Iolanta and Bluebeard’s Castle Are the Feb. 9, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: Tchaikovsky’s Iolanta and Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle are the Feb. 9, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, numbering 11th of 24 in the 2018-2019 season’s schedule.

Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle debuted Jan. 29, 2015, with German soprano Nadja Michael as Judith and Russian bass Mikhail Petrenko in the diabolical title role; Marek Adamski, costume designer; Boris Kudlička, set designer; Marc Heinz, lighting director: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Jan. 29, 2015

Tchaikovsky’s Iolanta and Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle are the Feb. 9, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as the 11th of 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season.

Russian late-Romantic composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (May 7, 1840-Nov. 6, 1893) set his musical score for Iolanta to a Russian libretto by his brother, Russian dramatist and opera librettist Modest Tchaikovsky (May 13, 1850-Jan. 15, 1916). The libretto’s literary source is Kong Renés Datter (King René’s Daughter), a one-act Danish verse play written in 1845 by Danish playwright and poet Henrik Hertz (Aug. 25, 1797-Feb. 25, 1870). Hertz’s play fictionalizes Yolande (Nov. 2, 1428-March 23, 1483), Duchess of Lorraine and daughter of René d’Anjou (Jan. 16, 1409-July 10, 1480), King of Naples and titular King of Jerusalem, as a blind, 16-year-old sheltered in a garden paradise and known as Iolanthe.

Kong Renés Datter premiered Aprl 5, 1845, at Det Kongelige Teater (Royal Danish Theatre), located at Kongens Nytorv (The King’s New Square) in central Copenhagen’s Indre By (Inner City), eastern Denmark. The premiere took place in the Royal Danish Theatre’s first building, which was designed by Danish architect Nicolai (also known as Niels) Eigtved (June 4 or 22, 1701-June 7, 1754) and opened Dec. 18, 1748.

The world premiere of the Tchaikovsky brothers’ romantic opera happened Dec. 18, 1892, at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, northwestern Russia. Saint Petersburg’s historic ballet and opera theatre is sited at 1 Theatre Square, on the east embankment of the Kryukov Canal, which connects The Fontanka and Moyka rivers in central Saint Petersburg.

Iolanta’s Metropolitan Opera premiere took place Jan. 29, 2015. Tchaikovsky’s final opera shared opening night with a new production of Bluebeard’s Castle by Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and pianist Béla Bartók (March 25, 1881-Sept. 26, 1945).

Béla Bartók set the musical score for Bluebeard’s Castle (A kékszakállú herceg vára; The Blue-Bearded Duke's Castle) to a Hungarian libretto by Hungarian-Jewish film critic, poet and writer Béla Balázs (Aug. 4, 1884-May 17, 1949). The libretto’s literary source is Barbe Bleue (Bluebeard), a French literary fairy tale by French writer Charles Perrault (Jan. 12, 1628-May 16, 1703). Perrault’s Barbe Bleue, derived from a French folk tale, was first published in 1697 in Histoires ou Contes du Temps Passé, Avec des Moralitez.

Bartók’s only opera premiered May 24, 1918, at the Royal Hungarian Opera House (Magyar Állami Operaház) in Budapest, north central Hungary. The neo-Renaissance opera house, designed by Hungarian architect Miklós Ybl (April 6, 1814-Jan.22, 1891), opened Sept. 27, 1884. The opera house, sited at Andrássy Ave 22, lies within Budapest’s 1987-designated, 2002-expanded UNESCO World Heritage site.

Bluebeard’s Castle’s Metropolitan Opera premiere happened June 10, 1974. Bluebeard’s Castle shared opening night with a new production of Gianni Schicchi, the third and final part of Il Trittico, three one-act operas by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season offers six performances of Iolanta and Bluebeard’s Castle. The double feature opened Thursday, Jan. 24, at 8 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. The month’s second performance happened Monday, Jan. 28, at 7:30 p.m.

The season’s four remaining performances take place in February: Friday, Feb. 1, at 7:30 p.m.; Monday, Feb. 4, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Feb. 9, at 12:30 p.m.; and Thursday, Feb. 14, at 7:30 p.m. The Feb. 9 performance airs as the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 11th Saturday matinee radio broadcast.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s double feature of Iolanta and Bluebeard’s Castle has an estimated run time of 3 hours 22 minutes. Iolanta is slated for 98 minutes. An intermission of 37 minutes precedes Bluebeard’s Castle, which has a run time of 67 minutes.

