Extraterrestrial Life Maybe Adopts Mars in Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Extraterrestrial life perhaps assumes carbon-based, Earthling-like aspects in Chapter 5 of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Brian May, Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott note in Bang! that a civilization with Earth-reaching capability would "come in peace," having "left war far behind" (page 76); "Map of Mars on Mercator Projection" shows Martian canals, observed via Lowell Observatory, in Percival Lowell's Mars (1895), plate 24, page 213: Public Domain, via Wikisource

Extraterrestrial life assembles molecules from carbon and other atoms in Chapter 5 The Emergence of Life in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Extraterrestrial life becomes Earth-like and possible if carbon-based in a free oxygen atmosphere, on liquid or solid surfaces, with adequate water, equable temperatures and slow-changing conditions. It configures regular day-lit, night-darkened alternations since, without dark-interfacing, light-interfacing terminator boundary zones, one boiling illuminated side and one freezing dark side convoke rainless, violent winds. The habitable Goldilocks zone of Baby Bear-friendly temperatures describes Earth, not too hot Venus too close to, or too cold Mars too distant from, our Sun.

Perhaps one in every 100 in five billion planets out of the Milky Way Galaxy's 20 billion planets entail carbon-based extraterrestrial life in Goldilocks zone-friendly conditions.

Mars perhaps functions as the likeliest candidate for carbon-based extraterrestrial life with an albeit tenuous atmosphere, rotations 30 minutes longer than Earth's and tolerable surface temperatures.

No naturally adequate shield gives above-ground protection from harmful space radiation to carbon-based extraterrestrial life so any Martian life necessarily gets year-in, year-out underground living arrangements. Mars Exploration Rovers MER-A Spirit's (Jan. 2004-March 22, 2010) and MER-B Opportunity's (Jan. 2004-) hydrogeological information-gathering heralded Mars as a previously warm water-world with huge seas. Northern arctic regions include large quantities of water as ice, whose sampling the Phoenix spacecraft robotic arm implemented in 2008 and perhaps as occasional water spouts.

Perhaps extraterrestrial life, carbon-based or otherwise, once journeyed, or still journeys, through life cycles above or below Martian surfaces where environmental conditions jeopardize, or not, sustainability.

Perhaps one of 200 billion galaxies kindles extraterrestrial life, whose inevitable intelligence, unless only Earthlings key into intelligence, minimally knows our twentieth and twenty-first-century technological levels.

Civilizations capable of communication perhaps last long enough to languish from natural disasters, such as ancient Earthly cultures, or their own follies, perhaps such as ours. Interstellar travel mandates technological breakthroughs for us to meander outside our Solar System since modern spacecraft and rocket travel means centuries-long interstellar and years-long intra-galactic movements. Albert Einstein's (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) Theory of Special Relativity noted necessarily infinite amounts of energy negating human navigation at 300,000-mile (186,000-kilometer) light-speeds per second.

Radio waves operate at light-speeds and offer, for example, 11-light-year one-way, 22-light-year round-trip interstellar communications between observational astronomers on Earth and a planet orbiting Tau Ceti.

Nonreactiveness by 2031 to coded, mathematics-based artificial transmissions in 2009 to Epsilon Eridani perhaps proves Earthling-only intelligence, flawed experiments or technological civilizations over 11 light-years away.

The three authors quote Percival Lowell's (March 13, 1855-Nov. 12, 1916) qualifying extraterrestrial life as peaceful questers who quit far-off, technologically advanced civilizations for Earthly visits. Fred Hoyle's (June 24, 1915-Aug. 20, 2001) and Chandra Wickramasinghe's (born Jan. 20, 1939) theorized comet-released, pandemic viruses that ravage Earth resists our receiving extraterrestrial life. Solar hyperluminosity, not comet-sent, Earth-savaging, upper-atmospheric viruses, perhaps stops Francis Crick's (June 8, 1916-July 28, 2004) and Leslie Orgel's (Jan. 12, 1927-Oct. 27, 2007) directed panspermia.

