Earth and Space News

Saturday, April 6, 2013

White Darjeeling Tea Abates Broken Hearts on Elementary's Snow Angels

Summary: White Darjeeling tea, from Chinese not Assam tea plants, allows broken hearts to aspire to other achievements on Elementary's Snow Angels April 4, 2013.

organic white Darjeeling tea leaves; delicate aroma, pale golden brew and mellow sweetness characterize Darjeeling's white variant; Monday, May 30, 2011: Benoy (Benoy Thapa), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

India's white Darjeeling tea never authentically arises from India's Assam tea plants and, on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Snow Angels April 4, 2013, assuages an autodidact attractive to self-absorbed men.

Director Andrew Bernstein and writer Jason Tracey bolster Season One's 19th episode with Ms. Hudson (Candis Cayne), self-taught in ancient Greek texts and in bad boyfriends. Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) correlates Mrs Hudson's linguistic competence with an Oxford University degree in ancient Greek and her romantic choices with crisis-challenged powerful men. He describes a designer desperate for dazzling designs and a novelist daunted by dreamed masterpieces before Ms. Hudson's depressing, year-long dalliance with Davis Renkin (Howard McGillin).

Ms. Hudson elects to enjoy white Darjeeling tea when Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) enigmatically endeavors, with enervating coffee, to entice her away from emotionally exhausting experiences.

Ms. Hudson facilitates information flow by fashioning the Holmes library from the north wall's hard sciences "clockwise around the room in descending order of academic rigor."

Perhaps white Darjeeling tea gets Ms. Hudson to gather herself together and guard against giving in to going back to Davis, her self-gratifying 3T Enterprises guy. That "I have a touch of OCD [obsessive compulsive disorder]. Seems to flare up after a breakup" perhaps heads Ms. Hudson into white Darjeeling tea autodidactism. It perhaps impels her instituting two- to three-minute steeping times for white Darjeeling tea buds and leaves in water at 175 degrees Fahrenheit (79.44 degrees Celsius).

White Darjeeling tea juggles low caffeine content and high anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant (against free radicals with uneven-paired electrons), cell-protective, molecule-protective, pro-cardiovascular catechin and other polyphenol presences.

Fresh, new, tip-topmost young leaf duos with unopened leaf buds and numerous fine white hairs for frying or steaming and soft-heat drying kindle white Darjeeling tea.

Honey-fragranced white Darjeeling tea lodges apricot, citrus, honeysuckle and nutty muscatel flavors from first-flush harvesting late February through early March and second-flush late May to June. It manages 121.7-inch (309.2-centimeter) average annual rainfall at 2,460.63- to 6,561.68-foot (750- to 2,000-meter) elevations at 45 to 58.8 degrees Fahrenheit (8.9 to 14.9 degrees Celsius). Eighty-seven Tea Board of India-named producers of 19,841,603.6-plus pounds (9-plus million kilograms) of black, green, oolong and white Darjeeling tea types on 43,243.44-plus acres (17,500 hectares).

Aloobari, Ambiok, Ambootia, Arya, Avongrove, Badamtam, Balasun, Bannockburn, Barnesberg, Castleton, Chamong, Chontong/Sirisi, Dhajea, Dilaram, Dooteriah and 72 other tea estates and tea gardens offer Darjeeling tea.

Edenvale, Giddapahar, Gielle, Ging, Glenburn, Goomtee, Gopaldhara, Gyabaree & Millikthong, Happy Valley, Jogmaya, Jungpana, Kalej Valley, Kumai/Snowview, Lingia, Liza Hill, Longview, Lopchu, Mahalderam and Makaibari participate.