Henrik Nánási conducts all performances of the double feature. The Hungarian conductor makes his Metropolitan Opera debut with his conductorship of Iolanta and Bluebeard’s Castle.

Sonya Yoncheva appears in all performances in Tchaikovsky’s title role. The Bulgarian operatic soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Nov. 21, 2013, as Gilda in the opera house’s 859th performance of Rigoletto by 19th century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901). In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Sonya Yoncheva also performs as Desdemona in Verdi’s Otello.

Matthew Polenzani appears as Count Gottfried Vaudémont, who falls in love with blind Iolanta and marries sighted Iolanta. He was originally scheduled for the role in all six performances but, due to illness, yielded opening night to his replacement, Alexey Dolgov. The American lyric tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 19, 1997, as Khrushchov in the opera house’s 251st performance of Boris Godunov by Russian composer Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (March 21, 1839-March 28, 1881). During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Matthew Polenzani also sings the title role in La Clemenza di Tito by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Alexey Dolgov sings the role of Count Vaudémont for the season premiere, Thursday, Jan. 24, as replacement for Matthew Polenzani. The Siberian tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened June 12, 2011, as Edgardo in the opera house’s 589th performance of Lucia di Lammermoor by 19th century Italian bel canto opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848). In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Alexey Dolgov also appears as Cassio in Verdi's Otello. (Update per The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera via Twitter Jan. 24, 2019).

Alexey Markov appears as Robert, Duke of Burgundy, blind Iolanta’s fiancé, in the double feature’s first five performances (Jan. 24, 28; Feb. 1, 4; Saturday matinee broadcast Feb. 9). The Russian operatic baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 10, 2007, as Prince Andrey Bolkonsky in the opera house’s 11th performance of War and Peace by Russian-Soviet composer, conductor and pianist Sergei Prokofiev (April 23, 1891-March 5, 1953).

Alexey Markov shares the role of Robert with Lucas Meachem, who appears in the closing night, Feb. 14, performance.The American baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 10, 2007, as General Rayevsky in the opera house’s 11th performance of Prokofiev’s War and Peace. During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Lucas Meachem also performs as Marcello in Puccini’s La Bohème.

Elchin Azizov appears in all performances as Ibn-Hakia, the physician who restores Iolanta’s sight. The Azerbaijani operatic baritone reprises his Metropolitan Opera debut role, which occurred in Iolanta’s Metropolitan Opera premiere Jan. 29, 2015. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Elchin Azizov also appears as Abimélech in Samson et Dalila by French Romantic Era composer Camille Saint-Saëns (Oct. 9, 1835-Dec. 16, 1921).

Vitalij Kowaljow appears as King René, Iolanta’s father, in the double feature’s first five performances (Jan. 24, 28; Feb. 1, 4; Saturday matinee broadcast Feb. 9). The Russian bass made his Metropolitan Opera debut March 17, 2003, as the High Priest in the opera house’s 24th performance of Verdi’s Nabucco. During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Vitalij Kowaljow also performs as Ramfis in Verdi’s Aida.

Vitalij Kowaljow shares the role of King René with Alexander Roslavets, who performs in the closing night, Feb. 14, performance. The Belarusian bass-baritone’s closing night performance marks his Metropolitan Opera debut.

Angela Denoke appears in all performances of Bluebeard's Castle as Judith, the collector's fourth wife, who frees her three predecessors. The German soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened March 11, 2005, as Princess von Werdenberg in the opera house’s 363rd performance of Der Rosenkavalier by German late Romantic and early modern composer Richard Strauss (June 11, 1864-Sept. 8, 1949).

Gerald Finley appears in all performances of Bluebeard’s Castle in the title role as wife-collecting Bluebeard. The Canadian operatic baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Jan. 24, 1998, as Papageno in the opera house’s 317th performance of Mozart’s Die Zauberflöte.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s performances of Tchaikovsky’s Iolanta and Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle revive Mariusz Trelinski’s staging. The Polish film, opera and theatre director’s staging debuted Jan. 29, 2015, as new productions for the opera house’s 25th performance of Bluebeard’s Castle and for the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Iolanta.

Mariusz Trelinski’s production team comprises Boris Kudlička, set designer; Marek Adamski, costume designer; Marc Heinz, lighting designer; Bartek Macias, video projection designer; Mark Grey, sound designer; and Thomasz Jan Wygoda, choreographer. Piotr Gruszczynski is the production’s dramaturg.

