Joel Stebbins Determined Migrating Bird Heights Via Telescopes in 1905

Summary: American astronomer Joel Stebbins determined migrating bird heights via telescopes in 1905, according to his February 1906 report in Popular Astronomy.

Illustration shows May 19, 1905, path of eighth bird, as charted by Joel Stebbins (S8) and Frederic Carpenter (C8), with Stebbins sited 21 feet east of Carpenter; J. Stebbins, "A Method of Determining the Heights of Migrating Birds," Popular Astronomy (February 1906), page 66: Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust

American astronomer Joel Stebbins determined migrating bird heights via telescopes in 1905, according to his report in the February 1906 issue of Popular Astronomy.

During spring and autumn 1905, University of Illinois-Urbana astronomy professor and Astronomical Observatory director Joel Stebbins (July 30, 1878-March 16, 1966) teamed with University of Illinois-Urbana zoology professor Frederic Walton Carpenter (May 12, 1876-March 1, 1925) on a project to determine the heights achieved by migrating birds. The project took place on the grounds of the University of Illinois Observatory.

The duo's most successful observation sessions occurred on Friday, May 19, and Tuesday, October 10. Stebbins reported a total viewing of 78 separate birds within two and one-half hours on May 19. Carpenter recorded 34 birds, and Stebbins saw 33. Eleven birds were seen by both observers.

Within a two-hour period on Oct. 10, viewed birds totalled 57, with 11 recorded by both observers. Carpenter noted 29 birds while Stebbins espied 17.

The greatest range in avian altitude occurred on Oct. 10. Nine birds accounted for a variation of 1,400 to 5,400 feet. The greatest distance between any bird and the observers was 7,700 feet.

On May 19, the altitude of nine birds ranged from 1,200 to 2,400 feet. The greatest distance between the observers and any bird was 7,100 feet.

Error percentages were assigned to the altitude ranges for the two dates. The greatest height of 5,400 feet was deemed to have a possible error of 25 percent. Lower distances were considered to have a probable correctness of within 10 percent.

Stebbins noted the assumption held by previous observers of migratory bird height that altitudes of two to three miles or more were achievable. Contrarily, Stebbins and Carpenter experienced no heights of more than half a mile on May 19. The majority of that date's birds flew below 1,200 feet. While one or two birds flew "as high as a mile" on Oct. 10, most birds stayed below "1200 or 1500 feet" (page 70).

Stebbins and Carpenter's method entailed determining the parallax of each migrating bird. Parallax references the angle subtended by two sight-lines. They established the distance between their observation posts as the parallax's base line.

Stebbins and Carpenter used two small equatorial telescopes with different apertures. The four-inch aperture telescope was mounted on a fixed pier. The three-inch telescope was set on a movable tripod in order to allow for any direction or length for the base line of each bird's parallax. Experimentation revealed that a distance of 10 feet between observers established the best base line for lunar passage near the meridian, or the longitude of their location.

Placement of the telescopes at right angles to bird flight direction assured simplicity in observation and computation. Flight direction was established as northward in spring and southward in autumn. Specifically, Stebbins and Carpenter found in their observations that most birds averaged northwesterly flight in spring and southeasterly flight in autumn. The telescopes were sited on an east and west line.

Each telescope's eyepiece presented a power of about 25. Each eyepiece included all of the lunar disk within its field of view.

The placement of a reticle of four heavy crosshairs in the focal plane allowed for division of the field of view into octants. Rotation of the reticle continued until one of the crosshairs paralleled the moon's diurnal, or apparent daily, motion. During observation sessions, the intersection of the crosshairs centered on the circular arc of the lunar image. A bird's path was estimated from different crosshairs. Stebbins and Carpenter found that best observations usually occurred in the latter part of a bird's path across the lunar disk.

Stebbins noted that the observations conducted by Carpenter and himself apparently marked the first instance of usage of "this simple method" in determining migratory bird heights. He concluded that practice of the method at "many stations over the country" would yield valuable nocturnal flight data for ornithologists.

The takeaway for Joel Stebbins' determination of migrating bird heights via telescopes in 1905 is that the University of Illinois astronomy professor devised and tested, in collaboration with University of Illinois zoology professor Frederic Walton Carpenter, a method for calculating migrating bird heights, against the bright backdrop of the lunar disk, by establishing each bird's parallactic angle via two telescopes stationed 10 feet apart.