Margaret's Hope, Marybong, Mim, Mission Hill, Mohan Majhua, Monteviot, Moondakotee, Mullootar, Nagri, Nagri Farm, Namring, Narbada Majhua, North Tukvar, Nurbong, Oaks, Okayti and Orange Valley qualify. Pandam, Pashok, Phoobsering, Phuguri, Poobong, Pussimbing/Minzoo, Puttabong, Rangaroon, Ringtong, Risheehat, Rohini, Runglee Rungliot, Rungmook Cedars, Rungneet, Samabeong, Seeyok, Selimbong, Selim Hill, Sepoydhoorah and Shree Dwarika rate. Singbulli, Singell, Singtom, Sivitar, Snowview/Kumai, Soom, Sourenee, Springside, Steinthal, Sungma, Teesta Valley, Thurbo, Tindharia, Tukdah, Tukvar, Tumsong, Turzum and Upper Fagu share sanctioned Darjeeling tea status.

Ms. Hudson perhaps autodidactically, compulsively, obsessively thanks Archibald Campbell (April 20, 1805-Nov. 5, 1874), at Beechwood, Darjeeling Hills, in 1841, for the first Darjeeling tea seeds.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) ponders a map of Manhattan with police checkpoints and road closures marked with his padlock collection and (not shown) Clyde the tortoise representing an ambulance loaded with $33 million from East Rutherford Operations Center (EROC) in CBS Elementary's Snow Angels (season 1 episode 19): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook April 3, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 3 April 2013. “Could this case leave Sherlock Holmes in the cold? Like if you'll be tuning into a new Elementary tomorrow! http://bit.ly/YSGUvD.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/236626116462507

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 March 2013. "Paganini 24 Caprices Affix Blame on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/paganini-24-caprices-affix-blame-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2013. "New England Cottontails Perhaps Adapt to Hats on Elementary's Details." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/new-england-cottontails-perhaps-adapt.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 February 2013. "Bennu Herons Perhaps Avert Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/bennu-herons-perhaps-avert-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2013. "Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/frankincense-tree-essential-oils-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2013. "Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-red-whiskered-bulbuls-smuggled-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"Snow Angels." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 4, 2013.

Wednesday, April 3, 2013

Wiener Crater Parents Four Satellites on Lunar Far Side

Summary: Wiener Crater parents four satellites on the lunar far side, north of the northwestern quadrant’s Mare Moscoviense.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 31 shows Wiener Crater, with its four satellites (F, H, K, Q) and its craters’ nearest named neighbors, on the lunar far side; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Wiener Crater parents four satellites on the lunar far side, north of Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Muscovy) in the northwestern quadrant.

The primary crater is centered at 40.9 degrees north latitude, 146.51 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 42.77 degrees north and 39.03 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 148.99 degrees east and 144.04 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Crater has a diameter of 113.39 kilometers.

The Wiener Crater system comprises four satellites. Three satellites (F, K, Q) are in contact with their parent. Although Wiener H shares no borders with its parent, it adjoins Wiener K.

Wiener F occurs as the most easterly of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites. The tilted crater resides on its parent’s eastern rim.

Wiener F is centered at 41.19 degrees north latitude, 149.97 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 41.96 degrees north and 40.43 degrees north, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 150.82 degrees east and 149.11 degrees east, respectively. Wiener F's diameter measures 44.92 kilometers.

Wiener H lies to the south of Wiener F and to the east of its parent. H is the only one of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites that does not make contact with its parent. Instead, Wiener H intrudes into Wiener K.

Wiener H is centered at 39.72 degrees north latitude, 149.88 degrees east longitude. H confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 40.01 degrees north and 39.43 degrees north, respectively. It finds easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 150.26 degrees east and 149.5 degrees east, respectively. Wiener H’s diameter of 17.74 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites.

Wiener K’s placement along its parent’s south-southeastern rim qualifies it as the Wiener Crater system’s most southerly satellite. About half of K underlies its parent’s rim.

Wiener K is centered at 39.26 degrees north latitude, 147.96 degrees east longitude. The worn satellite marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 40.82 degrees north and 37.7 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 149.97 degrees east and 145.94 degrees east, respectively. Wiener K’s diameter of 94.51 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites.

Wiener Q snuggles along its parent’s southwestern rim. Its placement qualifies it as the most westerly of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites.

Wiener Q is centered at 39.27 degrees north latitude, 144.97 degrees east longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 39.75 degrees north and 38.79 degrees north, respectively. Q registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 145.56 degrees east and 144.37 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Q has a diameter of 30.74 kilometers.

The middle-latitude Wiener Crater system resides near the northern edges of Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Muscovy). Mare Moscoviense numbers among “. . . the few maria found on the lunar far side,” according to the June 15, 2010, posting about Mare Moscoviense on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA)’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission webpages. “Although there are just as many impact basins on the lunar far side as the near, the extensive lunar volcanism seen on the near side is lacking on the far side of the Moon,” the post explains. (The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been orbiting the moon since June 23, 2009.)

Mare Moscoviense is centered at 27.28 degrees north latitude, 148.12 degrees east longitude. The dark, basaltic plain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 31.5 degrees north and 22.95 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 153.26 degrees east and 143.41 degrees east, respectively. Mare Moscoviense’s length spans 275.57 kilometers.

The takeaways for Wiener Crater’s parentage of four satellites on the lunar far side are that three satellites (F, K, Q) make contact with their parent; that Wiener H, the smallest of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites, only touches Wiener K; and that the Wiener Crater system lies near the northern edges of Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Muscovy), which numbers as one of only a few far side maria.

Detail of oblique, westward view, obtained in 1967 by Lunar 5 mission, shows Wiener F Crater; vertical rows in center are blemishes on original images; NASA IDs 5103 H2, 5103 H3: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Campbell.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/990

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Kurchatov.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3165

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Moscoviense.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3682

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Von Neumann.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6442

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6544

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13891

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13892

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13893

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener Q.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13894

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Jenner, Lynn, page ed. “Mare Moscoviense.” NASA > Mission Pages > Lunar Renaissance Orbiter (LRO) > Multimedia. June 15, 2010.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100615_moscoviense.html

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Wiener Crater Honors American Mathematician Norbert Wiener.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 27, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/wiener-crater-honors-american.html

The Moon Wiki. “Campbell.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Campbell

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Kurchatov.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > K Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Kurchatov

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Moscoviense.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Moscoviense

The Moon Wiki. “Von Neumann.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > V Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Von_Neumann

The Moon Wiki. “Wiener.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > W Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Wiener

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Wednesday, March 27, 2013

Wiener Crater Honors American Mathematician Norbert Wiener

Summary: The lunar far side’s Wiener Crater honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener, whose contributions include extensively theorizing cybernetics.

Detail of oblique, westward view, obtained in 1967 by Lunar 5 mission, shows lunar far side's Wiener Crater; NASA ID 5124: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

The lunar far side’s Wiener Crater honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener, who is credited with extensively theorizing cybernetics as a transdisciplinary study of communication and control in interrelationships among animals, humans and machines.

Wiener Crater is a lunar impact crater in the far side’s northwestern quadrant. The crater’s interior floor hosts a central peak structure comprising a cluster of small ridges. Small craterlets pock the interior floor.

Wiener Crater is centered at 40.9 degrees north latitude, 146.51 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 42.77 degrees north and 39.03 degrees north, respectively. The middle latitude crater records easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 148.99 degrees east and 144.04 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Crater’s diameter measures 113.39 kilometers.

Wiener Crater parents four satellites. Three satellites (F, K, Q) touch their parent. Wiener H associates with Wiener K.

Pawsey Crater is Wiener Crater’s nearest named, non-Wiener Crater system neighbor. The worn crater resides as Wiener Crater’s north-northwestern neighbor and buddies with its neighbor’s northern outer ramparts.

Pawsey is centered at 44.24 degrees south latitude, 145.29 degrees east longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 45.23 degrees north and 43.25 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 146.67 degrees east and 143.91 degrees east, respectively. Pawsey Crater has a diameter of 59.98 kilometers.

The Wiener Crater system honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener (Nov. 26, 1894-March 18, 1964). The International Astronomical Union approved Wiener as the primary crater’s official name in 1970 during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, held Friday, Aug. 14, to Thursday, Aug. 20, in Brighton, United Kingdom. Prior to its official naming, Wiener was designated as Crater 56. The system’s three satellites received their official designations in 2006.

In his biography of Norbert Wiener, published in the 1992 issue of the National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs, American mathematician and quantum mechanics theorist Irving Ezra Segal (Sept. 13, 1918-Aug. 30, 1998) recognized Wiener as one of the 20th century’s “most original mathematicians and influential scientists” (page 389). Segal acknowledged the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor’s unified approach, in which Wiener found applications for his mathematical investigations in other fields, such as biology and engineering.

Wiener’s formulation of cybernetics represented the pure and applied mathematical theorist’s ultimate synthesis of a multiplicity of disciplines, including biology, computer science, engineering, mathematics, neuroscience, philosophy, physiology, psychology and sociology. He introduced cybernetics as a neologism (Ancient Greek: νέος, néos, “new” + λόγος, lógos, “word”) in Cybernetics; Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, which he published via the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press in 1948.

In an article in the November 1948 issue of Scientific American, Wiener briefly explained the new field introduced in his 1948 publication. He derived his new English word from the Greek word for “steersman” (κῠβερνήτης, kubernḗtēs).

Wiener also noted the corruption of the Greek word into Latin as gubernator, translated into English as helmsman, pilot, leader or governor. He explained the lengthy use of governor as the designation for certain velocity control mechanisms and specifically referenced the “brilliant study,” entitled On Governors, published in 1868 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell (June 13, 1831-Nov. 5, 1879).

Wiener described the new field of cybernetics as a combination of the human context’s thinking with engineering’s control and communication. He identified the new field aims as discerning the functional commonalities in the human nervous system and automatic machines and theorizing, in entirety, control and communications in living organisms and machines.

Wiener traced the roots of his involvement in the new field to a collaboration during World War II (Sept 1, 1939-Sept. 2, 1945) with American computer pioneer Julian Himely Bigelow (March 19, 1913-Feb. 17, 2003) and Mexican physician Arturo Rosenblueth Stearns (Dec. 2, 1900-Sept. 20, 1970). The trio realized the importance of feedback in voluntary activities while theorizing a prediction outcome for the future position of a tracked airplane via a fire-control apparatus for anti-aircraft artillery. Their analyses revealed the criticality of applying the feedback principle to the gun’s and plane’s human operators as well as to the apparatus in order to achieve the problem’s solution.

The takeaways for Wiener Crater, which honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener, are that the impact crater occupies the lunar far side’s northwestern quadrant; that Wiener Crater parents four satellites; and that the lunar crater’s namesake is credited with extensively theorizing cybernetics as the transdisciplinary study of communication and control in living organisms and machines.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Wiener Crater on the moon’s far side: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of oblique, westward view, obtained in 1967 by Lunar 5 mission, shows lunar far side's Wiener Crater; NASA ID 5124: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richardson_crater_AS14-71-9852.jpg

Ampère, André-Marie. “3. Cybernétique.” Essai Sur la Philosophie des Sciences, ou, Exposition Analytique d’Une Classification Naturelle de Toutes les Connaissances Humaines. Seconde Partie: 140-141. Paris [France]: Bachelier, 1843.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31970009258499?urlappend=%3Bseq=238

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Bowker, David E.; and J. Kenrick Hughes. “Photo No. IV-139-H1 Plate 84.” Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon. Prepared by Langley Research Center. NASA SP-206. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730005152
Available via Universities Space Research Association’s (USRA) Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/book/lopam.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Galison, Peter. “The Ontology of the Enemy: Norbert Wiener and the Cybernetic Vision.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 21, no. 1 (Autumn 1994): 228-266.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343893

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Pawsey.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4622

Johnson, Barnabas D. “Skill in navigation [αρετης κυβερνητικης, aretes kybernetikes].” The Cybernetics of Society: The Governance of Self and Civilization.
Available via Jurlandia @ https://jurlandia.org/cybsoc/

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Maxwell Crater Honors Scottish Mathematical Physicist James Maxwell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 13, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/maxwell-crater-honors-scottish.html

Maxwell, James Clerk. “I. On Governors.” Proceedings of The Royal Society of London. From June 6, 1867, to June 18, 1868, inclusive. Vol. XVI (March 5, 1868): 270-283. London, England: Taylor and Francis, MDCCCLXVIII (1868).
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4840418?urlappend=%3Bseq=288
Available via The Royal Society Publishing @ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspl.1867.0055

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Pawsey.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > P Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Pawsey

The Moon Wiki. “Wiener.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > W Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Wiener

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

Plato. “Skill in navigation.” Alcibiades I: 135. In: B. (Benjamin) Jowett, The Dialogues of Plato. Translated Into English With Analyses and Introductions. New York NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1911.
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Rosenblueth, Arturo; Norbert Wiener; and Julian Bigelow. “Behavior, Purpose and Teleology.” Philosophy of Science, vol. 10, no. 1 (January 1943): 18-24.
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Segal, Irving Ezra. “Norbert Wiener November 26, 1894-March 18, 1964.” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs, vol. 61 (1992): 389-437.
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Wiener, Norbert. “Cybernetics.” Scientific American, vol. 179, no. 5 (November 1948): 14-19.
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Wiener, Norbert. Cybernetics; Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1948.

Wiener, Norbert. The Human Use of Human Beings; Cybernetics and Society. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

Wednesday, March 20, 2013

Einstein A Crater Lies as Young Crater in the Center of Einstein Crater

Summary: Einstein A Crater lies as young crater in the center of Einstein Crater, a primary crater parenting three satellites on the lunar far side.

Image shows satellite Einstein A as a mid-interior floor occupant of its parent, Einstein Crater: courtesy NASA / Goddard, via NASA

Einstein A Crater lies as a young crater in the center of Einstein Crater, an impact-battered lunar impact crater credited with three satellites on the lunar far side.

Satellite Einstein A is situated in the center of its parent’s interior floor. Anglo-Australian astronomer David A. Allen described Einstein A in the 1966-1967 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association. He noted its position as a “. . . prominent central crater . . .” and described the primary crater’s interior satellite as a “. . . magnificent object . . .” (page 252).

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) profiled Einstein A and Einstein Crater for the space agency’s online mission pages on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). An image feature, “Einstein and Einstein A: A Study in Crater Morphology,” posted May 14, 2010, considered the satellite and its primary crater as revelatory of “. . . the relative age and shape of an impact crater.”

NASA described Einstein as “. . . a fairly large crater that spans 198 km across.” Age cannot be determined, however, from “. . . size alone . . .”

Einstein A’s placement “. . . squarely in the middle of the floor of Einstein” indicates the satellite’s youthfulness. Also, the “. . . frequency and distribution of impact craters overprinted on its rim and floor” inform a crater’s relative age. The smaller number of impacts sustained by younger craters allows for their retention of their “original morphology.”

A comparison of the structures of Einstein A and Einstein Crater reveals Einstein A as “. . . a relatively young crater as compared to Einstein . . .” Smaller impacts over time have yielded a “somewhat degraded” reshaping of Einstein Crater’s original structure. Retention of its original structure attests to Einstein A’s relative youth with respect to its parent. Einstein A presents a raised rim and also exhibits an ejecta blanket.

David Allen’s paper in the 1966-1967 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association credited English amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore (March 4, 1923-Dec. 9, 2012) with the first sighting of Einstein Crater and central, interior satellite Einstein A. Sir Patrick first saw Einstein and Einstein A via a 3-inch (7.5-centimeter) refractor in 1939.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted Einstein as the primary crater’s official name in 1964. Approval was granted during the organization’s XIIth (12th) General Assembly, held in Hamburg, Germany, from Tuesday, Aug. 25, to Thursday, Sept. 3. The crater is named after German American physicist Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955). The designations of Einstein A, Einstein R and Einsten S for the Einstein Crater system’s three satellites were approved in 2006.

Prior to its official naming, the crater system was known as Caramuel. In a paper published in the 1964-1965 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Sir Patrick noted confusing misnomers involving Einstein Crater. He attributed the name of Caramuel to Welsh-born astronomer and engineer Hugh Percy Wilkins (Dec. 4, 1896-Jan. 23, 1960). Wilkins, however, intended the name for “. . . a different formation” (page 142). Wilkins’ Caramuel actually has turned out to reference satellite Simpelius D, according to David Allen’s 1966-1967 paper (page 255).

Allen noted the paucity of “professional photographs” of Einstein Crater and Einstein A. He indicated, however, that Soviet lunar probe Zond 3 obtained photographs of the area. The large convex mound that hosts Einstein A stands out as “. . . one of the brightest spots in the region” (page 252).

Launched July 18, 1965, from southern Kazakhstan’s Baikonur Cosmodrome, Zond 3 made a lunar flyby on July 20. For 68 minutes, the spacecraft took 25 “very good quality” photographs of the lunar far side from distances of 11,570 to 9,960 kilometers, according to David R. Williams’ profile of Zond 3 on NASA’s National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) website.

The takeaways for Einstein A Crater as a young crater in the center of Einstein A are that the Einstein Crater system’s interior satellite reveals its youthfulness through retention of its original structure and its location in the middle of its parent’s interior floor; that English amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore is credited with Einstein Crater’s first sighting, which took place in 1939; and that photographs obtained July 1965 by Soviet lunar probe Zond 3 reveal the mound on which satellite Einstein A resides as one of the region’s brightest places.

“First Detailed View of Orientale Basin” shows Einstein Crater with interior satellite Einstein A as bullseye crater west of Oceanus Procellarum; photo obtained May 25, 1967, at 05:33:34 Greenwich Mean Time, by NASA-Boeing Lunar Orbiter IV, from altitude of 2,721 kilometers; The Boeing Company, Lunar Orbiter IV Photographic Mission Summary (1968), frontispiece: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Image shows satellite Einstein A as a mid-interior floor occupant of its parent, Einstein Crater: courtesy NASA / Goddard, via NASA @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100514-einstein.html

Allen, D. (David) A. “The Lunar Crater Caramuel.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 76, no. 4 (Session 1966-67): 248-255.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/JBAA./0076//0000248.000.html

Allen, D. (David) A.; and C.J. Andrews. “The Last Word on Einstein (Caramuel).” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 79, no. 4 (Session 1968-1969): 288-290.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969JBAA...79..288A
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1969JBAA...79..288A

The Boeing Company. Lunar Orbiter IV: Photographic Mission Summary. Prepared by The Boeing Company, Seattle, Wash., for Langley Research Center. NASA Contractor Report NASA CR-1054.Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, June 1968.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680017342.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

Jenner, Lynn, page ed. “Einstein and Einstein A: A Study in Crater Morphology.” NASA > Missions > Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) > Multimedia. May 14, 2010.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100514-einstein.html

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Malin, David. “Obituary: David Allen (1946-1994).” The Observatory, vol. 114, no. 1122 (October 1994): 250-252.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Obs...114..250M
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1994Obs...114..250M

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Honors German American Physicist Albert Einstein.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-honors-german-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Parents Three Satellites On Near Side’s Western Limb.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 13, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-parents-three.html

Moore, Patrick. “The Lunar Crater Caramuel.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 75, no. 3 (Session 1964-65): 140-144.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/JBAA./0075//0000142.000.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Monday, March 18, 2013

Paganini 24 Caprices Affix Blame on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again

Summary: The Paganini 24 Caprices allow a consulting detective to ascertain whom to arrest as a ladykiller on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again March 14, 2013.

pencil portrait of violinist Niccolò Paganini, drawn in 1819 by French neoclassical painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (Aug. 29, 1780-Jan. 14, 1867); Louvre Museum, Paris, France: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Paganini 24 Caprices affirm a violinist's abilities even as they assert his astuteness about a ladykiller on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Déjà Vu All Over Again March 14, 2013.

Director Jerry Levine and writer Brian Rodenbeck bring into the first season's 18th episode a busker who breaks off in mid-performance before a subway platform audience. Season One's second episode, While You Were Sleeping, Oct. 4, 2012, concludes with Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) closing cases and celebrating with classical violin compositions. Sherlock displays musical and deductive discernment through Johann Sebastian Bach's (March 31, 1685-July 28, 1750) Chaconne and Niccolò Paganini's (Oct. 27, 1782-May 27, 1840) 24 Caprices.

The Bach Chaconne and the Paganini 24 Caprices respectively expose Sherlock's expertise in effecting exquisitely exact performances and evidencing an eidetic memory of the original manuscripts.

The "bowing, fingering, double-stop trills" furnish Sherlock with the fiddled piece, as the Paganini 11th caprice, before Vivian Tully (Penny McNamee) falls from the subway platform.

Sherlock grasps, from recorded images that Anson Samuels (Jim True-Frost) gives him, that Thaddeus (Andre Royo) "stops halfway through the andante, doesn't even touch the presto." Niccolò Paganini's (from Greek νίκη, "victory" and λαός, "people" and Italian paganini, "little pagans") original manuscript herds the Paganini 24 Caprices into three equal-time, unequal-size parts. The original Paganini Opus 1 manuscript identifies Parts I, II and II as respectively including caprices 1 through 6, 7 through 12 and 13 through 24.

The 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices (from Italian capriccio, "fright") joins physical evidence against a ladykiller whose journey over subway platforms jars Thaddeus' musical judgment.

Each one of the Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin (from Italian 24 Capricci per violino solo) kindles knowledge of virtuoso (from Latin virtuōsus, "skillful") techniques.

The Paganini 24 Caprices list two numbers for violin solos in C major: capriccio no 11 in do maggiore and capriccio no 18 in do maggiore. Caprice no 18 in C major memorializes the master violinist whose father, a poor Genoese shopkeeper, managed his son's mastering the mandolin and other stringed instruments. Perhaps childhood poverty nudged the master bassoonist, cellist, guitarist, mandolinist, violinist and violist toward nursing his four gut-made strings all the way to the last G-string.

Only the 18th, not the 11th, of the Paganini 24 Caprices offered opportunities for operating with four, then three, then two, then one old, overworn strings.

The 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices presents .70-gauge E-strings twisted 45 degrees, .88-gauge A-strings and .116-gauge D-strings twisted 80 degrees and A-strings silver-wired as G-strings.

The 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices queues up all four strings onto its quintessentially quieter andante (literally "going [slowly]") and quicker presto (literally "nimble") sections. Flexibly long fingers, large hands and supple joints realize the 11th's notation and tempo ("time") ranges and the 18th's running through three of four worn-out strings. The 11th snails or, never swifter than the 18th's corrente ("running") and allegro ("joyous") sections, speeds through left-handed plucking and right-handed bowing all or several strings.

Perhaps the 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices thins subway-platform tips less than the 18th, whose traditional treatment trims all but one tired string on stage.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) separately investigate cases that end up being solved as one case in CBS Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again (season 1 episode 18): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook March 12, 2013, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/231371710321281

For further information:

"Déjà Vu All Over Again." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, March 14, 2013.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 12 March 2013. “Watson's branching out but how will she solve this mystery from behind bars? Watch Clip: http://bit.ly/ZFHzAM.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/231371710321281

Ewen, David, comp. and ed. 1966. "Niccolò Paganini 1782-1840." Great Composers 1300-1900: 280-282. New York NY: The H.W. Wilson Company.

Visser, Esther. "The Strings of Paganini: Essay on the Use of Gut Strings in the Early Romantic Era - An Interview with Mimmo Peruffo." Formation Superieure Abbay aux Dames, 2005-2007.
Available @ https://www.esthervisser.com/resources/The-Strings-of-Paganini.pdf

"While You Were Sleeping." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures, Oct. 4, 2012.