The takeaways for Tchaikovsky’s Iolanta and Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle as the Feb. 9, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast are that the double feature airs as the 11th of the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts and that the pairing balances Tchaikovsky’s last opera with Bartók’s only opera.

17th century imagined portraits of Yolande d'Anjou (real-life subject of Henrik Hertz's and Pyotr Tchaikovsky's works) and her husband and second cousin, Ferry II de Lorraine (ca. 1417-Aug. 31, 1470), comte de Vaudémont by an unknown French artist; Ferry II conte di Vaudemont e la sposa, 557910, Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Polish director Mariusz Trelinski's new production of Bartók’s Bluebeard’s Castle debuted Jan. 29, 2015, with German soprano Nadja Michael as Judith and Russian bass Mikhail Petrenko in the diabolical title role; Marek Adamski, costume designer; Boris Kudlička, set designer; Marc Heinz, lighting director: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Jan. 29, 2015, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10155218816420533/

17th century imagined portraits of Yolande d'Anjou (real-life subject of Henrik Hertz's and Pyotr Tchaikovsky's works) and her husband and second cousin, Ferry II de Lorraine (ca. 1417-Aug. 31, 1470), comte de Vaudémont by an unknown French artist; Ferry II conte di Vaudemont e la sposa, 557910, Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ferry_II_de_Vaudémont.jpg and @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambito_francese_-_Iolanda_d'Angiò,_duchessa_di_Lorena_e_di_Bar,_contessa_di_Vaudémont.jpg

For further information:

“Debut: Alexey Dolgov.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354020 Lucia di Lammermoor {589} Matinee ed. Tokyo, Japan: 06/12/2011.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354020

“Debut: Angela Denoke.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351190 Der Rosenkavalier {363} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/11/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351190

“Debut: Sonya Yoncheva.” MetOpera Database > “Debut: Sonya Yoncheva.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355145 Rigoletto {859} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/21/2013.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355145

“Debut: Vitalij Kowaljow.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 333501 Nabucco {24} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/17/2003.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=333501

“Debuts: Aleksei Markov, Lucas Meachem . . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352228 War and Peace {11} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/10/2007.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352228

“Debuts: Constantin Pluzhnikov . . . Matthew Polenzani.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330264 Boris Godunov {251} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/19/1997.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330264

“Debuts: Gerald Finley, Edo de Waart.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 330372 Die Zauberflöte {317} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/24/1998.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=330372

“Debuts: Ilya Bannik . . . Eichin [sic] Azizov.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355785 Metropolitan Opera Premiere (Iolanta) New Production (Bluebeard's Castle) Iolanta {1} Bluebeard's Castle {25} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/29/2015.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355785

Hertz, Henrik. Kong René’s Datter. Lyrisk Drama. Kjobenhavn (Copenhagen, Denmark: C.A. Reitzel, 1847.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/kongrensdatter00hert

“The History of the Royal Danish Theatre.” Det KGL Teater > About Us > About the Theatre > The History of the Royal Danish Theatre.
Available @ https://kglteater.dk/en/about-us/about-the-theatre/history/

Jensen, Niels. “Kong Renés Datter Lyrisk Drama I 1 Akt af Henrik Hertz.” Dansk Forfatterleksikon > Titler på opført dramatik 1722-1975 > Et Bestemt Teater > Kongelige Teater, Det > Det Kongelige Teaters Repertoire 1748-1975 > Denne Saeson: Saeson nr 97 (1844-45).
Available @ http://danskforfatterleksikon.dk/1850t/tnr1342.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. “Carmen Is the Feb. 2, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 28, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/carmen-is-feb-2-2019-met-opera-saturday.html

Metropolitan Opera ‏@MetOpera. "ALERT: For this evening’s season premiere of Iolanta / Bluebeard’s Castle, the role of Count Gottfried Vaudémont will be sung by Alexey Dolgov, replacing Matthew Polenzani, who is ill." Twitter. Jan. 24, 2019.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOpera/status/1088546846291697664

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Tune-in tonight to the Met premiere of Iolanta/Bluebeard's Castle! Anna Netrebko, Piotr Beczala, Nadja Michael, and Mikhail Petrenko star in Mariusz Treliński's new production! Listen Live at 7:25 pm ET: http://bit.ly/1umANN5." Facebook. Jan. 29, 2015.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10155218816420533/

