Earth and Space News

Monday, May 4, 2020

Maria Stuarda Was To Be the May 9, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast

Summary: Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda was to be the May 9, 2020, Met Opera Saturday broadcast, airing as 23rd in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

Ten days away from opening night, New Year’s Eve, Monday, Dec. 31, 2012, for the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda, with David McVicar (left) as production director and Maurizio Benini (right) as conductor: Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Dec. 21, 2012

Gaetano Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda was to be the May 9, 2020, Met Opera Saturday broadcast, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) and closing the 2019-2020 Met Opera season of Saturday matinee broadcasts as the 23rd and last of the season’s 23 radio matinees.

Nineteenth-century Italian bel canto opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848) set his musical score for Maria Stuarda to an Italian libretto by Italian magistrate and writer Giuseppe Bardari (May 27, 1817-Sept. 22, 1861). The libretto’s literary source was Maria Stuarda, a play published in 1829 by Italian librettist and poet Andrea Maffei (April 19, 1798-Nov. 27, 1885).

Maffei’s Maria Stuarda was an Italian translation of Maria Stuart, a five-act verse play by German polymathic philosopher, physician, playwright and poet Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (Nov. 10, 1759-May 9, 1805). Schiller’s Maria Stuart premiered June 14, 1800, at central Germany’s Weimarer Hoftheater.

After dress rehearsals for Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda, Ferdinando II of the Two Sicilies (Jan. 12, 1810-May 22, 1859) banned the opera’s performance. Donizetti recruited Italian librettist Pietro Salatino (1817-1861) for extensive revisions to Bardari’s libretto, including an action reset to 15th century Florence. The revised opera premiered Oct. 18, 1834, under the new title of Buondelmonte, at Teatro di San Carlo in Naples, the regional capital of Campania in Southern Italy.

French mezzo-soprano Maria Felicia Malibran (March 24, 1808-Sept. 23, 1836) intervened to arrange for the premiere of Donizetti’s original opera, Maria Stuarda. With Malibran in the title role, Maria Stuarda premiered Dec. 30, 1835, at Teatro alla Scala, the prestigious opera house located in north central Italy’s fashionable metropolis of Milan.

Maria Stuarda received its Metropolitan Opera premiere Dec. 31, 2012, for the opera house’s New Year’s Eve Gala. The opera received eight performances in the 2012-2013 Met Opera season.

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda receives six performances. The season’s first performance took place Sunday, April 19, at 3 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). Three additional performances were offered in April: Thursday, April 23, at 7:30 p.m.; Monday, April 27, at 7:30 p.m.; and Thursday, April 30, at 7:30 p.m.

The production’s last two performances are scheduled for May. The month’s first performance takes place Sunday, May 3, at 3 p.m. The Saturday matinee broadcast, May 9, starting at 1 p.m., closes the season’s performances of Maria Stuarda.

Update: The Metropolitan Opera announced via Facebook Thursday, March 12, 2020, the cancellation of the rest of the 2019-2020 season due to the Covid-19 virus pandemic. The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database) entry of March 12, 2020, noted the cancellation of 58 performances. Operas affected by the cancellation were identified as La Bohème, La Cenerentola, Così Fan Tutte, Der Fliegende Holländer, Kát'a Kabanová, Madama Butterfly, Manon Lescaut, Maria Stuarda, Simon Boccanegra, Tosca, La Traviata, Turandot and Werther.

Update: The opera company's coronavirus-occasioned closure affected all performances of La Traviata scheduled for the 2019-2020 season. The opera was not performed in the 2019-2020 season.

The two-act opera has an estimated run time of 2 hours 46 minutes. Act I runs for 70 minutes. An intermission of 33 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 63 minutes.

In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Maurizio Benini had been scheduled to reprise his role as conductor of Maria Stuarda’s 2012-2013 Metropolitan Opera premiere. The Italian conductor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Monday, Jan. 19, 1998, in the opera company’s 231st performance of Donizetti’s L’Elisir d’Amore. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Maurizio Benini also conducts Manon by French Romantic Era composer Jules Massenet (May 12, 1842-Aug. 13, 1912).

Diana Damrau had been scheduled to perform the title role as Maria Stuarda. The German operatic soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Saturday, Sept. 24, 2005, as Zerbinetta in the opera company’s 79th performance of Ariadne auf Naxos (“Ariadne on Naxos”) by German composer Richard Georg Strauss (June 11, 1864-Sept. 8, 1949).

Jamie Barton had been scheduled to appear as Elisabetta (Queen Elizabeth I), whom Donizetti’s opera presents in a face-to-face meeting with Mary Stuart that never happened. The American mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Wednesday, Sept. 23, 2009, as the second of three ladies in the opera company’s 393rd performance of Die Zauberflöte by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791). During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Jamie Barton also performs in the title trouser role of Orfeo in Orfeo ed Euridice by German classical composer Christoph von Gluck (July 2, 1714-Nov. 15, 1787).

Stephen Costello had been scheduled to appear as Roberto, Earl of Leicester, whom Donizetti’s opera presents as loving Maria Stuarda and seeking her release from prison. The American operatic tenor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 24, 2007, as Arturo in the opera company’s 558th performance of Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor.