Illustration shows angles, axes and planes for computing migrating bird height, with B=bird, H=bird's height above ground, O=observer on east-west line, W=west, x=east, y=north; J. Stebbins, "A Method of Determining the Heights of Migrating Birds," Popular Astronomy (February 1906), page 68: Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Illustration shows May 19, 1905, path of eighth bird, as charted by Joel Stebbins (S8) and Frederic Carpenter (C8), with Stebbins sited 21 feet east of Carpenter; J. Stebbins, "A Method of Determining the Heights of Migrating Birds," Popular Astronomy (February 1906), page 66: Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101075380152?urlappend=%3Bseq=96

Illustration shows angles, axes and planes for computing migrating bird height, with B=bird, H=bird's height above ground, O=observer on east-west line, W=west, x=east, y=north; J. Stebbins, "A Method of Determining the Heights of Migrating Birds," Popular Astronomy (February 1906), page 68: Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101075380152?urlappend=%3Bseq=98

For further information:

Abbott, David. The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Astronomers. New York NY: Peter Bedrick Books, 1984.

Carpenter, Frederic W. "An Astronomical Determination of the Heights of Birds During Nocturnal Migration." The Auk, vol. 23, no. 2 (Apr., 1906): 210-217.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4070753

"Carpenter, Frederic Walton." The National Cyclcopaedia of American Biography, vol. XX: 322-323. New York: James T. White & Company, 1929. Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015078229088?urlappend=%3Bseq=708

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "American Astronomer Joel Stebbins Pioneered Photoelectric Photometry." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 30, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/07/american-astronomer-joel-stebbins.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Far Side Lunar Crater System Stebbins Honors American Astronomer Joel Stebbins." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 24, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/far-side-lunar-crater-system-stebbins.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Joel Stebbins Observed Linné Crater During Feb. 8, 1906, Lunar Eclipse." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 27, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/joel-stebbins-observed-linne-crater.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Astronomy Encyclopedia: An A-Z Guide to the Universe. New York NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Scott, W.E.D. "Some Observations on the Migration of Birds." Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. VI, no. 2 (April 1881): 97-100. Cambridge MA: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1881.
Available @ https://books.google.com/books?id=h3sVAAAAYAAJ

Stebbins, Joel. "A Method of Determining the Heights of Migrating Birds." Popular Astronomy, vol. XIV, no. 2, whole no. 132 (February 1906): 65-70.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1906PA.....14...65S
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1906PA.....14...65S
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101075380152?urlappend=%3Bseq=95

Stebbins, Joel; and Edward A. Fath. "The Use of Astronomical Telescopes in Determining the Speeds of Migrating Birds." Science, vol. 24, issue 602 (July 13, 1906): 49-51.
Available @ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/24/602/49

Very, Frank W. "Observations of the Passage of Migrating Birds Across the Lunar Disk on the Nights of September 23 and 24, 1896." Science New Series, Vol. 6, No. 141 (Sep. 10, 1897), pp. 409-411.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/1625184

A Puzzle in a Pear Tree Alters a Christmas Pageant and a Live Nativity

Summary: A Puzzle in a Pear Tree alters a Christmas pageant and a live Nativity, in the 4th mystery in the 20-book Puzzle Lady series authored by Parnell Hall.

The English Christmas carol The Twelve Days of Christmas, from a chanted rhyme by 1780, abounds with danceable, joyous music in its traditional folk melody arranged in 1909 by English composer Frederic Austin (Mar. 30, 1872-Apr. 10, 1952). It acts as an idea list for those who are clueless about assembling attractive presents acceptable to all givers and receivers. It appeases dinnertime appetites with its edible calling birds (Passeri suborder of Passeriformes order), French hens (Faverolles), geese (Anatidae family), goose eggs, partridges (Phasianidae family), pears (Pyrus), swans (Cygnus) and turtledoves (Streptopelia turtur) and potable milk and water: Xavier Romero-Frias, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

A Puzzle in a Pear Tree alters a Christmas pageant and a live Nativity, in the 4th mystery in the 20-book Puzzle Lady series by Parnell Hall (Oct. 31, 1934-Dec. 15, 2020).

Edible references bandied about Christmas pageant rehearsals perhaps bother lead actress skinny, slender, slim, thin, trim attorney Becky Baldwin less than buxom maid a-milking Cora Felton. And yet no one compares breakfasts at Mary Cushman’s Bake Shop, daily specials at Bakerhaven pizza parlor, lunches at Wicker Basket or suppers at Country Kitchen. Bakerhaven Police Chief Dale Harper digests two daily breakfasts, one with wife Ellen and daughter Clara, and one, two, three more on Cushman coffee and pastries.

Acrostic (from Greek ἀκροστιχίς, “[first-most] topmost [letter in each line of] verse) puzzles and two pageanters expiring perhaps enervate Sherry enough to erode her coffee-making expertise.