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Bluebeard’s Castle.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 237740 Metropolitan Opera Premiere (Bluebeard's Castle) New Production (Gianni Schicchi) Bluebeard's Castle {1} Gianni Schicchi {64} Metropolitan Opera House: 06/10/1974.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=237740

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Iolanta.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355785 Metropolitan Opera Premiere (Iolanta) New Production (Bluebeard's Castle) Iolanta {1} Bluebeard's Castle {25} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/29/2015.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355785

Perrault, Charles. Contes du Temps Passé. Avec des Moralitez. Paris, France: Claude Barbin, M.DC.XCVII (1697).
Available via Gallica -- The BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) Digital Library @ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10545223

Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased

Summary: Makou Hawaiian buttercups account for none of the aconitine accessed by a schizophrenic on Magnum PI's I, the Deceased Jan. 28, 2019.

Hawaiian buttercups (Ranunculus hawaiensis), known in Hawaii as makou; illustrated by Felix C. Salucop (identified by Carnegie Mellon University's Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation as a Philippine Islands illustrator flourishing ca. 1932-1940); O. Degener, Flora Hawaiiensis (1933), page 298: Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust

Makou Hawaiian buttercups never avail themselves of the aconitine with which their aconite relatives assail a schizophrenic and cockroaches on Magnum PI action drama series episode I, the Deceased Jan. 28, 2019.

Director Krishna Rao and writer Scarlett Lacy build Season One's 14th episode around a schizophrenic, Dennis Sterling (Alex Morris), who believes himself to be boldly stalked. Dennis conveys personal safety concerns in a posthumous communication to Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez), private investigator and Robin's Nest security consultant to best-selling author Robin Masters. A postmortem divulges aconitine poisoning even though Dennis died in a traffic accident, before which he decreased his daily departures by depending upon door-to-door delivery drivers.

The Robin's Nest buildings entertain ants and termites because Magnum, who espies dead cockroaches around Dennis' crumbs, enjoys eating everywhere that enables his establishing crumb trails.

Aconite (Aconitum) and annual (Consolida) and perennial (Delphinium) larkspur members of the Ranunculaceae (from rānunculus, "froglet" and -āceae, "resembling") buttercup family furnish the alkaloid toxin aconitine.

All the above-ground shoots and all the below-ground roots of the aconite and annual and perennial larkspur relative, Ranunculus hawaiensis ("Hawaiian froglet"), get ranunculin simple sugars. Nothing from the Honolulu Police Department crime scene team, the Magnum private investigative team and the Medical Examiner's office hints as to what harbored aconitine overdoses. Horticultural industries import Ranunculaceae family members despite insular endemics such as makou ("we three [leaflets]") Hawaiian buttercups, identified by Asa Gray (Nov. 18, 1810-Jan. 30, 1888).

Agroindustry; human- and volcano-ignited fires; invasive cat's-ear (Hypochaeris radicata), sweet vernalgrass (Anthoxanthum odoratum) and velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus); logging; ranching; and residential development jeopardize makou Hawaiian buttercups.

Seeds and perhaps seeds, roots and bulbs perhaps keep makou Hawaiian buttercups propagated on wild Hawai'i and Maui and among private collectors and research institutions elsewhere.

Makou Hawaiian buttercups locate one seed, germinatable in grassy, wooded soils within three weeks, in every dry, non-explosive achene (from Greek ἀ-, "not" and χαίνω, "gaped"). They make hard-walled, non-splitting, one-seeded fruits from clustered, distinct, fruit-producing, pollen-receiving, unconnected pistils, green centers to slender, yellow anthems (from Greek ἀνθηρός, "blooming") on multiple stamens. They net many more stamens (from stāmen, "thread, warp") than petals on stalked yellow clusters noted for the waxy shine of reflective cells under surface cells.

Makou Hawaiian buttercups organize stalked achene fruits and stalked corymbose (from Greek κόρυμβος, "cluster") flowers and downy, lance-shaped, toothed foliage in three-leaflet sets on downy stems.

Branching, bushy, 19.68- to 78.74-inch- (50- to 200-decimeter-) tall, spreading, vine-like makou Hawaiian buttercups possess 1- to 3-inch (2.54- to 7.62-centimeter-) long flowering, fruiting, leafing stalks.

