter and tenth summer. Untreated flows no longer happen 50-plus times a year because of the Northwest Environmental Advocates' suit against the City in 1991 for Clean Water Act violations. Portland's experience with back-up sewage in residences and untreated flows from insufficient, undersized pipes is possible for 40 million combined-sewer system users in 772 U.S. communities.

Portland juggles gray infrastructure through three big-pipe project storage tunnels and green infrastructure through stormwater runoff landscaping of bioswales, grassy, shrubby groundcover and tree canopy cover.

Canopies and groundcovers kindle stormwater runoff landscaping by infiltration from roots into soil pores, interception by shoots for evaporation and transpiration from tissues for water vapor. Stormwater runoff peaks, rates and totals link to canopy and groundcover density, storm duration, intensity and seasonality, tree age and type and wild and urban interfaces.

Previous research in wildland settings matches more stormwater runoff with forest structures of meager over denser canopies and with trees 200-plus years old over 25-year-old Douglas-firs. Previous research in urban rain interception notes less stormwater runoff with low-intensity short-duration over high-intensity long-duration storms and with open-growth coniferous over open-growth deciduous tree species.

Previous research offers for the study the conclusions that stormwater runoff vegetation obstructs surface runoff rates and totals in urban and wildland settings during summer storms.

The study presents low-lying grassy and shrubby ground cover and tree canopy cover as respectively significant and insignificant in change-in-flow models for June stormwater runoff measurements. Grasses, shrubs and trees queue into insignificance, perhaps from leaf loss, in change-in-flow and flow models of peak and total runoff for December stormwater runoff measurements. The results remain indefinitive in terms of relationships between stormwater runoff management and tree canopy cover even though they reveal peak flow reductions through low-lying vegetation. They suggest the continued significance of grassy, shrubby groundcover and of low-lying vegetation in the green infrastructure of bioswales and the need for further tree-related research.

The co-authors talk of research beyond the study's two seasonal storms since light-, moisture-, noise-, pollution-mitigating trees never take space from impervious and vegetation rain-interactive surfaces.

The 2010 study of stormwater runoff landscaping in Portland, Oregon, considers ground and tree canopy cover for effectively controlling urban runoff as impervious surfaces of urban built environments allow for excessive runoff; diagram illustrates relationships of ground cover, impervious surfaces and surface runoff; diagram illustrates relationships of ground cover, impervious surfaces and surface runoff (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Protecting Water Quality from Urban Runoff," Document No. EPA 841-F-03-003; Washington DC: February 2003): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Stormwater runoff landscaping incorporates ground and tree canopy covers to control stormwater runoff; ground cover in rain garden designed to capture stormwater runoff in 7-SIGMA's parking lot, South Minneapolis, Minnesota; Monday, Oct. 15, 2007: BrianAsh at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:7sigma_RainGarden_66.JPG

The 2010 study of stormwater runoff landscaping in Portland, Oregon, considers ground and tree canopy cover for effectively controlling urban runoff as impervious surfaces of urban built environments allow for excessive runoff; diagram illustrates relationships of ground cover, impervious surfaces and surface runoff (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Protecting Water Quality from Urban Runoff," Document No. EPA 841-F-03-003; Washington DC: February 2003): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_&_impervious_cover_diagrams_EPA.jpg

For further information:

Donovan, Geoffrey H.; Butry, David T.; and Mao, Megan Y. September 2016. "Statistical Analysis of Vegetation and Stormwater Runoff in an Urban Watershed During Summer and Winter Storms in Portland, Oregon, U.S." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 42(5): 318-328.

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html