The Crick and Orgel theory transports micro-organisms in the transgalactic spaceship of technologically advanced extraterrestrial life that perhaps tries nothing, or something, to trump solar hyperluminosity.

British rock band Queen's (left to right) John Deacon, Brian May, Roger Taylor and Freddie Mercury display gold disc for their sixth studio album, News of the World, released Oct. 28, 1977, and silver disc for the album's lead single, We Are the Champions, in London in May 1978: Record World, June 10, 1978: Comunità Queeniana, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Brian May, Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott note in Bang! that a civilization with Earth-reaching capability would "come in peace," having "left war far behind" (page 76); "Map of Mars on Mercator Projection" shows Martian canals, observed via Lowell Observatory, in Percival Lowell's Mars (1895), plate 24, page 213: Public Domain, via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mars_(Lowell)/Appendix#/media/File:Lowell_-_Mars_(1896)_-_Plate_24.jpg

British rock band Queen's (left to right) John Deacon, Brian May, Roger Taylor and Freddie Mercury display gold disc for their sixth studio album, News of the World, released Oct. 28, 1977, and silver disc for the album's lead single, We Are the Champions, in London in May 1978: Record World, June 10, 1978: Comunità Queeniana, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/comunitaqueeniana/37058555992/

For further information:

Lowell, Percival. Mars. Boston MA and New York NY: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1896.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/mars01lowegoog/

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2012. "Earthly Life Avoids Replication Anywhere in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/earthly-life-avoids-replication.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2012. "Goldilocks Must Like Extrasolar Planets in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/goldilocks-must-like-extrasolar-planets.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2012. "Solar System Formation Accepts Leftovers in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/solar-system-formation-accepts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2012. "Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/star-formation-acts-local-on-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2012. "Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Nov. 28, 2012, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 145

Summary: The Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 145, a series of 71 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Saturday, Aug. 11, 1832, opened Saros 145’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 145, which comprises 71 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

November’s penumbral lunar eclipse begins Wednesday, Nov. 28, at 12:14:58 Universal Time, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place at 14:33:00 UT. Greatest eclipse indicates the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow. The eclipse ends at 16:51:02 UT.

November 2012’s penumbral lunar eclipse appears as number 11 in the lineup of 71 lunar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 145. Similar geometries group the 71 lunar eclipses into a family, known as a series.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website describes Saros 145 lunar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 145, the lunar movement is northward with respect to the descending node.

The ascending node and a descending node pair as markers of the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes relate to the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node concerns the moon’s orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node corresponds with the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

A Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours establishes the periodicity and recurrence of eclipses. A Saros series contains 70 or more lunar eclipses, with each separated from its predecessor by a Saros cycle. A Saros series typically encompasses 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 145 lasts for 1,262.11 years, according to NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 145 continues for 13 centuries. Saros series 145 spans the 19th through 31st centuries.

Lunar eclipses in Saros cycle 145 sequence as 18 penumbral lunar eclipses, 10 partial lunar eclipses, 15 total lunar eclipses, 20 partial lunar eclipses and eight penumbral lunar eclipses. Partial lunar eclipses occur with the most frequency in Saros series 145, with a total of 30 occurrences. Penumbral lunar eclipses appear as the second most frequent lunar eclipse type in the series, with a total of 26 occurrences.

The 19th century’s penumbral eclipse of Saturday, Aug. 11, 1832, initiated Saros series 145. This eclipse occurred near the southern edge of the penumbra (shadow’s lighter, outer region). This event staged its greatest eclipse over the South Pacific’s marginal Coral Sea, east of Queensland’s Cape York Peninsula.

The 31st century’s penumbral eclipse of Sunday, Sept. 16, 3094, ends Saros series 145. This eclipse will occur near the penumbra’s northern edge.

The Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse occurs as number 11 within the opening sequence of 18 penumbral lunar eclipses in Saros series 145. This event will experience its greatest eclipse over the North Pacific Ocean, northwest of the U.S. Territory of Guam and southwest of the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Friday, Nov. 18, 1994, is the immediate predecessor of November 2012’s penumbral lunar eclipse. This event’s greatest eclipse took place over northeastern Pacific Ocean, west of Mexico’s state of Michoacán.

The November 1994, penumbral lunar eclipse appears as number 10 within the opening sequence of 18 penumbral lunar eclipses in Saros series 145. This eclipse occurs as number 10 in the series’ lineup of 71 lunar eclipses.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Monday, Dec. 9, 2030, is the successor of the Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 145. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over southeastern Libya’s Kufra District.

The December 2030 eclipse occurs as number 12 within the opening sequence of 18 penumbral lunar eclipses in Saros series 145. This eclipse appears as number 12 in the series’ lineup of 71 lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, penumbral lunar eclipse is that the astronomical event occurs as number 11 in Saros series 145’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses and as number 11 in the series’ opening sequence of 18 penumbral lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Dec. 9, 2030, succeeds November 2012’s penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 145: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Saturday, Aug. 11, 1832, opened Saros 145’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1801-1900/LE1832-08-11N.gif

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Dec. 9, 2030, succeeds November 2012’s penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 145: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2030-12-09N.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2012.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2012.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1832 Aug 11.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 01 -33 1832 Aug 11.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1801-1900/LE1832-08-11N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1994 Nov 18." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 10 -24 1994 Nov 18.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1994-11-18N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2012 Nov 28.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 11 -23 2012 Nov 28.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2012-11-28N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2030 Dec 09." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 145 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 145: 12 -22 2030 Dec 09.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2030-12-09N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1832 Aug 11.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1801 to 1900 (1801 CE to 1900 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1801-1900/LE1832Aug11Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1994 Nov 18.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1901-2000/LE1994Nov18Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2012 Nov 28.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2012Nov28Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2030 Dec 09.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2030Dec09Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 145." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros145.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens June 4 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 30, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “June 4, 2012, Partial Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 140.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 23, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/june-4-2012-partial-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "One Exeligmos Links Nov. 28, 2012, and Dec. 31, 2066, Lunar Eclipses." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 14, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/one-exeligmos-links-nov-28-2012-and-dec.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens Nov. 28 as Penumbral Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 21, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/second-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 9 Dec, 2030 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2030_12_09

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 11 Aug, 1832 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1801 AD > 1821-1840 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1832_08_11

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 18 Nov, 1994 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1994_11_18

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 28 Nov, 2012 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2012_11_28

Earthly Life Avoids Replication Anywhere in Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Earthly life appears unusual if not unique in Chapter 5 of Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore explain in Bang! that, although only 50 percent of the lunar surface is visible to Earth-based observers at any one time, the Moon’s favorable librations, or wobbles, expand the Earth-based viewing range to 59 percent, leaving only 41 percent of the far side unseen from Earth; Apollo 16 Hasselblad camera image shows Hubble Crater (center left), which lies close to the near side’s eastern limb, and Joliot Crater (bottom center), a far side crater visible during a favorable libration; film magazine 122/QQ, TransEarth Coast (TEC); NASA ID AS16-122-19610: No known copyright restrictions, via NARA (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) & DVIDS (Defense Visual Information Distribution Service) Public Domain Archive

Earthly life arose because a collision created the Moon, in Chapter 5 The Emergence of Life in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

A collision brought Earth and a Mars-sized body together and, from impact debris, bore the Moon, stabilizer of Earth's tilted axis and raiser of Earth tides. Its small moons, Deimos and Phobos, cannot counter the tilted Martian axis of 11 to 35 degrees, contrary to Earth's 23-degree tilt, over a 100,000-year cycle. Friction driven by lunar raising of Earth tides decreases the latter's rotation period and distances the Moon from Earth by 1.5 inches (4 centimeters) each year.

Earth mass 80 times lunar mass effectuated tidal slowing of lunar rotations until spin period synchronously equaled orbital periods, as evidenced in the Moon same-facing Earth.