Andrzej Filonczyk had been scheduled to appear as Lord Gugielmo Cecil, Chancellor of the Exchequer, who presented Queen Elizabeth (Elisabetta) with the warrant for Maria Stuarda’s execution for her involvement in assassination plots against the Queen. The Polish baritone’s appearance in the season’s first performance, Sunday, April 19, marked his Metropolitan Opera debut.

Michele Pertusi had been scheduled to appear as Giorgio Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, who served as Maria Stuarda’s keeper and whom Donizetti’s opera presents as message bearer between his prisoner and Roberto, Earl of Leicester. The Italian bass made his Metropolitan Opera debut Monday, Jan. 20, 1997, as Count Almaviva in the opera house’s 358th performance of Mozart’s Le Nozze di Figaro.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s presentation of Maria Stuarda would have marked the second revival of staging by Sir David McVicar. The Scottish opera and theatre director’s new production of Maria Stuarda for the Metropolitan Opera debuted Monday, Dec. 31, 2012, in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of the opera. The production’s first revival took place in the 2015-2016 Met Opera season.

Sir David’s production team comprises set and costume designer John Macfarlane and lighting designer Jennifer Tipton. The production’s choreographer is Leah Hausman.

The takeaway for Maria Stuarda as the May 9, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time, Donizetti’s opera would have closed the 2019-2020 Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast season as the 23rd and last of the season’s 23 weekly radio broadcasts.

The 2019-2020 Met Opera season’s performances of Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda mark the second revival of Sir David McVicar’s staging, which debuted in the opera house’s 2012-2013 season and last revived in the 2015-2016 season: Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Jan. 25, 2016

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

“Debut: Maurizio Benini.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330354 L’Elisir d’Amore {231} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/19/1998.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330354

“Debut: Stephen Costello, Mary Zimmerman, Daniel Ostling, Mara Blumenfeld, T. J. Gerckens, Daniel Pelzig.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352065 New Production Lucia di Lammermoor {558} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/24/2007.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352065

“Debuts: Bernard Labadie, Matthias Klink, Jamie Barton, Georg Zeppenfeld.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353076 Die Zauberflöte {393} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/23/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353076

“Debuts: Jon Villars, Diana Damrau, Christopher Maltman.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351297 Ariadne auf Naxos {79} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 09/24/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351297

“Debuts: Michele Pertusi, Robin Guarino.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 327140 Le Nozze di Figaro {358} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/20/1997.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=327140

helcatj. "The Metropolitan Opera Company 2019-2020 Season." Showcase Opera and Events blog. Aug. 13, 2019.
Available @ https://showcaseoperaandeventsblog.wordpress.com/2019/08/13/the-metropolitan-opera-company-2019-2020-season/

Marriner, Derdriu. "Der Fliegende Holländer Was To Be March 14, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 9, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kata-kabanova-is-may-2-2020-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Káťa Kabanová Was To Be the May 2, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, April 27, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kata-kabanova-is-may-2-2020-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "La Cenerentola Was To Be March 21, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 16, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/orfeo-ed-euridice-is-april-4-2020-met.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Orfeo ed Euridice Was To Be April 4, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 30, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/orfeo-ed-euridice-is-april-4-2020-met.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Simon Boccanegra Was To Be April 18, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, April 13, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/simon-boccanegra-is-april-18-2020-met.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Tosca Was To Be April 11, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, April 6, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tosca-is-april-11-2020-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Turandot Was To Be April 25, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, April 20, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/turandot-is-april-25-2020-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Werther Was To Be March 28, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 23, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/werther-is-march-28-2020-met-opera.html

Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Act I of Donizetti's Maria Stuarda. http://bit.ly/1ZNJort Photo: Ken Howard/Met Opera.” Facebook. Jan. 25, 2016.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.10156565518595533/10156565518810533/

Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Another peek at the process: Director David McVicar and conductor Maurizio Benini conferring during a rehearsal for MARIA STUARDA. http://bit.ly/T5kuDo Photo: Ken Howard/Met Opera.” Facebook. Dec. 21, 2012.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10152332670730533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "In light of the circumstances involving the coronavirus and in consultation with the Office of the Mayor of New York City, we regret to inform our audience that all Met performances have been canceled through March 31, including tonight’s planned performance of La Cenerentola. This Saturday’s Live in HD cinema presentation of Der Fliegende Holländer has also been canceled. Thank you for your understanding. Learn More: www.metopera.org/updates." Facebook. March 12, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/10163327604920533

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Maria Stuarda.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354759 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Maria Stuarda {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/31/2012.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354759

"Season Cancellation." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357448 Season Cancellation March 12-May 9, 2020. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/12/2020.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357448

Woolfe, Zachary. "The Metropolitan Opera Season That Vanished." The New York Times > Arts > Music. May 13, 2020.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/arts/music/metropolitan-opera-coronavirus.html

Sunday, May 3, 2020

Pioeoe Purple Rock Barnacles Age Ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise

Summary: Pioeoe purple rock barnacles age sunken ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise, like agents absent on A World of Trouble, if added, age fire extinguishers.

Pioeoe purple rock barnacles age sunken ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise Sept. 24, 2018, like agents, if added, age fire extinguishers on A World of Trouble May 1, 2020.