Automatic-drip coffeemaker and fixtures furnishing other hot drinks favor Dale with respectively warm coffee not hot-feeling after 15 seconds in a microwave oven and fine cocoa.

Perhaps Dale and Jonathon Doddsworth III of Scotland Yard gravitated Cora respectively to home- instead of bakery- and restaurant-generated coffees and to alcoholic gulps rehearsal week. Cora heads to the alcoholic lane, not the non-alcoholic line, to the punch bowl, where she has something amber over cracked ice, in the Grant household. She ignores the first, buffet table and the second, bar table for the third, punch-bowl table even as Jonathon inundates his shirt while imbibing his martini.

A puzzle in a pear tree, not a partridge amid pears, jeopardizes Bakerhavenite appetites during a week juggling a Christmas pageant rehearsal and a live Nativity.

Her smock with all its cigarette burns and liquor stains perhaps kindles Cora chain-smoking cigarettes before, during and after a Bloody Mary and Cutty Sark whisky.

Sherry likes caffeinated coffee, which Cora loves, less than decaffeinated coffee and the latter less than Earl Grey, which Jonathon loves, Red Zinger and Sleepytime teas. She makes a lunchtime meal, perhaps gourmet, for Bakerhaven Gazette reporter Aaron Grant and a refrigeratable dessert, perhaps for Aaron, perhaps from scratch and perhaps gourmet. She nourishes Becky and Cora with asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) risotto (from Italian risotto, “[short-grain] rice”) and with baked, boiled, cooked or fried, mishmashed chicken and vegetables.

A puzzle in a pear tree oppresses appetites somewhat inside, very much outside Bakerhavenite households during a week occasioning Christmas pageant rehearsals and a live Nativity.

Cora prefers one candy cane from Pamela Doddsworth’s Christmas tree, and her cigarettes even as Mindy Taggart puffers her own, to polite cups of hot drinks.

Fresh milk, not custard pudding in a weeks-old cup, in the kitchen refrigerator and Oreo cookies in the kitchen cupboard qualify as the quintessential kitchen-table dessert. Pageant director Rupert Winston relishes Evian water with purple tablets, whose role remains as medicine, recreation or sugar-candy props, and perhaps for almond-flavored, bitter-tasting hot teas. Pamela never says what Jonathon seizes from her refrigerator even as Sherry never states what she serves Aaron and herself, what she never saves for Cora.

A Puzzle in a Pear Tree, without a talismanic, traditional partridge, and troubling acrostics threaten tranquil Bakerhaven’s Christmas pageant and live Nativity and thwart holiday appetites.

Number puzzle lady Cora Felton's niece Sherry Carter apparently abstains from her usually abundant baking and cooking. She accomplishes some unspecified dessert during her aunt''s absence. There are no leftovers in the refrigerator, where Cora archives a weeks-old cup of custard pudding for some day when she adheres to less rigid standards of freshness date and product quality. So Cora and Sherry instead appreciate Oreo cookies dunked in milk; Thursday, March 11, 2010, 07:57: Chase Lindberg, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

The English Christmas carol The Twelve Days of Christmas, from a chanted rhyme by 1780, abounds with danceable, joyous music in its traditional folk melody arranged in 1909 by English composer Frederic Austin (Mar. 30, 1872-Apr. 10, 1952). It acts as an idea list for those who are clueless about assembling attractive presents acceptable to all givers and receivers. It appeases dinnertime appetites with its edible calling birds (Passeri suborder of Passeriformes order), French hens (Faverolles), geese (Anatidae family), goose eggs, partridges (Phasianidae family), pears (Pyrus), swans (Cygnus) and turtledoves (Streptopelia turtur) and potable milk and water: Xavier Romero-Frias, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:XRF_12days.jpg

Number puzzle lady Cora Felton's niece Sherry Carter apparently abstains from her usually abundant baking and cooking. She accomplishes some unspecified dessert during her aunt''s absence. There are no leftovers in the refrigerator, where Cora archives a weeks-old cup of custard pudding for some day when she adheres to less rigid standards of freshness date and product quality. So Cora and Sherry instead appreciate Oreo cookies dunked in milk; Thursday, March 11, 2010, 07:57: Chase Lindberg, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Super_Slow_Motion_Oreo_Dunk_in_Milk.jpg; Chase Lindberg (Chase Lindberg Photography), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/chaselindberg/4425175698/

For further information:

Hall, Parnell. 2019. Lights! Camera! Puzzles! New York NY; London UK: Pegasus Crime.