Synchronous orbit and spin always face one lunar side to Earth even as both hemispheres alternately, regularly face the Sun, for two day-lit, night-darkened lunar sides.

The Moon seemingly generates rocking, wobbled librations from otherwise synchronously constant rotation and elliptical speeds going asynchronous when the latter goes fastest when closest to Earth. A 500-million-year-long cooling harvested a solid-crusted Earth from a molten Earth; headed energetic hydrogen atoms spaceward and volcanic gases atmosphere-ward; and helped the ocean-forming Great Rains. Core heat from decaying, unstable heavy elements such as uranium impelled mountain-squeezing, plate-crashing tectonics that impeded smooth, water-inundated surfaces and lunar-like craters from planetary formation-induced bombardments.

The three co-authors judge the earliest-evidenced Earthly life as primitive organisms 4.3 billion years ago, rising atmospheric oxygen levels and Western Greenland's 3.8-billion-year-old Akila island rocks.

Perhaps lightning-strike and short-wave solar radiation energy kept driving chemical reactions that kindled vastly varied Earthly life from complex molecules, then self-replicating molecules, then replicating generations.

The Northern Territory of Australia lodges rock-like stromatolites that look like the fossilized stromatolite structures of blue-green, free oxygen-producing, ocean-living algae, labeled cyanobacteria, in 3.5-billion-year-old rocks. Perhaps acidic waters at 752 degrees Fahrenheit (400 degrees Celsius) around hydrothermal vents, around which modern-day clams, shrimps and tubeworms move, maintained the earliest Earthly life. Earthly life netted land niches during the Devonian period 400 million years ago as planets removing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen atmospherically, then arthropods, then vertebrates.

Permian ball-shaped, cage-like, carbon-moleculed fullerenes from 250 million to 310 million years ago offer trapped, unreactive argon and helium atoms, perhaps from exploded supernovae or meteorites.

Seventy percent of land vertebrates and 90 percent of marine species perished from the Great Dying, perhaps from meteorite-provoked volcanism pouring 9-foot (3-meter-) deep lava worldwide.

The 60-million-year-long Permian era quickened dinosaurian and reptilian proliferations, with the former queuing up from world-largest, the Argentinosaurus huinculensis, to perhaps world-smallest, the canary-sized Tweetieosaurus Rex. Iridium-rich 65-million-year-old rocks perhaps reveal the 200-million-year-long dinosaur rules' replacements, shrew-like animals diversifying into mammals, such as Miocene apes 40 million to 60 million years later. Iridium, Earth-rare element suggestive of meteorite strikes, supports the theory of dinosaur extinctions from a large meteorite spreading worldwide dust storms from Chicxulub, off coastal Mexico.

The Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) thus far turns up no Earth-like planets around Sun-like stars, no signals from another civilization and nothing like Earthly life.

cover art for A Night at the Opera, fourth studio album, released Nov. 21, 1975, by British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon: brett jordan (Brett Jordan), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore explain in Bang! that, although only 50 percent of the lunar surface is visible to Earth-based observers, the Moon’s favorable librations, or wobbles, expand the Earth-based viewing range to 59 percent, leaving only 41 percent of the far side unseen from Earth; Apollo 16 Hasselblad camera image shows Hubble Crater (center left), which lies close to the near side’s eastern limb, and Joliot Crater (bottom center), a far side crater visible during a favorable libration; film magazine 122/QQ, TransEarth Coast (TEC); NASA ID AS16-122-19610: No known copyright restrictions, via NARA (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) & DVIDS (Defense Visual Information Distribution Service) Public Domain Archive @ https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as16-122-19610-apollo-16-apollo-16-mission-image-view-of-the-joliot-and-hubble-f7b9b2

cover art for A Night at the Opera, fourth studio album, released Nov. 21, 1975, by British rock band Queen's Brian May, Roger Taylor, Freddie Mercury and John Deacon: brett jordan (Brett Jordan), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/x1brett/5547235044/

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2012. "Goldilocks Must Like Extrasolar Planets in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/goldilocks-must-like-extrasolar-planets.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2012. "Solar System Formation Accepts Leftovers in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/solar-system-formation-accepts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2012. "Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/star-formation-acts-local-on-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2012. "Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.

Second of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens Nov. 28 as Penumbral Eclipse

Summary: The second of two 2012 lunar eclipses happens Nov. 28 as a penumbral eclipse with all eclipse visibility for Asia, Australia and the Pacific Ocean.

details of penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, and eclipse visibility areas: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The second of two 2012 lunar eclipses happens Nov. 28 as a penumbral eclipse that especially favors Asia, Australia and the Pacific Ocean with entire eclipse visibility.

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” notes areas of entire eclipse visibility. Viewing the entire event is possible for observers in Australia and most of Asia. All eclipse visibility is also available to Asia’s and Oceania’s islands.

Europe’s area of all eclipse visibility is minimal. Northernmost Scandinavia and Russia’s Kola Peninsula enjoy entire eclipse visibility.

Northwestern North America experiences all eclipse visibility. In the United States, Alaska and Hawaii claim the elite status of entire eclipse visibility. The setting of the moon sometime after mid-eclipse affords incomplete viewing to observers in western Canada and the western United States.

South America is the only continent completely excluded from eclipse visibility. Most of Europe’s Iberian Peninsula lacks eclipse visibility. Parts of southern and western Africa also experience no eclipse visibility.

The second of two 2012 lunar eclipses begins Wednesday, Nov. 28, at 12:14:58 Universal Time (7:14:58 a.m. Eastern Standard Time). P1 is the designator for the instant of the lunar surface’s first contact with Earth’s penumbra, the shadow’s lighter, outer region.

Greatest eclipse happens at 14:33:00 UT (9:33 a.m. EST). Greatest eclipse records the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow.

The November 2012 penumbral eclipse ends at 16:51:02 UT (11:51:02 a.m. EST). Designated as P4, the end of the penumbral eclipse marks the last contact of the visible lunar surface with Earth’s penumbra.

The November 2012 penumbral eclipse has a duration of 4 hours 36 minutes 4 seconds.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site notes the penumbral eclipse’s naked eye visibility as a dusky shading in the northern half of the visible lunar surface. The eclipse’s beginning and end are not detectable by the naked eye.

Shading only becomes obvious with immersion of two-thirds of the lunar surface in the penumbra. Atmospheric conditions and the observer’s visual acuity influence shading detectability. Espenak estimates shading detectability as possible between approximately 14:00 to 15:00 UT (9 to 10 a.m. EST).

The November 2012 penumbral lunar eclipse is sandwiched between partial lunar eclipses. The year’s first eclipse occurred Monday, June 4, as a partial lunar eclipse. After closing 2012, the November 2012 penumbral lunar eclipse is succeeded by a partial lunar eclipse that opens the 2013 lunar eclipse lineup on Thursday, April 25.

The 2013 lunar eclipse lineup, however, features two consecutive penumbral lunar eclipses for the year’s remaining two lunar eclipses. The two 2013 penumbral lunar eclipses take place Saturday, May 25, and Friday, Oct. 18.

The November 2012 penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros Series 145. The Saros cycle places eclipses in families, known as series. A Saros cycle lasts for approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

The second of two 2012 lunar eclipses happens Wednesday, Nov. 28, as a penumbral lunar eclipse that favors most of Asia, all of Australia, the U.S. states of Alaska and Hawaii, and the central and western Pacific Ocean with all eclipse visibility.

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

details of penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, and eclipse visibility areas: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2012-Fig06.pdf

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2012Nov28.png

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2012.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2012.html

Espenak, Fred. “Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html

Espenak, Fred. "Figure 6 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2012 Nov 28." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Eclipses During 2012 > Eclipses During 2012: 2012 Nov 28 Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of November 28."
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2012-Fig06.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens June 4 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 30, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "One Exeligmos Links Nov. 28, 2012, and Dec. 31, 2066, Lunar Eclipses." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 14, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/one-exeligmos-links-nov-28-2012-and-dec.html

“November 28, 2012 -- Penumbral Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2012-november-28

Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?

Summary: Trifoliate oranges adapt to New York City winters and perhaps add orange juices to rented room floors on Elementary's One Way to Get Off Nov. 15, 2012.

China-native trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata, Poncirus trifoliata) fruits and foliage; Jardin alpin du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France; Oct. 9, 2010: Jebulon, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Trifoliate oranges add acidic, aromatic, Asian aspects as condiment, marmalade and zest and, perhaps on Elementary procedural drama television series episode One Way to Get Off Nov. 15, 2012, as orange juices.

Director Seith Mann and writer Christopher Silber brandish orange juice on Mayweather Hotel room floors to bruit one career criminal's innocence in Season One's seventh episode. A clandestine cohort or a copycat criminal carries out a home invasion that contains all the characteristics central to home invasions by Wade Crewes (Keith Szarabajka). A home invader around midnight drags Jay and Amy Myrose from their bedroom and departs with the wealthy couple's wall-safe valuables and one Jimmy Choo shoe.

Myrose executions with hands and heads respectively encased within pile hitch-knotted bindings and belt-strapped pillows evokes Crewes' three home invasions in three months 13 years earlier.

The blue-eyed, formerly functionally illiterate Crewes fills his conversations with high-faluting literary references fomented through friendship with Sean Figeruoa (Juan Castano), blue-eyed Mexican-American and prison volunteer.

Right-eye blindness gets Victor Nardin (Stivi Paskoski) off as suspected killer of Garret Ames, Jay and Amy Myrose, and Michael (Greg Wattkis) and Elizabeth (Cheryl Lewis). One-sided depth perception heads Nardin's breakfast orange juice onto the floor, not into the glass, and the Chechen migrant's bullets away from, not into, wealthy victims. Perhaps his orange juice is from trifoliate oranges, identified scientifically by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) and Constantine Rafinesque-Schmaltz (Oct. 22, 1783-Sept. 18, 1840).

Trifoliate oranges juggle downy, peach-like exteriors and pulpy, sour interiors with 20 to 50 0.35- to 047-inch (0.9- to 1.2-centimeter) seeds within fine-ridged or smooth coats.

April- through June-blooming flowers kindle July- through October- fruiting 1.18- to 1.77-inch (3- to 4.5-centimeter) by 1.38- to 2.36-inch (3.5- to 6-centimeter) trifoliate oranges amid alternate-positioned foliage.

Trifoliate oranges lodge rusty-tipped 1.2- to 2-inch (3- to 5-centimeter) spines and four- to seven-petaled, 1.2- to 3.15-inch (3- to 8-centimeter) white flowers with pink stamens. Narrow-winged stalks maintain one- to five-leaf clusters of three to five fine-notched, 0.79- to 1.97-inch (2- to 5-centimeter) by 0.39- to 1.18-inch (1- to 3-centimeter) leaflets. Rutaceae (from Latin ruta, "rue" and -āceae, "-like") members named Citrus trifoliata or Poncirus trifoliata (from French poncire, "citron" and Latin trifoliāta, "three-leafed") net green-striped bark.

Trifoliate oranges obtain 8- to 20-foot (2.44- to 6.09-meter) heights; 5- to 16-foot (1.52- to 4.88-meter) spreads; low-branching, rounded habits; and shallow roots popular as rootstock.

The Atlantic and Gulf coastal United States from Pennsylvania through Texas westward and northward into Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and Tennessee possess introduced populations of trifoliate oranges.

Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi and Zhejiang provinces; Chongqing municipality; and Guangxi autonomous region queue up China's trifoliate oranges. The woody natives of coastal through inland China require 44.49-inch (1,130-millimeter) annual average rainfall and moist, sunny, well-drained soils through 7,874.02-foot (2,400-meter) altitudes above sea level. They survive temperatures down to minus 5 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 degrees Celsius) in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) cold hardiness zones 6a and 6b.