Director Justin Lin and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter Lenkov bring a boatful of burgled Iraqi gold into the crime action drama television series' first episode. Iraqi gold conveyed clandestinely from its captive country and counted among covert caches when its carrier crashed caused the tortured death of Sebastian Nuzo (Domenick Lombardozzi). Density and duration of barnacles dwelling upon the damaged hull date the deliberate destruction of the doomed vehicle, whose discovery dooms one of four decorated heroes.

Ship coordinates escort two of Nuzo's three friends, private investigator Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) and Rick Wright (Zachary Knighton), to expropriated gold and Nuzo's ex-military executioners.

Season One's first episode and Season Two's 18th episode, like the intervening episodes, feature Oahu (from Hawaiian o'ahu, "gathering place"), where native and non-native barnacles flourish.

Pioeoe (from Hawaiian pi'oe, "barnacle") purple rock barnacles perhaps get name and specimen recognition as high-tide fast-growers off such exposed coastlines as Magnum's Robin's Nest residence. The intertidal, splash-zone, supratidal natives of Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan, Tuamotu and West Pacific Islands eastward to Pitcairn and Hawaii have hermaphroditic organs. The Chthamalidae (from Greek χθαμαλός, "flat" and -ειδής, "resembling") family's dense and sparse hermaphroditic (from Greek Ἑρμῆς, "Hermes" and Ἀφροδίτη, "Aphrodite) populations initiate cross- and self-fertilizations.

One with love goddess-honoring female and messenger god-honoring male reproductive organs journeys through egg, larval and mature stages as judiciously as many pioeoe purple rock barnacles.

One barnacle's 6- to 8-inch- (15.24- to 20.32-centimeter-) long, sperm-transferring tube temporarily inside another’s mantle cavity kindles fertilized, hatched, released eggs perhaps six times each year.

Hatched eggs leave mantle cavities within five months as free-swimming naupliar (from Greek ναύπλιος, "shellfish"), planktonic (from Greek πλαγκτός, "drifter") larvae (from Latin larva, "ghost-like, masked"). All naupliar larvae throughout six instars (from Latin instar, "form, likeness") manifest one eye; paired appendages as two antennae, two antennules, two mandibles; and unsegmented bodies. The larval barnacle nets a second, sessile (from sessilis, "sitting"), setting stage as non-feeding cyprid (from Greek κύπρις, "lovely") before nestling into physical and sexual maturity.

Pioeoe purple rock barnacles, observed by Charles Darwin (Feb. 12, 1809-April 19, 1882), Brian Foster and William Newman, occupy Black Point, Kaupo, Mokuleia, Portlick and Waikiki.

The flat-shelled Hawaiian barnacles, Nesochthamalus intertextus (from Greek νῆσος, "island" and χθαμαλός, "flat"; and Latin inter, "between" and textus, "woven") scientifically, possesses a large, oval opening.

Age and erosion quit shell plates of gray-white growth ridges, purple inter-ribbing, vertical ribbing and wavy, zigzag sutures for, instead, pitted, purpled interiors and straightened sutures. Maturity replaces all membranes, apart the center-portioned membranes, with exterior and interior layers of calcareous, limestone material purpling, preventing shell-size enlargement and promoting convex, saucer-shaped sides. Tergal (from Latin tergum, "surface") plates, featureless apart pitted inner-sides, show black-purple, equal-sized sides separable from scutal plates; clear spurs; and four tergar depressor muscle sets.

Twenty- to 60-pound (9.07- to 27.22-kilogram) adhesive and 5,000-pound (2,267.96-kilogram) tensile glue strengths of pioeoe purple rock barnacles perhaps triggered the drag-, fuel-, weight-threatened, gold-transporting ship.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Illustrations of "Cirripedia -- Rankenkrebfe" includes a relative of Nesochthamalus intertextus, Chthamalus antennatus (second from lower right), also first identified by Charles Darwin, but absent from Hawaii, as 12th of 15 depicted in Ernst Haeckel (Feb. 16, 1834-Aug. 9, 1919), Kunstformen der Natur, zweite sammlung (1899), tafel 57: Public Domain, via Smithsonian Libraries and Archives Digital Collections @ https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/kunstformendern00haec (image URL); Public Domain, via Smithsonian Libraries and Archives Digital Collections @ https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/kunstformendern00haec (book URL); Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haeckel_Cirripedia.jpg; Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47388263; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/48430669987/; Public Domain, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/KunstformenderN00Haec/page/57/mode/1up; Eric Gjerde (EricGjerde), CC BY-NC 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/origomi/1062092681/in/album-72157601323433758/

Theodore "TC" Calvin (Stephen Hill), "Rick" Wright (Zachary Knighton) and Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) in Magnum PI's I Saw the Sun Rise (season 1 episode 1): What2Vue @What2Vue, via Twitter Aug. 26, 2018, @ https://twitter.com/What2Vue/status/1033700436459626496

For further information:

"Chthamalus proteus Dando & Southward, 1980." Bishop Museum and University of Hawaii > Hawaii Biological Survey > Guidebook of Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii > Invertebrates > Species List > Crustaceans. Copyrighted 2002.
Available @ http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/invertguide/species/chthamalus_proteus.htm