Hall, Parnell. 2018. The Purloined Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2017. A Puzzle To Be Named Later. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2016. Presumed Puzzled. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2015. Puzzled Indemnity. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2014. NYPD Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2013. Arsenic and Old Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2012. $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2011. The Kenken Killings. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2010. The Puzzle Lady vs. The Sudoku Lady. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2009. Dead Man's Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book for Minotaur Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2008. The Sudoku Puzzle Murders. New York NY: Thomas Dunne Books St. Martin's Minotaur, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2006. You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2005. Stalking the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2004. And a Puzzle to Die On. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2003. With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2002. A Puzzle in a Pear Tree. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2001. Puzzled to Death. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2000. Last Puzzle & Testament. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 1999. A Clue for the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2021. "Tristate Access Adds a Broadway Director to A Puzzle in a Pear Tree." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/tristate-access-adds-broadway-director.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2021. "Attorney Becky Baldwin Maybe Aces New York Lawyers in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/attorney-becky-baldwin-maybe-aces-new.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2021. "Perhaps Fun Night Attendees Ate All Free Desserts in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/perhaps-fun-night-attendees-ate-all.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2021. "New Yorkers Adapt to Less Light and More Parking in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/new-yorkers-adapt-to-less-light-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2021. "Fifteen Million Dollars Avenge Old Wrongs in Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/fifteen-million-dollars-avenge-old.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2021. "Chicken Soup Awes All But Appears Nowhere in Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/chicken-soup-awes-all-but-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2021. "Interstate Highways Add More Hurley Heirs to Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/interstate-highways-add-more-hurley.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Acquaintances Afford A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-acquaintances-afford-clue.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Alcohol Acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-alcohol-acts-as-clue-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2020. "An Actual Bakerhaven Map Never Appears as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/an-actual-bakerhaven-map-never-appears.html

"Puzzle Lady." Parnell Hall.com > Books. Website by Kate Anchev/Outbox Online Design Studio.
Available @ http://parnellhall.com/puzzle-lady/

Manru Opened Feb. 14, 1902, as First Polish Opera Staged at Met Opera

Summary: Manru opened Friday, Feb. 14, 1902, as the first Polish opera staged at Met Opera and, 119 years later, remains the opera house's only Polish opera.

Polish coloratura soprano Marcella Sembrich appeared as Ulana in the United States premiere of Polish composer and pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski's Manru, presented by the Metropolitan Opera in the opera house's 1901-1902 season: The Sembrich @TheSembrich, via Facebook Dec. 10, 2018

Manru opened Friday, Feb. 14, 1902, as the first Polish opera presented by the Metropolitan Opera and remains, 119 years later, as Met Opera's only Polish opera.

The dramma lirico in tre atti (three-act lyrical drama) by Polish composer, pianist and statesman Ignacy Jan Paderewski (Nov. 18, 1860-June 29, 1941) received nine performances, sung in English, in the Metropolitan Opera's 1901-1902 season. Manru is Maestro Paderewski's only opera.

The original Polish libretto was written by Polish artist and writer Alfred Nossig (April 18, 1864-Feb. 22, 1943). Nossig's libretto was based upon Chata za wsią (The Cottage Outside the Village), a folk novel written in 1842 by Polish writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (July 28, 1812-March 19, 1887). American music critic and historian Henry Edward Krehbiel (March 10, 1854–March 20, 1923) translated the original libretto into English.

The United States premiere of Manru took place Friday, Feb. 14, at the Metropolitan Opera. The second performance, Tuesday, Feb. 18, was presented in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The third (Thursday, Feb. 20) and fourth (Saturday, March 8) performances were staged at the Metropolitan Opera. The fifth performance, Saturday, March 15, was offered in Boston, Massachusetts. The Metropolitan Opera was the venue for the sixth performance, Tuesday, March 25. The seventh performance, Saturday, April 5, took place in Chicago, Illinois. The eighth performance, Tuesday, April 15, was given in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The ninth, closing performance, Saturday, April 19, was held at Music Hall in Baltimore, Maryland.

Walter Johannes Damrosch (Jan. 30, 1862-Dec. 22, 1950) conducted all nine performances of Manru. The German-born American conductor and composer had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Feb. 11, 1885, in the opera house's eighth performance of Tannhäuser by German Romantic era composer-librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

Alexander Von Bandrowski (April 22, 1860-May 28, 1913) sang the title role of gypsy Manru in all nine performances. The Austrian-Polish tenor's premiere appearance Friday, Feb. 14, marked his Met Opera debut. The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) notes his ninth, closing appearance (April 19) as his last Met Opera performance.