Trifoliate oranges perhaps tempt Nardin more as thorny thickets that take over terrains and terrify intruders and tossable fruits for depth-perception training than as sour juices.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) disqualifies a suspect based upon spilled orange juice and other faulty depth perception clues while past pain resurfaces with the return of letters from deceased lover Irene Adler in CBS Elementary's One Way to Get Off (season 1 episode 7): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Nov. 26, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

China-native trifoliate orange (Citrus trifoliata, Poncirus trifoliata) fruits and foliage; Jardin alpin du Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France; Oct. 9, 2010: Jebulon, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poncirus_trifoliata_1_JdP.jpg

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) disqualifies a suspect based upon spilled orange juice and other  faulty depth perception clues while past pain resurfaces with the return of letters from deceased lover Irene Adler in CBS Elementary's One Way to Get Off (season 1 episode 7): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Nov. 26, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/188875301237216

For further information:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Duan, Zhiyu. "Information about FETO Fuming Evergreen Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus Polyandra)." ZitrusGarten.
Available @ http://www.zitrusgarten.net/homepage/feto.htm

Elementary @CBSElementary. 26 November 2012. “A case with chemistry becomes a blast from the past in this Thursday's all new Elementary. Will you be watching?” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/posts/188875301237216

Linnæi, Caroli. 1763. "Citrus foliis ternatis." Species Plantarum, Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, ad Genera Relatas, cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus II: 1101. Editio Secunda. Holmiæ: Laurentii Salvii.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11834487

Mademba-Sy, François; Zacharie Lemerre-Desprez; and Stéphane Lebegin. January 2012. "Use of Flying Dragon Trifoliate Orange As Dwarfing Rootstock for Citrus Under Tropical Climate Conditions." American Society for Horticultural Science 47(1): 11-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.47.1.11.
Available @ https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/47/1/article-p11.xml

"1. Citrus trifoliata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2. 2: 1101.1763." Flora of China > Family List > FOC Vol. 11 > Rutaceae > Citrus.
Available @ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220002968Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"One Way to Get Off." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Nov. 15, 2012.

Rafinesque, C.S. [Constantine Samuel]. 1838. "920. Poncirus Raf." Sylva Telluriana Mantissa Synoptica. Trees and Shrubs of North America, and Other Parts, Including about 800 Genera and 1000 Species New or Rectified, Improved and Classified: 143. Philadelphia PA.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/404699
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/sylvatellurianam00rafi/page/142

Goldilocks Must Like Extrasolar Planets in Bang! The Complete History

Summary: Extrasolar planets are where, not how, Goldilocks abides them in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Estimated extent of the solar system's habitable zone is shown in graphic created Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2011, 21:19: EvenGreenerFish at English Wikipedia, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Extrasolar planets are perhaps akin to solar satellite Titan, appealing locationally but not atmospherically to Goldilocks in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe by Chris Lintott, Brian May and Patrick Moore.

Titan alone among solar satellites bears methane atmospherically and as channeled liquid flows on pebbled, wet-clay Xanadu plain dunes; and a substantial atmosphere, albeit 98-plus-percent nitrogen. Methane-rained surfaces configure crater-free hills and valleys; ethane and methane-composed, south-polar, square-mile (20,000-square-kilometer) Lake Ontario; and temperatures around minus 292 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 180 degrees Celsius). Not even single cells develop on Titan, where low temperatures defeat life, whose fundamental quality of replicating patterns of chemical reactions cold, dark chemical waters divulge.

Icy-surfaced and somewhat crater-free Enceladus, among Saturn's smaller and perhaps younger moons, emits water plumes, some for Saturn's more tenuous rings, from south polar internal waters.

Earth and the satellites Enceladus, Io and Triton, as our solar system's only known active worlds, perhaps find few or no frequent counterparts among extrasolar planets.