"cyprid (G). Lovely." Page 31. In: Donald J. Borror (comp.), Dictionary of Word Roots and Combining Forms. Compiled from the Greek, Latin, and other languages, with special reference to biological terms and scientific names. First edition, 1960. Copyright © 1960 by Donald J. Borror. Copyright © 1988. Renewed by Arthur C. Borror. Mountain View CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
Available @ https://www.uvm.edu/rsenr/wfb232/Dictionary%20of%20Word%20Roots%20&%20Combining%20Forms.pdf

Darwin, Charles. 1854. “7. Chthamalus Intertextus. Pl. 19, fig. 1 a, 1 b.” Pages 467-468. In: “A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia, With Figures of All Species.” The Balanidæ (Or Sessile Cirripedes), The Verrucidæ, Etc., Etc., Etc. Volume 2. London [England]: Ray Society, MDCCCLIV.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2006876

Foster, Brian A.; and William A. Newman. 1987. “Nesochthamalus intertextus." Page 326. In: "Chthamalid Barnacles of Easter Island; Peripheral Pacific Isolation of Notochthamalinae New Subfamily and Hembeli-Group of Euraphiinae (Cirripedia: Chthamaloidea).” Bulletin of Marine Science 41(2): 322-336.
Available @ https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1987/00000041/00000002/art00020

"I Saw the Run Rise." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Sept. 24, 2018.

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2020. "Wahiawa Botanical Garden Awes As Magnum's A World of Troubles Alarms." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/wahiawa-botanical-garden-awes-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2020. "Mamaki Tea, Not Coffee on Magnum's The Night Has Eyes, Aids Alertness." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mamaki-tea-not-coffee-on-magnums-night.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2020. "Tiger Mosquitoes Annoy Magnum's Death Is Only Temporary and Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tiger-mosquitoes-annoy-magnums-death-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2020. "Maui's Fishhook Manaiakalani Arrived After Magnum's Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mauis-fishhook-manaiakalani-arrived.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2020. "Olive Ridley Sea Turtles Are Helped by Magnum’s Murder Is Never Quiet." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/olive-ridley-sea-turtles-are-helped-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2020. "Kamehameha Butterflies Perhaps Are on Magnum's Say Hello to Your Past." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kamehameha-butterflies-perhaps-are-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2020. "Hawaiian House Mice Are Not Playing Magnum's A Game of Cat and Mouse." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-house-mice-are-not-playing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2020. "Iliahi Forest Sandalwood Aims at What Magnum's Black Is the Widow Aims." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iliahi-forest-sandalwood-aims-at-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2020. "Beach Naupaka Are Security Hedges for Magnum's Mondays Are For Murder." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/beach-naupaka-are-security-hedges-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2020. "Hoi Hawaiian Bitter Yams Are Symbols for Magnum's Desperate Measures." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hoi-hawaiian-bitter-yams-are-symbols.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Devil Dodder Abides Around Magnum's Day I Met the Devil." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-devil-dodder-abides-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Red Algae Affirm Aspects of Magnum's Blood Brothers." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-red-algae-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2019. "Ka'upu Black-Footed Albatrosses Avert Magnum's A Bullet Named Fate." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/kaupu-black-footed-albatrosses-avert.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2019. "Maiapilo Hawaiian Capers Are Absent From Magnum's He Came by Night." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/maiapilo-hawaiian-capers-are-absent.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2019. "Lama Hawaiian Ebony Persimmon Augurs Magnum's Man in the Secret Room." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/lama-hawaiian-ebony-persimmon-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2019. "Akohekohe Honeycreepers Attack Like Magnum PI's Knight Lasts Forever." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/akohekohe-honeycreepers-attack-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2019. "Hawaiian Quilts Are More Cryptic Than Magnum PI's Honor Among Thieves." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-quilts-are-more-cryptic-than.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2019. "Ti Tree Root Okolehao Applies To Magnum PI's Payback Is For Beginners." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ti-tree-root-okolehao-applies-to-magnum.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2019. "Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Air a Killer on Magnum's A Kiss Before Dying." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/yellow-fever-mosquitoes-air-killer-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2019. "Hawaii Mamo Feathers Are Like Gold Necklaces on Magnum's Die He Said." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/hawaii-mamo-feathers-are-like-gold.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2019. "Koloa Maoli Hawaiian Ducks Are One Duck Less on Magnum's Sudden Death." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/koloa-maoli-hawaiian-ducks-are-one-duck.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2019. "Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/makou-hawaiian-buttercups-add-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2018. "Makiawa Hawaiian Sardines Appease Magnum PI's The Cat Who Cried Wolf." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/makiawa-hawaiian-sardines-appease.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2018. "Hawaiian Dolphinfish Mahi-Mahi Abide by Magnum PI's From the Head Down." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-dolphinfish-mahi-mahi-abide-by.html

Newman, William A.; and Arnold Ross. 31 March 1976. "Euraphia intertexta (Darwin 1854b:467)." Page 41. In: “Revision of the Balanomorph Barnacles; Including a Catalog of the Species.” Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History 9: 1-108. Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4328584

Pope, Elizabeth C. 5 November 1965. "Chthamalus intertextus Darwin, 1854." Pages 29-35. In: "A Review of Australian and Some Indomalayan Chthamalidae (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Plates i and ii)." Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Volume 90 Part 1 (No. 40): 10-77.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34961109

Southward, A.J.; R.S. Burton; S.L. Coles; P.R. Dando; R.C. DeFelice; J. Hoover; P.E. Parnell; T. Yamaguchi; and W.A. Newman. 1998. “Invasion of Hawaiian Shores by an Atlantic Barnacle.” Marine Ecology Progress Series 165: 119-126.

Stender, Keoki & Yuko. "Nesochthamalus intertextus." Marine Life Photography > Barnacles > Arthropods > Invertebrates.
Available @ https://www.marinelifephotography.com/marine/arthropods/others/nesochthamalus-intertextus.htm

What2Vue @What2Vue. "CBS released Promotional Photos of Magnum P.I. episode 'I Saw the Sun Rise' (1.01) https://what2vue.com/2018/08/25/promotional-photos-of-magnum-p-i-episode-1-i-saw-the-sun-rise/ #MagnumPI." Twitter. Aug. 26, 2018.
Available @ https://twitter.com/What2Vue/status/1033700436459626496

"A World of Trouble." Magnum PI: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, May 1, 2020.

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Wahiawa Botanical Garden Awes As Magnum's A World of Trouble Alarms

Summary: Wahiawa Botanical Garden with native, naturalized tropicals awes as Magnum's A World of Trouble alarms with absconded fire extinguishers May 1, 2020.

Wahiawa Botanical Garden, central O'ahu; June 2006: Daderot, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Wahiawa Botanical Garden with its native and naturalized tropical plants awes where Magnum's A World of Trouble crime action drama television series episode May 1, 2020, alarms with its absconded fire extinguishers.

Director Peter Weller and writer Tera Tarantino base Season Two's 18th episode, series' 38th overall, in Wahiawa (from Hawaiian wahi'a'wā, "the space of the Wa people"). Robin's Nest curator Teuila Tuileta, called Kumu (from Hawaiian kumu, "teacher") convinces Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks) and Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) to check Wahiawa Elementary School. Former student Kalohe (Chelsea Kurtz) donates fire extinguishers, stolen like, but cocaine-filled unlike, her previous electronics and equipment donations to school principal Makani Mahelona (Sisa Grey).

Contrastingly, 30-year-exploited sugar farmlands, entered as legal donations for free public enjoyment in 1950, endure since 1957 at gardened, rain-forested 941.6-foot (287-meter) elevations above sea level.

Araliaceae and Cibotiaceae families furnish 2.39-square-mile (6.2-square-kilometer), 875.98- to 1,000.66-foot (267- to 305-meter-) high Wahiawa's Hawaii-born pōkūlakalaka (Polyscias racemosa), loulu (Pritchardia kaalae); and hāpu'u (Cibotium chamissoi).

Fabaceae, Myristicaceae, Pandanaceae and Urticaceae families generate Hawaiian island-born koa (Acacia koa), wiliwili (Erythrina sandwicensis); 'oh'a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha); 'ie'ie (Freycinetia arborea); and mamaki (Pipturus albidus). Acanthaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae and Araucariaceae families harbor clock vine (Thunbergia mysorensis); ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata); elliptic yellow-wood (Ochrosia elliptica); kauri (Agathis robusta) and hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) pines. Arecaceae familially integrates teddy-bear (Dypsis leptocheilos), vahani (Pelagodoxa henryana), cohune (Attalea cohune), snowflake (Trevesia palmata), cabbage (Roystonea oleracea), snake-fruit (Salacca zalacca) and fishtail (Caryota mitis) palms.

The 27-acre (10.93-hectare) Wahiawa Botanical Garden joins candle (Parmentiera cereifera), calabash (Crescentia cujete), jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia) and African tulip (Spathodea campanulata) trees from the Bignoniaceae family.

Pili-nut tree (Canarium ovatum), autograph tree (Clusia rosea), blue ginger (Dichorisandra thyrsiflora) and Panama hat plant (Carludovica palmata) kindle Burseraceae, Clusiaceae, Commelinaceae and Cyclanthaceae family memberships.

Dilleniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae and Fabaceae families lodge elephant apple (Dillenia indica); Ceylon olive (Elaeocarpus serratus); Park's tree-bean (Parkia javanica), earpod (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), and Browne's (Brownea macrophylla) trees. Ashoka tree (Saraca asoca), scarlet jade vine (Mucuna bennettii), pride-of-Burma tree (Amherstia nobilis), jade vine (Strongylodon macrobotrys) and stinking-toe tree (Hymenaea courbaril) manifest Fabaceae family memberships. Fagaceae, Gesneriaceae, Heliconiaceae and Lauraceae families nurture bamboo-leaf oak (Quercus myrsinifolia); lipstick plant (Aeschynanthus); beefsteak heliconia (Heliconia mimosifolia); and cinnamon (Cinnamomum) and camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) trees.

Wahiawa Botanical Garden offers Gustav III's tree (Gustavia); Goethe's tree (Goethea), shaving-brush tree (Pseudobombax ellipticum); and giant fern (Angiopteris evecta) from Lecythidaceae, Malvaceae and Marattiaceae families.

Mexican cedar (Cedrela odorata); Australian banyan (Ficus macrophylla), Cape fig (Ficus nodosa), palm-leaf fig (Ficus pseudopalma); and banana trees (Musa) populate Meliaceae, Moraceae and Musaceae families.

Myristicaceae and Myrtaceae families queue nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), rainbow eucalyptus (Eucalyptus deglupta), allspice (Pimenta dioica), paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). Bamboo (Bambusa), birdcatcher tree (Pisonia brunoniana), giant orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum), screw-pine (Pandanus utilis) and Asian bayberry (Nageia nagi) represent Nyctaginaceae, Orchidaceae, Pandanaceae, Poaceae and Podocarpaceae families. Coffee (Coffea), gardenia (Gardenia); chicle (Manilkara zapota), satinleaf (Chrysophyllum oliviforme); traveller's palm (Ravenala madagascariensis); and beehive ginger (Zingiber spectabile) suit Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Strelitziaceae and Zingiberaceae families.

Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955) thought all troubles through outdoors, something Kalohe (from Hawaiian kolohe, "mischievous") never tried, even with Wahiawa Botanical Garden nearby.

Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks), Kamakona (Taylor Wily) and Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) in Magnum P.I's A World of Trouble (season 2 episode 18): What2Vue @What2Vue, via Twitter April 27, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Wahiawa Botanical Garden, central O'ahu; June 2006: Daderot, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wahiawa_Botanical_Garden_-_shady_park_view.JPG

Juliet Higgins (Perdita Weeks), Kamakona (Taylor Wily) and Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) in Magnum P.I's A World of Trouble (season 2 episode 18): What2Vue @What2Vue, via Twitter April 27, 2020, @ https://twitter.com/What2Vue/status/1254864589730099202

For further information:

"Black Is the Widow." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, March 4, 2019.

Hawking, Stephen. (Ed.). 2009. A Stubbornly Persistent Illusion: The Essential Scientific Works of Albert Einstein. Philadelphia PA: Running Press Adult.

Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS. "The doctor is in 👨‍⚕️, tonight at 9/8c on an all-new Magnum P.I. Stream it live on CBS and CBS All Access. http://spr.ly/61871NYhU." Facebook April 24, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/photos/a.188324141812283/584730925504934/

"Wahiawa Botanical Garden." Friends of Honolulu Botanical Gardens > Our Gardens. Copyright 2015.
Available @ http://www.friendsofhonolulubotanicalgardens.com/Wahiawa.htm

"Wahiawa Botanical Garden." To-Hawaii.com > Oahu > Botanical Gardens. Copyright 2006-2020.
Available @ https://www.to-hawaii.com/oahu/gardens/wahiawabotanicalgarden.php

"Wahiawā Botanical Garden." City and County of Honolulu > Department of Parks and Recreation > Trees and Gardens > Honolulu Botanical Gardens. Last updated 1 December 2020.
Available @ https://www.honolulu.gov/parks/hbg/honolulu-botanical-gardens/182-site-dpr-cat/6394-new-wahiawa-botanical-garden.html

What2Vue @What2Vue. "CBS released Promotional Photos of Magnum P.I. episode "A World of Trouble" (2.18/S02E18) https://what2vue.com/2020/04/27/promotional-photos-of-magnum-p-i-episode-18-a-world-of-trouble/. . . #MagnumPI #PromoPhotos #CBS." Twitter. April 27, 2020.
Available @ https://twitter.com/What2Vue/status/1254864589730099202

Friday, May 1, 2020

Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Appears Second Most Ancient Among Ellora Caves

Summary: Ellora Hindu Cave 27 acts as second most ancient cave temple after Ellora Hindu Cave 28 amid Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Ellora Caves in Maharashtra, India.

View of Ellora Hindu Cave 27's verandah wall shows recessed carvings of Lakshmi with two male attendants (right of door) in the Ekanamsha (from Sanskrit एकानंशा, "one-part [Vishnu]") panel and part of recessed trio of Siva (visible left of pillar), Vishnu and Brahma (not visible); Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Wikimedia Commons page created Tuesday, Sep. 6, 2016, 05:33, via UploadWizard: Anumpamg, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Ellora Hindu Cave 27 assumes abandoned architectural aspects and second most ancient excavated, painted, plastered, sculpted cave temple among the Buddhist, Hindu and Jain cave temples of Maharashtra state, western peninsular India.

Ellora Hindu Cave 27 boasts, second to north-neighboring Ellora Hindu Cave 28, being the most ancient of the 34 Ellora Caves that bolster annual area tourism. Architectural and art historians correlate its architectural artistry to the mid-sixth through seventh centuries, just after Ellora Hindu Cave 28 and before Ellora Hindu Cave 19. They date Ellora Hindu Cave 27, like Ellora Hindu Cave 28, to the Haihaya Kalachuri dynasty of the mid-sixth through seventh centuries in ancient Madhya Pradesh.

Excavation, artistic and architectural expressions that evoke the Ajanta Caves 60 miles (96.56 kilometers) away endure in Ellora Hindu Cave 27 and Ellora Hindu Cave 28.

The 34-cavern Ajanta Caves, furnished for itinerant artisans and merchants and itinerant and resident monks, feature abandoned, incomplete and unfinished cave temples from both construction phases.

Architectural and art historians give the Ajanta Caves first-stage construction from the third through first centuries B.C.E. and second-stage construction from the fifth through eighth centuries. Perhaps the same itinerant artisans headed to the Ellora Caves from finished and unfinished construction of cave temples in the Ajanta Caves during late second-phase excavations. Douglas Barrett, in his book Paintings of India, identifies North versus South Deccan (from Hindi दक्खिन and Urdu دکھن, "south, southern") architectural, painting and sculptural influences.

Deccan India geographically joins Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Telangana; Karnataka; and Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as respectively northerly, northerly and southerly, and southerly states.

The Barrett chapter on Wall Painting (Second to Sixteenth Century) keeps the Ajanta Caves and the Ellora Caves within respectively North and South Deccan decorative styles.

Deepak Kannal, in his article The Riddle of Ellora for Sahapedia, links Ellora Hindu Cave 27 to North and South Deccan styles through overlapping work orders. He mentions Ellora Hindu Cave 27 and Ellora Hindu Cave 28 as perhaps Hindu makeovers of cave temples meant as Buddhist caverns like the Ajanta Caves. The American Institute of Indian Studies' Virtual Museum of Images & Sounds website notes estimated dates of 451-499 C.E. for a pillar and the front section.

Estimated dates of 451-499, 500-599, 551-581, 576-599 and 600-699 C.E. overlap estimated earliest construction of the Ellora Caves and ending construction at the Buddhist Ajanta Caves.

Ellora Hindu Cave 27 possesses a veranda with a fragmented pillar and one octagonal pillar, a 53 by 22-foot (16.15 by 6.71-meter) hall and a vestibule.
The 23 by 10-foot (7.01 by 3.05-meter) shrine, with two door guardians, queues up a long oblong altar, a raised floor and two short square pillars. Dvarapala (द्वारपाला) guards revere Vishnu (विष्णु, "all-pervader"), represented as asleep atop man-serpent king Sheshanāga (शेषनाग) and as the boar Varaha (वराह) with land goddess Prithvi (पृथ्वी). Ellora Hindu Cave 27, as Milkmaid's Cave, shelters carved creator god Brahma (ब्रह्मा), goal-facilitating goddess Lakshmi (लक्ष्मी), buffalo-slaying goddess Mahishāsuramardini (महिषासुरमर्दिनी) and supreme being Siva (शिव).

Titling Ellora Hindu Cave 27 Milkmaid's Cave targets the carved Lakshmi, agricultural god Balarama (बलराम) and supreme deity Krishna (कृष्ण), trinity treasured by ābhīra (आभीर) cowherds.

View of waterfall that rainbows Ellora Hindu Cave 28 (behind waterfall) shows Ellora Hindu Cave 27 (right) and neighboring Ellora Hindu Cave 26 (farther right); Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Friday, Aug. 14, 2015, 16:58: KIshor Kumar Mishra (Kkmishra1960), CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"About Ellora Caves." Yatra > Monuments of India > Monuments in Aurangabad. Copyrighted 2019.
Available @ https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/aurangabad/ellora-caves

Anh-Huong, Nguyen; and Thich Nhat Hanh. 2019. Walking Meditation. Boulder CO: Sounds True.

Barrett, Douglas. "Wall Painting (Second to Sixteenth Century)." Pages 17-48. In: Douglas Barrett and Basil Gray. Paintings of India. Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH. Geneva, Switzerlnd: Editions d'Art Albert Skira, 1963.

Berkson, Carmel. Ellora Concept and Style. First Edition, 1992. Second Edition, 2004. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Ellora_Concept_and_Style.html?id=tH7KRNqIin4C

Burgess, Jas. (James). Report on the Elura Cave Temples and the Brahmanical and Jain Caves of Western India. The Results of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Seasons' Operations of the Archaeological Survey 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the Volume on "The Cave Temples of India." London [UK]: Trübner & Co., 1883.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1544/page/n5/mode/1up

Cartwright, Mark. 8 March 2016. "Ellora Caves." Ancient History Encyclopedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.ancient.eu/article/874/ellora-caves/

"Cave 22 to 28." Trawell > Maharashtra > Ellora Caves > Places to Visit in Ellora Caves."
Available @ https://www.trawell.in/maharashtra/ellora-caves/cave-22-to-28

"Cave 27." The Ellora Caves.
Available @ https://elloracaves.org/caves.php?cmd=search&words=&image_ID=&cave_ID=27&plan_floor=1

"Cave 27 (Milkmaid Cave), Ellora." Virtual Museum of Images & Sounds > Collections > Monuments > Special Collections > World Heritage Sites > Ellora Caves, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
Available @ https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_parent?id=921&siteid=0&minrange=0&maxrange=0&count=24

Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence. 1976. The Goddesses of India, Tibet, China and Japan. With illustrations by Anna Durdin-Robertson. Huntington Castle, Clonegal, Enniscorthy, Eire: Cesara Publications.
Available @ http://www.fellowshipofisis.com/ldr_india_tibet_china_japan.pdf

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 7 March 2019. "Ellora Caves." Encyclopædia Britannica > Geography & Travel > Historical Places. Chicago IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Available @ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ellora-Caves

"Elapura, aka: Elpāra; 6 Definition(s)." Wisdom Library.
Available @ https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/elapura

"Ellora." Exotic Journeys International > India City Details.
Available @ http://www.ejiusa.com/india_city_details/Ellora.html

"Ellora Caves." Atlas Obscura > Places > Verul, India. Copyrighted 2020.
Available @ https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ellora-caves

"Ellora Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London [United Kingdom]: W.H. Allen @ Co., Trübner & Co. E. Stanford and W. Briggs.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft

Huntington, John C.; and Dina Bangdel. "Glossary M-Y." The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art.
Available @ https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/COBGlossaryM-Y.pdf

"Interview with Shrikant Ganvir, Pune, January 2016." Sahapedia > Ellora Caves > Buddhist Caves of Ellora. Published 9 November 2016.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/buddhist-caves-of-ellora

Ions, Veronica. 1967. Indian Mythology. London UK: Paul Hamlyn Limited.

Kannal, Deepak. 25 September 2017. "A Riddle Called Ellora." Sahapedia > Overview.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/riddle-called-ellora

Lee, Eva. 17 February 2014. "Ellora Caves: Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Coexistence." Eva Lee Studio.
Available @ http://www.evaleestudio.com/2014/02/12/ellora-caves-buddhist-hindu-and-jain-coexistence/

Malandra, Geri H. 1993. Unfolding a Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora. Albany NY: State University of New York Press.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=MU44LPu3mbUC

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 April 2020. "Ellora Hindu Cave 28 Accesses Waterfall Rainbows Over Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-hindu-cave-28-accesses-waterfall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Arranged as Buddhist, Hindu and Jain Cave Temples." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/ellora-caves-are-arranged-as-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2020. "Are Indian Ring-Necked Rose-Ringed Parakeets Still at Ellora Caves?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/are-indian-ring-necked-rose-ringed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 April 2020. "Indian Three-Striped Palm Squirrels Augur the Hindu Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/indian-three-striped-palm-squirrels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Accept Walking Meditations Advocated by Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-accept-walking-meditations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Ally With Ajanta Caves and Thich Nhat Hanh in Indra's Net." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-ally-with-ajanta-caves-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 March 2020. "Ellora Caves Are Painted, Sculpted Temples Like and Unlike Ajanta Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ellora-caves-are-painted-sculpted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2020. "Ailing Ellora Caves Are Among Ameliorable World Heritage Centre Sites." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/ailing-ellora-caves-are-among.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2020. "Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/schneiders-leaf-nosed-bats-are-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Gardens and Bhimbetka Sanctuary Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and-gardens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings, Ajanta Rain Gardens, Bhimbetka Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ajanta-rain.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Indra's Net at Bat Nha and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/thich-nhat-hanh-indras-net-at-bat-nha.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 April 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Tu Hieu Temple Walks and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/thich-nhat-hanh-tu-hieu-temple-walks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2019. "Thich Nhat Hanh, Walking Meditations and Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/thich-nhat-hanh-walking-meditations-and.html

Narayana, Hari. 25 November 2012. "The Ellora Caves - An Introduction." India That Was: A Legacy Unfolded.
Available @ http://indiathatwas.com/2012/11/the-ellora-caves-an-introduction/

Nhat Hanh, Thich. September/October 2009. "Indra's Net." Resurgence Issue 256: Exploring Consciousness.
Available @ https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/issue256-exploring-consciousness.html

Owen, Lisa N. 2012. Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. Leiden, The Netherlands; and Boston MA: Brill.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC

Padhye, A.D. (Anand Dhananjay); and H.V. Ghate. March 2002. "An Overview of Amphibian Fauna of Maharashtra State." Zoos' Print Journal 17(3): 735-740. Available online February 2002. DOI: 10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.17.3.735-40.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268399240_An_overview_of_amphibian_fauna_of_Maharashtra_State/link/54bde5560cf218da9391d0d8/download

Pereira, José. 1977. Monolithic Jinas: The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora. Delhi, Varanasi and Patna, India: Motilal Banarsidass.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Monolithic_Jinas.html?id=LMTgiygj4-oC

Poduval, Jayaram. 21 November 2018. "The Architecture of Ellora Caves." Sahapedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/the-architecture-of-ellora-caves

Rawson, Philip. "Eastern Art." Pages 256-299. In: David Piper. The Illustrated History of Art. London, England: Chancellor Press (Bounty Books), 2000.

Revire, Nicolas. 2011. "Some Reconsiderations of Pendant-Legged Buddha Images in the Dvāravatī Artistic Tradition." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31: 37-49.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/5735422/Some_Reconsiderations_on_Pendant-Legged_Buddha_Images_in_the_Dv%C4%81ravat%C4%AB_Artistic_Tradition

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 26 November 2019. "Obituary: Walter M. Spink (Feb 16, 1928 - Nov 24, 2019)." Caves of India > Walter Spink.
Available @ https://cavesofindia.org/2019/11/26/prof-spink/

Spink, Walter M. 1967. Ajanta to Ellora. Mumbai, India: Marg Publications.

Spink, Walter M. 1967. "Ellora's Earliest Phase." Off Print of the Bulletin of the American Academy of Benares 1: 11-22.

"Tibetan + Sanskrit Words." Madhyamaka Introduction to the Middle Way > Study.
Available @ https://madhyamaka.com/study/tibetan-sanskrit/