Marcella Sembrich (Feb. 15, 1858-Jan. 11, 1935) sang lovelorn Ulana in all nine performances. The Polish coloratura soprano had made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, in the title role in the opera house's first season (1883-1884) premiere of Lucia di Lammermoor by Italian opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848).

David Bispham (Jan. 5, 1857-Oct. 2, 1921) appeared in all nine performances as Urok, a dwarf and sorcerer whose magic potion only temporarily reunites Ulana with Manru. The American operatic baritone had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Nov. 18, 1896, as Beckmesser in the opera house's 50th performance of Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

Louise Homer (April 30, 1871-May 6, 1947) sang as Ulana's mother, Hedwig, in all nine performances. The American operatic contralto had made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Nov. 14, 1900, as Amneris in the opera house's 55th performance of Aida by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Fritzi Scheff (Aug. 30, 1879-April 8, 1954) appeared in the first seven performances (Feb. 14, Feb. 18, Feb. 20, March 8, March 15, March 25, April 5) as Asa, the alluring gypsy who beguiles Manru away from Ulana. The Austro-American soprano had made her Met Opera debut Friday, Feb. 14, 1902, as Musetta in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Fritzi Scheff shared the role with Camille Seygard, who sang Asa in the eighth (April 15) and ninth, closing (April 19) performances. The French soprano had made her Met Opera debut Oct. 12, 1901, in the title role in the opera house's 82nd performance of Roméo et Juliette by French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Robert Blass (Oct. 7, 1867-Dec. 3, 1930) sang in all performances as Gypsy fiddler Jogu, whose music recalls Manru to his roving life. The American bass had made his Met Opera debut Tuesday, Nov. 13, 1900, as Hermann in the opera house's 96th performance of Wagner's Tannhäuser.

Adolph Mühlmann (Dec. 26, 1866-April 27, 1938) appeared in all performances as Gypsy chief Oros, who loses his title to Manru but then regains it. The Moldavian Jewish baritone had made his Met Opera debut Nov. 7, 1898, as the Herald in the opera house's 121st performance of Wagner's Lohengrin.

Marie Van Cauteren appeared as a Maiden in the Friday, Feb. 14, premiere, and again in the third (Feb. 20), fourth (March 8) and seventh (April 5) performances. The American soprano had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 26, 1894, as Mercédès in the opera house's 50th performance of Carmen by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875).

The Metropolitan Opera has not performed Manru since the 1901-1902 season's closing performance. Paderewsi's Manru claims unique status as the first and only Polish opera staged by Met Opera and also as the only opera composed by Polish composer, conductor and statesman Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who also served as the third Prime Minister (Jan. 18, 1919-Nov. 27, 1919) of the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska).

The takeaways for Met Opera's hosting Manru's United States premiere Feb. 14, 1902, are that the three-act dramma lirico (lyrical drama) by Polish composer, conductor and statesman Ignacy Jan Paderewski claims uniqueness as the first and only Polish opera staged by the Metropolitan Opera; that Manru is Paderewski's only opera; that Manru received nine performances, sung in English, in its Met Opera premiere season; and that Met Opera has not staged Manru since the opera's ninth performance.

German-born American conductor and composer Walter Damrosch conducted all nine performances of the Metropolitan Opera's United States premiere of Polish composer and pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewsi's Manru; 1908 photograph of Maestro Damrosch by Bain News Service; George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress (LOC) Prints and Photographs Division, Washington DC: No known restrictions, via LOC Prints and Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Polish coloratura soprano Marcella Sembrich appeared as Ulana in the United States premiere of Polish composer and pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski's Manru, presented by the Metropolitan Opera in the opera house's 1901-1902 season: The Sembrich @TheSembrich, via Facebook Dec. 10, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/TheSembrich/photos/a.481908958541300/1939894492742732/

German-born American conductor and composer Walter Damrosch conducted all nine performances of the Metropolitan Opera's United States premiere of Polish composer and pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewsi's Manru; 1908 photograph of Maestro Damrosch by Bain News Service; George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress (LOC) Prints and Photographs Division, Washington DC: No known restrictions, via LOC Prints and Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC) @ https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014681150/

For further information:

Annesley, Charles Annesley. "OperaGlass Synopsis: Alfred Nossig / Ignacy Jan Paderewski Manru." The Standard Operaglass.
Available via Stanford University @ http://opera.stanford.edu/Paderewski/Manru/synopsis.html

Arakelyan, Ashot. "Alexander von Bandrowski (Aleksander Bandrowski-Sas) (Tenor) (Lubaczów, Poland 22. 04. 1860 – Krakow, Poland 28. 05. 1913)." Forgotten Opera Singers. June 17, 2016.
Available @ http://forgottenoperasingers.blogspot.com/2016/06/alexander-von-bandrowski-aleksander.html