Makou Hawaiian buttercups queue up along quietened cinder cones and lava flows; around
'ōhi'a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and koa (Acacia koa) trees; and on grassy, open-pastured slopes. Surveys between 1970 and 2000 and in 2004 respectively reveal less than 10 occurrences of makou Hawaiian buttercups and less than 400 individual makou, predominantly seedlings. Eastern Maui's Haleakalā ("sun's house") Crater Ko'olau ("windward") Gap and Puu Nianiau ("protruding swordfern") cinder cone and western Hawai'i's volcanoes, except Kohala, shelter makou Hawaiian buttercups.

Wounding makou Hawaiian buttercups turns ranunculin into protoanemonin, toxin that troubles animal mucous membranes and skins, typically far less traumatically than aconitine-overdosed food on Magnum PI.

Private investigator Thomas Sullivan Magnum (Jay Hernandez) receives a posthumous video invitation from Dennis Sterling (Alex Morris) to investigate Sterling's death, in CBS-TV's Magnum P.I. season 1, episode 14, I, the Deceased: Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS, via Facebook Feb. 2, 2019, at 3:33 p.m.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Hawaiian buttercups (Ranunculus hawaiensis), known in Hawaii as makou; illustrated by Felix C. Salucop (identified by Carnegie Mellon University's Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation as a Philippine Islands illustrator flourishing ca. 1932-1940); O. Degener, Flora Hawaiiensis (1933), page 298: Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924001353915;
Public Domain, Google-digitzed, via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924001353915?urlappend=%3Bseq=300%3Bownerid=27021597768877496-304;
Public Domain, Google-digitized, via HathiTrust @ https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924001353915&seq=300

Private investigator Thomas Sullivan Magnum (Jay Hernandez) receives a posthumous video invitation from Dennis Sterling (Alex Morris) to investigate Sterling's death, in CBS-TV's Magnum P.I. season 1, episode 14, I, the Deceased: Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS, via Facebook Feb. 2, 2019, at 3:33 p.m., @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/posts/319149465396416

For further information:

Degener, Otto. 3 July 1933. “Ranunculus Hawaiensis A. Gray Large-Flowered Native Buttercup; Makou.” Flora Hawaiiensis or The New Illustrated Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, book 2: 297-298. Honolulu HI: O. Degener.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924001353915?urlappend=%3Bseq=297

Doerr, John E., Jr. June 1959. "Hawaiian Buttercup, Makou." Hawaii Nature Notes, vol. 6: Haleakala Plants.
Available @ http://npshistory.com/nature_notes/havo/vol6-59a.htm

Gray, Asa. 1854. "12. Ranunculus Hawaiensis, Sp. Nov." United States Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Volume XV Botany Phanerogamia, Part I: 10-11. Philadelphia PA: C. Sherman.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40382241

Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. “Felix C. Salucop.” Catalogue of the Botanical Art Collection at the Hunt Institute: Accession numbers 483-4806.
Available @ http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/ArtCat/recordlist.php

"I, the Deceased." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Jan 28, 2019.

Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS. 2 February 2019, at 3:33 p.m. "Fuel your sense of mission. Catch up and stream Magnum P.I. now: https://bit.ly/2WvjCyx." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/posts/319149465396416

Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS. 28 January 2019, at 11:40 a.m. "Magnum's client has the foresight to hire him pre-death. Stream the latest episode of Magnum P.I. now: http://bit.ly/2zrZe7U." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/posts/316977508946945

Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS. 28 January 2019, at 10:52 a.m. "Even if you are in an Aloha state of mind, you can catch tonight's all-new episode of Magnum P.I. at 9/8c on CBS and CBS All Access: https://bit.ly/2zCGmTF." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MagnumPICBS/posts/316813405630022

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2018. "Makiawa Hawaiian Sardines Appease Magnum PI's The Cat Who Cried Wolf." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/makiawa-hawaiian-sardines-appease.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2018. "Hawaiian Dolphinfish Mahi-Mahi Abide by Magnum PI's From the Head Down." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-dolphinfish-mahi-mahi-abide-by.html

Universität Stuttgart Historisches Institut. “Salucop, Felix C.” Database of Scientific Illustrators (DSI).
Available @ https://dsi.hi.uni-stuttgart.de/index.php?tablename=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=12837

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Ranunculus hawaiensis (makou)." Federal Register, Part II: Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 80, no. 189 (Wednesday, Sept. 30, 2015): 58841-58842.
Available @ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-09-30/pdf/2015-24305.pdf

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Ranunculus hawaiensis (Makou)." Federal Register, Part III: Department of the Interior U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, vol. 75, no. 217 (Wednesday, Nov. 10, 2010): 69278-69279.
Available @ https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2010-11-10/pdf/2010-27686.pdf#page=2

Humpback Whales Depressed With the Heat in Keawalua on Hawaii Five-0

Summary: Are crime-solvers and criminals on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ikiiki I Ka Lā Keawalua Feb. 1, 2019, as depressed with the heat in Keawalua as humpback whales?