Exoplanet detection techniques thus far give us solar-like systems with gas giants whose inward migrations perhaps got Earth-like, rocky, small, wet extrasolar planets destroyed or ejected. The transit method, indirect exoplanet-detecting technique, has night skies monitored for semi-dimmed starlight as extrasolar planets head across star faces, like Mercury's and Venus' solar transits. Indirect methods impel identifying many of the 700-plus known extrasolar planets and include the wobble technique of parent stars' semi-wobbled itineraries from their exoplanets' gravitational pull.

More than one-half of all stars journey through interstellar space as binary, double-star systems with one or multiple extrasolar plants more Neptune than Earth or Jupiter-like.

Indirect detection of extrasolar planets kindles knowing an exoplanet spectrum from differences between parent star spectra with the former orbiting behind, versus transiting across, the latter.

Transiting extrasolar planets HD209458b and HD 189733b respectively log 10,000-ton (9,071.85-tonne) atmospheric losses per second from parent star ultraviolet radiation and lodge Jupiter-like atmospheric carbon dioxide. Coronagraphs mask parent star light and manifest massive young star HR8799's three-planet solar-like system and Jupiter-like planet Fomalhaut b moving in parent white star Fomalhaut's disk. Brown dwarfs navigate, star-like, by their own light but net unstar-like trace atmospheric lithium and masses not even 8 percent our Sun's or 75 times Jupiter's.

Jupiter-sized Gliese 570D, dimmest brown dwarf, observes mass 50 times Jupiter's, trace atmospheric lithium and surface temperatures at 750 Kelvin (476.85 degrees Celsius, 890.33 degrees Fahrenheit).

Perhaps gravitational interactions push brown dwarf stars away from their partner stars so that the former pass through interstellar space as free-floating, lonely, wandering rogue planets.

Gravitational lensing techniques that quest recognizable, repeated brightening and fading of distant stars thus far queue up a handful of brown dwarf rogue and wandering planets. An inclination of 17 degrees in a 248-year orbit and, like double planetary system companion Charon's orbital period, a 6.3-day rotation resists Pluto running into Neptune. Charon, one-half Pluto's diameter; Cubewano, unofficially catalogued 1992 QB1; and Eris, larger than Pluto, swarm trans-Neptunian Kuiper Belt object space (for Gerard Kuiper, 1905-1973).

The International Astronomical Union since 2006 terms Kuiper Belt objects and Main Belt asteroids (excluding dwarf planets Ceres, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Pluto) small solar system bodies.

British rock band Queen's John Deacon, Brian May and Freddie Mercury perform Nov. 16, 1977, in New Haven, Connecticut: Carl Lender, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Estimated extent of the solar system's habitable zone is shown in graphic created Wednesday, Dec. 21, 2011, 21:19: EvenGreenerFish at English Wikipedia, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Estimated_extent_of_the_Solar_Systems_habitable_zone.png

British rock band Queen's John Deacon, Brian May and Freddie Mercury perform Nov. 16, 1977, in New Haven, Connecticut: Carl Lender, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:QueenPerforming1977.jpg

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2012. "Solar System Formation Accepts Leftovers in Bang! The Complete History." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/solar-system-formation-accepts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 November 2012. "Star Formation Acts Local on Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/star-formation-acts-local-on-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 October 2012. "Dark Energy Accelerates Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/dark-matter-accrues-in-bang-complete.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2012. "Dark Matter Accrues in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 October 2012. "Black Holes Are Ionizers in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/black-holes-are-ionizers-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 October 2012. "Ionized Gas Bubbles Atomize Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/ionized-gas-bubbles-atomize-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2012. "Lighted Spaces Are Late in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-spaces-are-late-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 September 2012. "Inflation Affects Space in Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/inflation-affects-space-in-bang.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 September 2012. "Lighted Dark Space Affirms Bang! The Complete History of the Universe." Earth and Space News. Thursday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/lighted-dark-space-affirms-bang.html

May, Brian; Patrick Moore; and Chris Lintott. 2012. Bang! The Complete History of the Universe. London UK: Carlton Books Ltd.