"Debut: Alexander Von Bandrowski." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 28960 United States Premiere Manru {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/14/1902.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=28960

"Debut: Camille Seygard, Andrés De Segurola." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 27570 Roméo et Juliette {82} Matinee ed. Toronto, Canada: 10/12/1901.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=27570

"Debut: Fritzi Scheff, Charles Gilibert, Marcel Journet, Aristide Masiero." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 25000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Bohème {1} Lucia di Lammermoor: Mad Scene. Los Angeles, California: 11/9/1900.
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Solar Power, Not Revenge Against Magnum, Acts as Big Payback in Hawaii

Summary: Solar power, not revenge against Magnum by abducting his private investigative partner Higgins Feb. 19, 2021, acts as the big payback in Hawaii.

Sheep at La Ola Solar Farm on Lanai trim grass and weeds in hard-to-reach places under solar panels; March 7, 2011, photo by Merrill Smith, U.S. Department of Energy: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Solar power, not revenge against Magnum by abducting his private investigative partner Higgins on Magnum’s The Big Payback crime action drama television series episode Feb. 19, 2021, acts as actual big payback.

Director Yangzom Brauen and writer David Wolkove perhaps borrow from a same-named James Brown (May 3, 1933-Dec. 25, 2006) album title for Season Three’s ninth episode. The series’ 49th episode overall considers case consequences for private investigator Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez), not the criticized conduct of the South Carolinian singer/songwriter’s female companion. Hawaiians devoted to dazzling, fossil fuel-deprived islands perhaps discern solar power, where mainland Unitedstatesians draw personal or professional revenge, from any declarations dwelling upon big paybacks.

Traditional Hawaiians perhaps envision solar power as an energy source eased into the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries and as expressing both cultural and environmental logic.

Maui, son of ‘Akalana and moon goodess Hinaakeahi, forced heavens and sun upward, away from flattening Earth and Earthlings and for fomenting farmer-friendly, longer, fine-weather days.

State legislation in the twenty-first century guides the 50th state away from fossil fuels absent from, and toward renewable energy sources available on, all Hawaiian islands. The U.S. Energy Information Administration in Washington, D.C., has statistics from August 2019 for electricity sources under coal, geothermal, hydroelectric, other, petroleum, solar and wind headings. U.S. Federal Statistical System information respectively identifies 67.62, 13.12, 7.47, 5.43, 3.23, 2.10 and 1.03 percent from petroleum, coal, other, wind, geothermal, solar and hydroelectric sources.

No one grid joins all the Hawaiian islands together even as Hawaii, Kauai, Lanai, Maui and Oahu journey through such renewable energy sources as solar power.

No utility keeps Kahoolawe (from Hawaiian ka, “the”; ho’o, “causing”; and lawe, “to carry away”) and Niihau (from Hawaiian ni’i, “salt-encrusted” and hau, “cool breeze") electrified.

Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. lights the big namesake island Hawaii (from Hawaiian ha, “breath”; wai, “water”; and ‘i, “supreme”) with its Hawaii Electric Light Company, Inc. It makes Oahu (from Hawaiian o’ahu, “gathering place”), most populous and second-most massive Hawaiian main island, electrically modern with its utility monikered Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. It names Maui Electric Company, Limited its utility for negotiating the power needs of Lanai (from Hawaiian lā, “day” and na’i, “to conquer”), Maui and Molokai.

Kauai Utility Cooperative, outside Hawaiian Electric Industries Inc. and likewise not opposed to solar power, operates on Kauai (from Hawaiian kau, “to place” and a’i, “there”).

The U.S. Energy Information Administration profiled California, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont at $11.43 to $15.93 per kilowatt-hour.

The above-mentioned U.S. Federal Statistical System agency respectively quantified Alaska and Hawaii at $15.94 to $20.45 and at $29.40 to $34.00 for that same year, 2013. Robert Fares, American Association for the Advancement of Science Science and Technology Policy Fellow, reveals geographical isolation resisting resolving excess and intermittent production from rooftop panels. William Giese, Executive Director of Hawaii Solar Energy Association for solar water heating and photovoltaic system industrialists, sees stressed customers, financing and permitting from COVID-strained 2020-2021.

Twelve percent of the total population treasures solar power, teamed with other alternative sources to turn their archipelago into first transmitter of 100 percent renewable energy.