A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) swims in the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary; Ed Lyman/NOAA Permit #14682; Wednesday, Feb. 22, 2012, 11:51:50: NOAA Photo Library, Public Domain, via Flickr

Humpback whales and tourists, like locals in Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural television series episode Ikiiki I Ka Lā Keawalua Feb. 1, 2019, sometimes are depressed with the heat in Keawalua.

Director Peter Weller and writer Paul Grellong build into the ninth season's 14th episode heat as baked beaches, brandished weapons and Hawaii Five-0 task force members. The series' 207th episode claims as casualty Luka Palakiko (Hale Mawae), friend of Flippa Tupuola (Shawn Mokuahi Garrett), task force confidential informant Kamekona's (Taylor Wily) cousin. Twenty to  30 minutes from the Hawaiian homeless camp, Pu'uhonua o Waianae, by O'ahu Leeward Coast's Farrington Highway, HI-93, deposits drivers at secluded white-sanded Keawalua Beach.

Keawalua entertains the nickname Yokohama Bay beach for O'ahu Railway and Land Company line extensions around Ka'ena Point Oct. 14, 1897, by emigrants from Yokohama, Japan.

Peter T. Young's online history furnishes early 20th-century fishermen and a train station master from Japan's namesake village as further factors that facilitated the Yokohama monikker.

Keawalua, former landholding of McCandless Ranch heiress Elizabeth Loy McCandless Marks (July 25, 1905-Dec. 29, 1995), guards the five-decade-old southwest gateway to Ka'ena Point State Park. Keawalua, from Hawaiian for red bay, harbored red-brown spawning cuttlefish for ancient Hawaiians and hosts humpback whales January through March for present-day locals, researchers and visitors. High winds, rocky bottoms, steep drop-offs, strong currents, tunnel curls and wave-pommeled shorelines imperil Keawalua beach-goers and humpback whales, whose internal body temperatures glaring heat impairs.

Crime-jostled, treeless, unpoliced beaches despite lifeguards and, despite International Whaling Commission moratoria since 1986, whalers and severe, unfiltered, unshaded heat respectively jeopardize humpback whales and beach-goers.

Humpback whales, known as Megaptera novaeangliae (from Greek μέγας, mégas, "large" and πτερόν, pterón, "wing"; and Latin novae, "new" and Anglia, "England"), keep alternate-year breeding seasons.

Winter-conceived, 10- to 12-month-gestated newborns leave underwater nurseries for the first-breathed of  their 40-plus-year life cycle's air-, mucous-, oil-, vapor-spouted, pear-shaped, 6.56-foot- (2-meter-) high blow clouds. The 2,000- to 3,000-pound (907.18- to 1,360.78-kilogram), 10- to 16-foot- (3.05- to 4.88-meter-) long calf matures on fat-, mineral-, protein-rich milk for six to 12 months. Black-gray-bodied, black-gray-sided, physically and sexually mature five- to 14-year-old humpback whales net 50,000- to 90,000-pound (25- to 30-kilogram), 37.7- to 60-foot (11.49- to 18.29-meter) head-body lengths.

Bumpy-jawed, bumpily taper-headed, white-bellied, white-throated humpback whales, observed by Georg Heinrich Borowski (July 26, 1746-July 26, 1801), offer bumpy, serrate-edged, thin, white flippers one-third head-body lengths.

The Mysticeti (from Greek μύσταξ, mústax, "mustache" and κήτος, kítos, "whale") whale suborder member possesses 540 to 800 fish-, krill-, plankton-processing, fringed, thin, upper-jaw baleen plates.

Killer whales qualify as natural enemies of the chest-furrowed, throat-grooved whale member of the Cetacea (from Greek κήτος, kítos, "whale" and Latin -acea, "belonging to") order. The rorqual (from Norwegian for "furrow whale") member of baleen whales requires 70.63-cubic-foot (2-cubic-meter) air intakes within two seconds every five to 15 or 40 minutes. Bycatch, pollution, ships and whaling serve humpback whales with an International Union for Conservation of Nature vulnerability status at 150- to 160-foot (45.72- to 48.77-meter) depths.