(upper left) "Rick" Wright (Zachary Knighton) and Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez); (upper right) Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) and Kumu (Amy Hill); (lower left) Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez), "Rick" Wright (Zachary Knighton) and "TC" (Stephen Hill); (lower right) HPD Detective Gordon Katsumoto (Tim Kang), "Rick" Wright (Zachary Knighton), "TC" (Stephen Hill) and Thomas Magum (Jay Hernandez) in Magnum P.I.'s Big Payback (season 3 episode 9): Fandom Of Magnum P.I. (CBS) @MagmumPIFandom, via Twitter Feb. 15, 2021

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Sheep at La Ola Solar Farm on Lanai trim grass and weeds in hard-to-reach places under solar panels; March 7, 2011, photo by Merrill Smith, U.S. Department of Energy: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_under_solar_panel.jpg; United States government work, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/departmentofenergy/35502215304/

Fandom Of Magnum P.I. (CBS) @MagmumPIFandom, via Twitter Feb. 15, 2021, @ https://twitter.com/MagmumPIFandom/status/1361499563400433664

For further information:

"The Big Payback." Magnum PI: The Third Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 19, 2021.

Brown, James. February 1974. "The Payback." London, England: Polydor Ltd.

Cooper, Christopher. 2013. Our Sun: Biography of a Star. New York NY: Race Point Publishing.

DeCristofano, Carolyn Cinami. 2018. Running on Sunsine: How Does Solar Energy Work? Let's Read-and-Find-Out Science. New York NY: HarperCollins Publishers.

Ewing, Rex A. 2009. Got Sun? Go Solar. Harness Nature’s Free Energy to Heat and Power Your Grid-Tied Home. Expanded 2nd Edition. Masonville CO: PixyJack Press, Inc.

Fandom Of Magnum P.I. (CBS) @MagmumPIFandom· "Magnum P.I. 3x09 Promotional Photos Part 1 'The Big Payback'." Twitter. Feb. 15, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MagmumPIFandom/status/1361499563400433664

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Available @ http://www.hsea.org/_blog/HSEA_Blog/post/MarchApril2020ImpactReport/

Hawaii Energy Facts & Figures. Honolulu HI: Hawaii State Energy Office, State of Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism, May 2017.
Available @ http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2018/ph241/toner1/docs/hawaii-may17.pdf

“Hawaii Solar.” Solar Energy Industries Association. Data Current Through: Q4 2020. Copyright 2021.
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Hawaii Solar Energy Association. Copyright 2012.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 13 February 2021. "Alae'ula Hawaiian Moorhens Add up to Magnum's Someone to Watch Over Me." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/alaeula-hawaiian-moorhens-add-up-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 February 2021. "Huakai Po Nightmarchers Act Unlike Magnum's Killer on the Midnight Shift." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/huakai-po-nightmarchers-act-unlike.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2021. "Aumakua Omaomao Hawaiian Moths Actualize Magnum's Tell No One." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/aumakua-omaomao-hawaiian-moths.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 January 2021. "Yellow-Bellied Sea Snakes Ape a Bit Magnum's Day Danger Walked In." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/yellow-bellied-sea-snakes-ape-bit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 January 2021. "Coconut Oil Arms Hawaiian Martial Arts for Magnum's First the Beatdown." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/coconut-oil-arms-hawaiian-martial-arts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 January 2021. "Kokio Keokeo Oahu White Hibiscus Allies Magnum's Bad Day and Farewell." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/kokio-keokeo-oahu-white-hibiscus-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2020. "Barking Sands Beach and Magnum's No Way Out Sometimes Are Under Attack." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/barking-sands-beach-and-magnums-no-way.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2020. "Kiawe Trees Perhaps Ally Magnum's Easy Money With the Niihau Incident." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/kiawe-trees-perhaps-ally-magnums-easy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 December 2020. "Ohelo Ai Hawaiian Blueberries Are Iconic for Magnum's Double Jeopardy." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/ohelo-ai-hawaiian-blueberries-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2020. "Lahaina Banyan Figs Are Not on Magnum's The Day It All Came Together." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lahaina-banyan-figs-are-not-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 November 2020. "Lauwiliwili Lemon Butterflyfish Attend Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lauwiliwili-lemon-butterflyfish-attend.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2020. "Inamona Hawaiian Salted Nut Sauce Actuates Magnum’s Day of the Viper." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/inamona-hawaiian-salted-nut-sauce.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 August 2020. "Kawailoa Activities Antedate Magnum’s Winner Takes All Jan. 20, 2019." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/kawailoa-activities-antedate-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2020. "Konane Assuages, Like Chess on Magnum's Blood in the Water." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/konane-assuages-like-chess-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2020. "Uhi Hawaiian Tattoos Acquit Magnum’s The Woman Who Never Died." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/uhi-hawaiian-tattoos-acquit-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2020. "Hinahina Beach Heliotrope Abhors Bombs on Magnum’s Nowhere to Hide." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/hinahina-beach-heliotrope-abhors-bombs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 August 2020. "Lapis on Magnum’s Six Paintings Acts Like Silver on The Night Has Eyes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/lapis-on-magnums-six-paintings-acts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 May 2020. "'Uki'uki Hawaiian Lilies Aid Memory on Magnum PI's The Ties That Bind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ukiuki-hawaiian-lilies-aid-memory-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2020. "Orange Tabby Cats Act Like and Unlike Magnum's A Leopard on the Prowl." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/orange-tabby-cats-act-like-and-unlike.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 May 2020. "Mahoe Tree Fruits Are Sweet As Pies on Magnum's May the Best One Win." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/mahoe-tree-fruits-are-sweet-as-pies-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2020. "Pioeoe Purple Rock Barnacles Age Ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/pioeoe-purple-rock-barnacles-age-ships.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2020. "Wahiawa Botanical Garden Awes As Magnum's A World of Trouble Alarms." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/wahiawa-botanical-garden-awes-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2020. "Mamaki Tea, Not Coffee on Magnum's The Night Has Eyes, Aids Alertness." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mamaki-tea-not-coffee-on-magnums-night.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2020. "Tiger Mosquitoes Annoy Magnum's Death Is Only Temporary and Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tiger-mosquitoes-annoy-magnums-death-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2020. "Maui's Fishhook Manaiakalani Arrived After Magnum's Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mauis-fishhook-manaiakalani-arrived.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2020. "Olive Ridley Sea Turtles Are Helped by Magnum’s Murder Is Never Quiet." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/olive-ridley-sea-turtles-are-helped-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2020. "Kamehameha Butterflies Perhaps Are on Magnum's Say Hello to Your Past." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kamehameha-butterflies-perhaps-are-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2020. "Hawaiian House Mice Are Not Playing Magnum's A Game of Cat and Mouse." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-house-mice-are-not-playing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2020. "Iliahi Forest Sandalwood Aims at What Magnum's Black Is the Widow Aims." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iliahi-forest-sandalwood-aims-at-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2020. "Beach Naupaka Are Security Hedges for Magnum's Mondays Are For Murder." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/beach-naupaka-are-security-hedges-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2020. "Hoi Hawaiian Bitter Yams Are Symbols for Magnum's Desperate Measures." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hoi-hawaiian-bitter-yams-are-symbols.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Devil Dodder Abides Around Magnum's Day I Met the Devil." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-devil-dodder-abides-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Red Algae Affirm Aspects of Magnum's Blood Brothers." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-red-algae-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2019. "Ka'upu Black-Footed Albatrosses Avert Magnum's A Bullet Named Fate." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/kaupu-black-footed-albatrosses-avert.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2019. "Maiapilo Hawaiian Capers Are Absent From Magnum's He Came by Night." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/maiapilo-hawaiian-capers-are-absent.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2019. "Lama Hawaiian Ebony Persimmon Augurs Magnum's Man in the Secret Room." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/lama-hawaiian-ebony-persimmon-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2019. "Akohekohe Honeycreepers Attack Like Magnum PI's Knight Lasts Forever." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/akohekohe-honeycreepers-attack-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2019. "Hawaiian Quilts Are More Cryptic Than Magnum PI's Honor Among Thieves." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-quilts-are-more-cryptic-than.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2019. "Ti Tree Root Okolehao Applies To Magnum PI's Payback Is For Beginners." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ti-tree-root-okolehao-applies-to-magnum.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2019. "Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Air a Killer on Magnum's A Kiss Before Dying." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/yellow-fever-mosquitoes-air-killer-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2019. "Hawaii Mamo Feathers Are Like Gold Necklaces on Magnum’s Die He Said." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/hawaii-mamo-feathers-are-like-gold.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2019. "Koloa Maoli Hawaiian Ducks Are One Duck Less on Magnum's Sudden Death." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/koloa-maoli-hawaiian-ducks-are-one-duck.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2019. "Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/makou-hawaiian-buttercups-add-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2018. "Makiawa Hawaiian Sardines Appease Magnum PI's The Cat Who Cried Wolf." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/makiawa-hawaiian-sardines-appease.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2018. "Hawaiian Dolphinfish Mahi-Mahi Abide by Magnum PI's From the Head Down." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-dolphinfish-mahi-mahi-abide-by.html