Heated-up crime-solvers, criminals and sands trouble Keawalua beach-goers, not heat-sensitive, scent-, smell-, taste-, texture-savvy, sharp-sighted humpback whales during their low-pitched, vibrating sounds and 20-minute-long mate-seeking songs.

Crime personally touches the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force as Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) investigates the death of a friend of Flippa Tupuola (Shawn Mokuahi Garrett), cousin of entrepreneur and confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola, in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 14, Ikiiki I Ka Lā Keawalua (Depressed With the Heat): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.14 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Jan. 26, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

A humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) swims in the Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary; Ed Lyman/NOAA Permit #14682; Wednesday, Feb. 22, 2012, 11:51:50: NOAA Photo Library, Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/onms/27703859660/

Crime personally touches the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force as lieutenant commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) investigates the death of a friend of Flippa Tupuola (Shawn Mokuahi Garrett), cousin of entrepreneur and confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola, in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 14, Ikiiki I Ka Lā Keawalua (Depressed With the Heat): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.14 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Jan. 26, 2019, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-episode-914-ikliki-i-ka.html

For further information:

Borowski, D. Georg Heinrich. 1781. "Balaena Novae Angliae." Gemeinnüzzige Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs, Zweiter Band: 21. Berlin und Stralsund: Gottlieb August Lange.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28342454

Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources. December 2007. Draft Environmental Assessment: Ka'ena Point Ecosystem Restoration Project, Wai'anae and Waialua Districts, Island of O'ahu. In Accordance with Chapter 343, Hawai'i Revised Statutes. Honolulu HI: Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources.
Available @ https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/ecosystems/files/2013/09/Kaena_Draft_EA.pdf

"Ikiiki I Ka Lā Keawalua: Depressed with the Heat in Keawalua." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 1, 2019.

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2019. “No 'Awa Or Kava Shrubs If Those Above Are Descending on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/no-awa-or-kava-shrubs-if-those-above.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2019. “Kikui Tree Leaves for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Ka Hauli O Ka Mea Hewa 'Ole.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/kikui-tree-leaves-for-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2019. “Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/hawaii-five-0-gone-on-road-without-koa.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

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Schueller, Gretel H. "Humpback Whale: Megaptera novaeangliae." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 15, Mammals IV: 130. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Schueller, Gretel H. "Rorquals." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 15, Mammals IV: 130. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

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Ajanta Cave 19 in 200th Anniversary Year of Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings

Summary: Ajanta cave 19 aligns artistically between aged Ajanta caves 9 and 10 and less aged 26 and 29 in the 200th anniversary year of Ajanta cave wall paintings.

exterior of chaitya Cave 19, drawn on stone by English watercolourist T.C. (Thomas Colman) Dibdin (Oct. 22, 1810-Dec. 26, 1893) from sketch by Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson (Jan. 22, 1808-Jan. 9, 1886); J. Fergusson's Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India (1845), Plate VI: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive

Ajanta cave 19 assumes a less ancient and assailed, more angular aspect than Ajanta cave 9 in the 200th anniversary year of the first European approaching the Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India.

Ajanta cave 19, unlike 9 and 10, belongs to the second building phrase, between the fourth and sixth, seventh or eighth centuries in central-north Maharashtra state. The captain for the Madras presidency and Colonel Henry Martin Lockhart Smith's great-great-grandfather carved John Smith, 28th cavalry, 28 April 1819, into Ajanta cave 10 artwork. Ajanta cave 19 painting styles dominate 2,000- to 2,200-plus-year-old Ajanta caves 9 and 10 except on their respective end and left and left and right walls.

Artisans and monks enigmatically excavated Ajanta cave 19 as an elaborated, expanded equivalent of Ajanta caves 9 and 10 than of Ajanta caves 26 and 29.

Ajanta caves 9 and 10 and Ajanta caves 19, 26 and 29 function as chaitya (from Sanskrit चैत्य, "funeral mound, pedestal or pile") prayer meeting halls.

Yaksha (nature-spirit, from Sanskrit यक्ष) dvarapala (from Sanskrit द्वारपाला, "guardian [of god Kubera's wealth]") guard the Ajanta cave 19 façade's vatayana (from Sanskrit वातायन, "[arched] window"). Sculpted naga (from Sanskrit नाग, "serpent") and yaksha helpers of Buddha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") and merchants perhaps hinder harm to those heading through façade doorways. Ajanta cave wall paintings inundate all Ajanta cave 19 walls, from side to side and top to bottom, to the nave-like, vaulted hall with 15 pillars.

Ancient Ajanta cave 19 artisans, merchants and monks journeyed clockwise between left, apsidal (from Greek ἁψίς, hapsís, "arch") and right Ajanta cave wall paintings and pillars.

Ajanta cave 19 knits left, apsidal and right pradakshina (side aisles, from Sanskrit प्रदक्षिण, "to the right-turning") together behind its apsidal stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, "memorial").

Its stupa, from whose front side a sculpted, standing Buddha looks out, lauds the stone-sculpted location of Buddha's ashes 1,000-plus years previously in Lumbini, southern Nepal. Left, apsidal and right Ajanta cave wall paintings and pillars manifest the enlightened Siddhartha Gautama (624?-544 B.C.?) as Buddha through hand-gesturing mudra (from Sanskrit मुद्रा, "finger-positioning"). Douglas Barrett and Basil Gray of Oriental Antiquities at the British Museum in London, England, note painting as adjunct to sculpture in their Painting of India.

Ajanta cave 19 offers the 200th anniversary year obliterated ceiling paintings above u-looped sculpted panels above sculpted capitals (from Latin caput, "head") atop obscured pillar paintings.

Sculpted capitals, façade and panels present folkloric, instructive, meditative, symbolic jataka (from Sanskrit जातक, "born under") biographies and mudra more permanently than Ajanta cave wall paintings.

Elephants queue up Buddha as the bodhisattva (from Sanskrit बोधि, "perfect knowledge" and सत्त्व, "essence") King Chaddanta ("six-tusked") whose jealous Queen Chullasubhadda quickens his death and hers. Horse, lotus and mother with child reliefs recall Siddhartha's favorite mount Kanthaka, seat of enlightenment under bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) and wife Yasodhara with son Rahula. Mother with child also suggests the seeker of a shelter, where nobody succumbed to death, for sowing mustard seeds to snatch her son back from death.

Ajanta cave 19 truculently transmits mass-enlightening painted, sculpted tales despite the time, traffic and trauma that trouble Ajanta cave wall paintings in their 200th anniversary year.

Buddha with Mother and Child sculpture, right side of Cave 19 entrance facade; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; Tuesday, July 29, 2014, 12:30: Akshatha Inamdar, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

exterior of chaitya Cave 19, drawn on stone by English watercolourist T.C. (Thomas Colman) Dibdin (Oct. 22, 1810-Dec. 26, 1893) from sketch by Scottish architectural historian James Fergusson (Jan. 22, 1808-Jan. 9, 1886); J. Fergusson's Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India (1845), Plate VI: Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/page/n22

Buddha with Mother and Child sculpture, right side of Cave 19 entrance facade; Ajanta Caves, Maharashtra, central-west India; Tuesday, July 29, 2014, 12:30: Akshatha Inamdar, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ajanta_Cave_19,_before_entrance_door,_right_side,_the_Mother_and_Child_scene_with_the_Buddha_and_begging_bowl.jpg

For further information:

"Ajanta Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

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Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

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Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
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Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115
Available via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rock-cut_Temples_of_India

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2019. “Accurate, Ancient, Artistic Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings to Buddha.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Somathilake, Mahinda. June 2013. "Painted Jataka Stories of Ancient Sri Lanka." International Journal of Arts and Commerce 2(6): 139-150.
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Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 1: The End of the Golden Age. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2005. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 3: The Arrival of the Uninvited. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2008. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 4: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Year by Year. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/4. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2006. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 5: Cave by Cave. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/5. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter. 2017. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 7: Bagh, Dandin, Cells and Cell Doorways. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/7. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M; and Naomichi Yaguchi. 2014. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 6: Defining Features. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/6. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Uno, Tomoko; and Yoshiko Shimazdu. "Thermal Environment in Ajanta Caves." Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road: 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, Proceedings.
Available @ http://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_401.pdf

"World Heritage Sites - About Ajanta Caves 01 to 29." Archeological Survey of India > Monuments > World Heritage Site > Ajanta > About Caves.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp