Adriana Lecouvreur Is the Jan. 12, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur is the Jan. 12, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, numbering seventh of 24 in the 2018-2019 season’s schedule.

Russian operatic soprano Anna Netrebko adds the title role of Francesco Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur to her resumé at The Metropolitan Opera during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook July 11, 2018

Francesco Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur is the Jan. 12, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as the seventh of 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season.

Italian composer Francesco Cilea (July 23, 1866-Nov. 20, 1950) set his musical score for Adriana Lecouvreur to an Italian libretto by Italian journalist and librettist Arturo Colautti (Oct. 9, 1851-Nov. 9, 1914). Colautti’s literary source was a five-act tragedy, Adrienne Lecouvreur, by French dramatists Gabriel Jean Baptiste Ernest Wilfred Legouvé (Feb. 14, 1807-March 14, 1903), known as Ernest, and Augustin Eugène Scribe (Dec. 24, 1791-Feb. 20, 1861), known as Eugène.

Legouvé and Scribe’s play premiered April 14, 1849, in Paris, France, at la Comédie-Française, also known as Théâtre-Français. The premiere took place at Salle Richelieu, the primary venue for Théâtre-Français. Salle Richelieu is located at 2 rue de Richelieu, in the southwestern corner of the Palais-Royal complex, in the first arrondissement of Paris (1er arrondissement de Paris).

Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur premiered Nov. 6, 1902, at Teatro Lirico in Milan, Lombardy, north central Italy. Italian operatic tenor Enrico Caruso (Feb. 25, 1873-Aug. 2, 1921) appeared in the principal role of Maurizio, County of Saxony.

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur took place Nov. 18, 1907. Caruso reprised the role of Maurizio.

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season premiere of the opera house’s new production of Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur takes place Monday, Dec. 31, at 6 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. Opening night premieres the opera company’s new production of Cilea’s historical opera.

Including the season premiere, eight performances are scheduled for the 2018-2019 Met Opera season. Seven performances take place in January 2019. The new year’s performances are scheduled for Friday, Jan. 4, at 7:30 p.m.; Tuesday, Jan. 8, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Jan. 12, at 1 p.m.; Wednesday, Jan. 16, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Jan. 19, at 8 p.m.; Wednesday, Jan. 23, at 7:30 p.m.; and Saturday, Jan. 26, at 8 p.m. The performance Saturday, Jan. 12, airs as the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s seventh Saturday matinee radio broadcast.

Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur has an estimated run time of 3 hours 33 minutes during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season. Act I spans 86 minutes. An intermission of 30 minutes follows. Act II covers 28 minutes. An intermission of 25 minutes follows. Act III claims 44 minutes.

Gianandrea Noseda conducts all performances. The Italian conductor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened March 12, 2002, in the opera company’s eighth performance of War and Peace by Soviet composer, conductor and pianist Sergei Prokofiev (April 23, 1891-March 5, 1953).

Anna Netrebko appears in the title role in the 2018-2019 season’s first six performances (Dec. 31; Jan. 4, 8, 12, 16, 19). The Russian operatic soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Feb. 14, 2002, as Natasha Rostova in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Prokofiev’s War and Peace. During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Anna Netrebko also sings the title role of Aida by 19th century opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Anna Netrebko shares the title role with Jennifer Rowley, who sings in the last two performances, Jan. 23 and 26. Jennifer Rowley’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened March 19, 2014, as Musetta during the opera company’s 1,251st performance of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924). In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, the American soprano also sings the title role in Verdi’s Tosca.

Anita Rachvelishvili appears in all performances as the Princess of Bouillon, who forms a love triangle with her former lover, Maurizio, and his new love, Adriana. The Georgian operatic mezzo-soprano’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened as the title role in the opera company’s 970th performance of Carmen by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875). In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season Anita Rachvelishvili also appears as Amneris in Verdi’s Aida and as Dalila in Samson et Dalila by French Romantic Era composer Camille Saint-Saëns (Oct. 9, 1835-Dec. 16, 1921).

Piotr Beczala appears in all performances as Maurizio, Count of Saxony. The Polish operatic tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 19, 2006, as the Duke of Mantua in the opera company’s 814th performance of Verdi’s Rigoletto.

Carlo Bosi appears in all performances as the Abbé de Chazeuil, who accompanies the Prince de Bouillon, husband of Adriana’s rival. The Italian tenor’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Dec. 6, 2013, as Dr. Cajus in the opera company’s 176th performance of Verdi’s Falstaff. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Carlo Bosi also appears as Nick in Puccini’s La Fanciulla del West.

Ambrogio Maestri appears in all performances as Michonnet, a Comédie-Française stage manager who experiences unrequited love in a love triangle with Adriana and Maurizio. The Italian operatic baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Nov. 15, 2004, as Amonasro in the opera company’s 1,074th performance of Verdi’s Aida. In the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Ambrogio Maestri also sings the title role in Verdi’s Falstaff.

Maurizio Muraro appears in all performances as the Prince de Bouillon, husband of the Count of Saxony’s former lover. The Italian operatic bass-baritone’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened 2005, as Dr. Bartolo in the opera company’s 419th performance of Le Nozze di Figaro by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791). During the 2018-2019 Met Opera season, Maurizio Muraro also appears in Puccini’s Il Trittico as Talpa in Il Tabarro segment and as Simone in the Gianni Schicchi segment; and as Sulpice in La Fille du Régiment by 19th century Italian bel canto opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848).

The 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s performances of Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur premiere the opera house’s new production, directed by Sir David McVicar. The Scottish opera and theatre director’s Metropolitan Opera debut happened Feb. 16, 2009, in the opera company’s 600th performance of Verdi’s Il Trovatore.

Sir McVicar's production team comprises Charles Edwards, set designer; Brigitte Reiffenstuel, costume designer; Adam Silverman, lighting designer; and Andrew George, choreographer. The production’s associate director is Justin Way.

Sir McVicar’s new production replaces staging by Mark Lamos. The American theater and opera director debuted his Met Opera staging Feb. 6, 2009, as an updated revival for the opera house’s 67th performance of Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur.

Lamos’s update revived American opera and stage director Nathaniel Merrill’s (Feb. 8, 1927-Sept. 9, 2008) production, which debuted Jan. 21, 1963, in the opera house’s fourth performance of Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur. Nathaniel Merrill’s production featured designs by Carlo Maria Cristini from sketches by Italian designer Camillo Parravicini (1902-1978).

The takeaway for Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur as the Jan. 12, 2019, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that the historical operatic tragedy airs as the seventh of the 2018-2019 Met Opera season’s 24 scheduled Saturday matinee radio broadcasts.

Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur concerns 18th century French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur’s possible fatal preference for violets; portrait of Adrienne Lecouvreur by an unknown artist, ca. 1725, Musée des Beaux Arts et d’Archéologie, Châlons-en-Champagne, Marne, northeastern France; November 2011: Garitan, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Russian operatic soprano Anna Netrebko adds the title role of Francesco Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur to her resumé at The Metropolitan Opera during the 2018-2019 Met Opera season: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook July 11, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10160768870150533/

Cilea’s Adriana Lecouvreur concerns 18th century French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur’s possible fatal preference for violets; portrait of Adrienne Lecouvreur by an unknown artist, ca. 1725, Musée des Beaux Arts et d’Archéologie, Châlons-en-Champagne, Marne department, Grand Est region, northeastern France; November 2011: Garitan, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1515_Adrienne_Lecouvreur.jpg

For further information:

“Adriana Lecouvreur.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 352856 Adriana Lecouvreur {67} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/06/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=352856

“Debut: Gianandrea Noseda.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 350263 War and Peace {8} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/12/2002.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=350263

“Debuts: Ambrogio Maestri, Armando Braswell.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351078 Aida {1074} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/15/2004.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351078

“Debuts: Anita Hartig, Jennifer Rowley, Nicolas Testé.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355378 La Bohème {1251} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/19/2014.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355378

“Debuts: Anita Rachvelishvili, Margaret Thompson.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353729 Carmen {970} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/05/2011.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353729

“Debuts: Anna Netrebko, Ekaterina Semenchuk, Oleg Balashov . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] Metropolitan Opera Premiere CID: 350257 War and Peace {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/14/2002.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=350257

“Debuts: David McVicar, Charles Edwards, Brigitte Reiffenstuel, Leah Hausman.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 353605 New Production Il Trovatore {600} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/16/2009.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=353605

“Debuts: Mark Wigglesworth, Maurizio Muraro . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351338 Le Nozze di Figaro {419} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/02/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351338

“Debuts: Peter Van Praet, Paolo Fanale, Carlo Bosi, Christian Van Horn.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 355173 New Production Falstaff {176} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/06/2013.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=355173

“Debuts: Piotr Beczala, Kate Aldrich.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351731 Rigoletto {814} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/19/2006.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351731

Hamilton, Theodore Ely, ed. Adrienne Lecouvreur by Scribe and Legouvé: Edited With an Introduction and Notes. Oxford French Series by American Scholars. New York NY: Oxford University Press-American Branch, 1917.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/adriennelecouv00scri/
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/adriennelecouvre00scriuoft/

Marriner, Derdriu. “Otello Is the Jan. 5, 2019, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Dec. 31, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/otello-is-jan-5-2019-met-opera-saturday.html

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Adriana Lecouvreur.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 40000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Adriana Lecouvreur {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/18/1907.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=40000

“New Production: Adriana Lecouvreur.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 193000 New Production Adriana Lecouvreur {4} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/21/1963.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=193000

Variable Dancer Damselfly Habitats: Bouncy Flight, Violet Bodies

Summary: North American variable dancer damselfly habitats in eastern Canada and eastern and Great Plains United States get dark wings, jerky flight, violet bodies.

variable dancer damselfly (Argia fumipennis); Bright Pond Lane, Reston, Fairfax County, Northern Virginia; Saturday, July 14, 2012: Judy Gallagher, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

North American variable dancer damselfly habitats approach cultivators along water and naturalists within coastal distribution ranges from Nova Scotia southward through Texas westward through Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska and Montana southward into Mexico.

Variable dancers bear their common name for geographic variation and non-smooth flight and the scientific name Argia fumipennis (damselfly [with] smoky-winged [body]), with three subspecies names. The Burmeister classifications in 1861 consolidate the first, nominate subspecies name, Argia fumipennis fumipennis, but not the subspecies names Argia fumipennis atra and Argia fumipennis violacea. Leonora Gloyd's (Aug. 29, 1902-June 3, 1993) and Hermann Hagen's (May 30, 1917-Nov. 9, 1893) respective descriptions in 1968 and 1861 determine black and violet designations.

Variable dancer lifespans expect dammed streams, forest edge or roadside ditches, sandy-shorelined lakes, shallow ponds and rivers with exposed rocks, gentle currents and grasses and sedge.

January through December function as optimum, southernmost flight seasons even though June through September furnish wildlife mapping opportunities for all niches, from the coasts through the Rockies.

Female variable dancers go to perches and roosts away from water whereas males go over riffles before getting onto aquatic vegetation, bare ground or rocky surfaces. Behavior, body patterns, geography and wing color herd variable dancers into three subspecies, with smoky-winged dancers having the habit of opening and shutting wings at rest. All female and male black, smoky-winged and violet variable dancers immobilize motionless or moving food sources by sallies for stalked prey or from perches after incidental passersby.

Ants, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, robber flies, spiders, turtles and water beetles, bugs and mites jeopardize North American variable dancer damselfly habitats.

Immature variable dancers keep dull, faded, light, pale colors and small sizes whereas black, smoky-winged and violet adults know clear- or dark-winged dark or violet bodies.

Incompletely metamorphosing, three-stage life cycles link eggs on dead or live stems or surface debris; multi-molting, non-flying, somewhat adult-like larvae, naiads or nymphs; and winged adults. The last molt metamorphosizes immature dancers into shiny-winged, soft-bodied, weak-flying tenerals and then into mature damselflies for 24-minute mating, 34-minute ovipositing site searches and 58-minute egg-laying. Dancer members of the Coenagrionidae pond damsel family need aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms.

North American variable dancer damselfly habitats offer season-coldest temperatures, northward to southward, from minus 45 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 42.11 to minus 1.11 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote variable dancers.

Brown eyes, clear wings northward and westward and dark southeastward, dark-marked pale legs, dark-striped brown abdomens and brown to red-brown thoraxes qualify as adult female hallmarks. Male variable dancer damselflies reveal brown-topped, violet-bottomed eyes; black-striped, white-sided violet thoraxes; clear wings northward and westward and dark southeastward; black-marked pale legs; and violet abdomens. Adults show off 1.14- to 1.34-inch (29- to 34-millimeter) head-body lengths, 0.91- to 1.10-inch (23- to 28-millimeter) abdomens and 0.71- to 0.91-inch (18- to 23-millimeter) hindwings.

Green thoraxes and red wing bases respectively tell ebony jewelwings and smoky rubyspots from black and smoky-winged dancers in overlapping North American variable dancer damselfly habitats.

variable dancer damselfly (Argia fumipennis); Jones Preserve, Washington, Rappahannock County, Northern Virginia; Saturday, July 23, 2016: Judy Gallagher (judygva), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

variable dancer damselfly (Argia fumipennis); Bright Pond Lane, Reston, Fairfax County, Northern Virginia; Saturday, July 14, 2012: Judy Gallagher, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Variable_Dancer_-_Argia_fumipennis,_Bright_Pond_Park,_Reston,_Virginia.jpg; Judy Gallagher (Judy Gallagher), CC BY 2.0 Generc, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/52450054@N04/7570808986/

variable dancer damselfly (Argia fumipennis); Jones Preserve, Washington, Rappahannock County, Northern Virginia; Saturday, July 23, 2016: Judy Gallagher (judygva), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Variable_Dancer_-_Argia_fumipennis,_Jones_Preserve,_Washington,_Virginia_-_28244817940.jpg; Judy Gallagher (Judy Gallagher), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/52450054@N04/28244817940/

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; and Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

"Argia fumipennis." James Cook University-Medusa: The Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies > Zygoptera > Coenagrionidae > Argia.
Available via James Cook University-Medusa @ https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/Dragonflies/openset/displaySpecies.php?spid=3424

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; and London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Argia fumipennis violacae (Hagen, 1861: 90 as Agrion) -- Variable Dancer." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Zygoptera Selys, 1854 > Coenagrionidae, Kirby, 1890 (Pond Damselflies) > Argia Rambur, 1842 (Dancers).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

Burmeister, Hermann. "7. A. fumipenne." Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweiter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abtheilung. Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha. (Zweite Hälfte; vulgo Neuroptera): 819. Berlin, Germany: Theod. Chr. Friedr. (Theodore Christian Friedrich) Enslin, 1839.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8223179
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/stream/handbuchderentom222burm#page/819/mode/1up

Gloyd, Leonora K. 1968. The Union of Argia fumpennis (Burmeister, 1839) with Argia violacea (Hagen, 1861), and the Recognition of Three Subspecies (Odonata). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan: no. 658: 1-6, figs. 1-1. Ann Arbor MI: University of Michigan Press.
Available via Deep Blue - University of Michigan Library @ https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/57094/OP658.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Hagen, Hermann. "33. A. violaceum! Agrion violaceum Hagen!" Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America. With a List of the South American Species: 90-91. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. IV, art. I. Translated from Latin to English by Philip Reese Uhler. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, July 1861.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1321227
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/aeu.ark:/13960/t32241f34?urlappend=%3Bseq=125

Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton NJ: Prince University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2011.

"The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map." The National Gardening Association > Gardening Tools > Learning Library USDA Hardiness Zone > USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
Available @ https://garden.org/nga/zipzone/2012/

Hawaii Five-0 Gone on the Road, Without Koa Wood Outrigger Canoes

Summary: Koa wood outrigger canoes would have been Hawaiian traditional water transport for Hawaii Five-0 2010 task force members in Gone on the Road Jan. 4, 2019.

model of koa wood outrigger canoe displayed in the East Hawaii Cultural Center, Hilo, Hawaii; Tuesday, June 9, 2009, 15:16: W Nowicki, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

The Hawaiian proverb Hala i ke ala 'o'iole mai and the same-named Hawaii Five-0 2010 active police procedural series episode Jan. 4, 2019, apply to koa wood outrigger canoes and avenged assassinations.

Director Carl Weathers and writers Matt Wheeler and David Wolkove base Gone on the Road From Which There Is No Return upon an 'ōlelo a'o ("advice"). Season 9's 11th episode, series' 204th overall, clusters Junior Reigns (Beulah Koale), Catherine Rollins (Michelle Borth) and Danny Williams (Scott Caan) around Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin). Businessman Omar Hassan (Christian Rockford) dedicates himself covertly to deathly designs against six Navy SEALs (Sea, Air and Land Teams) dispatched to his terrorist father's domicile.

Mediterranean ferries and high-speed trains, private airplanes and private yachts enabled Omar's emigration from Marrakesh, Morocco, to Copenhagen, Denmark, after his father expired 17 years previously.

Air, land and water transport never frustrate Omar's finding McGarrett's friends Kieren Brewster, Tim Cole (Brad Beyer), Mark Howard, John Linehan and Joe White (Terry O'Quinn).

Only gauging clouds, rising and setting stars, seabirds, swells, waves and winds from Hawaiian traditional water transport got the first Hawaiian ancestors across the Pacific Ocean. The first Hawaiian ancestors honed the Hawaiian archipelago into their adopted homeland through major migrations some 750 to 3,500 years ago from East Asia and Polynesia. Double-hulled, double-rigged or single-hulled, single-rigged Asian, Polynesian and Hawaiian outrigger canoes insured innumerable Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Hawaiian archipelago recreational, sports, trade and travel itineraries.

The first Hawaiian ancestors judged koa ("bold," "brave," "fearless," "warrior") trees endemic to Hawai'i, Kaua'i, Lāna'i, Maui, Moloka'i and O'ahu as juggling buoyant, seaworthy, strong wood.

Koa wood outrigger canoes from Fabaceae bean, legume and pea family members known scientifically as Acacia (from Hebrew שטה, shittah, "thorny") koa still keep Hawaiians water-wise.

Five to 12 black-brown, oval 0.2- to 0.47-inch- (6- to 12-millimeter-) long, 0.16- to 0.28-inch- (4- to 7-millimeter-) wide seeds launch 50- to 150-year life cycles. Koa trees, mentioned scientifically by Asa Gray (Nov. 18, 1810-Jan. 30, 1888), maintain flattened, 25-year-dormant seeds within hard seed coats within immature green, mature black-brown-purple pods. Five- to 30-plus-year-old koa trees nurture bird-friendly, 2.9- to 12-inch- (7.5- to 30.48-centimeter-) long, 0.9- to 0.98-inch- (1.5- to 2.5-centimeter-) wide summer- and winter-fruiting, leguminous pods.

Koa trees offer bird-, insect-, wind-pollinated, clustered, cream-white or yellow, puff-shaped 0.375-inch (9.52-millimeter) flowers at branch ends or at phyllode (from Greek φυλλώδης, phullódēs, "leaf-like") bases.

Koa trees pair evergreen foliage the first six to nine months of leafy life cycles into 12 to 24 sets of divided, feathery, pea-like, twice compound leaflets.

Koa trees then queue up blade-like, gray-green, sickle-shaped, thick, vertically flattened 2.76- to 9.84-inch- (7- to 25-centimeter-) long, 0.19- to 0.98-inch- (0.5- to 2.5-centimeter-) wide phyllodes. They realize 49.21- to 164.04-foot (15- to 50-plus-meter) heights, 19.68- to 124.67-foot (6- to 38-meter) spreads and 19.68-foot (6-meter) diameters 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) above bases. They survive 50- to 100-inch (1,270- to 2,540-millimeter) rainfall minimums and 30- to 40-foot (9.14- to 12.19-meter) spacing at 80- to 7,000-foot (24.38- to 2,133.6-meter) elevations.

The first Hawaiian ancestors took one-way trips toward inter-island life with koa wood outrigger canoes even as millennia later McGarrett and Rollins typify more terminal tactics.

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 11, Hala I Ke Ala 'O'iole Mai (Gone on the Road From Which There Is No Return): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9. 11 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Dec. 20, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

model of koa wood outrigger canoe displayed in the East Hawaii Cultural Center, Hilo, Hawaii; Tuesday, June 9, 2009, 15:16: W Nowicki, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:East_Hawaii_Cultural_Center_Canoe_Exhibit.jpg

Hawaii Five-0 Task Force Commander Steve McGarrett (Alex O'Loughlin) and Detective Danny "Danno" Williams (Scott Caan) in CBS TV's Hawaii Five-0 season 9, episode 11, Hala I Ke Ala 'O'iole Mai (Gone on the Road From Which There Is No Return): CBS Hawaii Five-0 episode 9.11 promotional photo, via SpoilerTV Dec. 20, 2018, @ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/12/hawaii-five-0-episode-911-hala-i-ke-ala.html

For further information:

"Acacia koa." Native Plants Hawaii > Browse Plants.
Available @ http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Acacia_koa

"Acacia koa A. Gray." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ https://www.tropicos.org/Name/13024106

Bhanoo, Sindya N. 7 February 2011. "DNA Sheds New Light on Polynesian Migration." The New York Times > Science.
Available @ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08obpolynesia.html

"Cocoon (Ka 'Owilli 'Okai)." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: CBS Television Studios, Sept. 28, 2018.

Gray, Asa. 1854. "17. Acacia Koa." Botany. Phanerogamia, Part I: 480-481. United States Exploring Expedition. During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Vol. XV. Philadelphia PA: C. Sherman.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40382669

"Hala I Ke Ala O'i'ole Mai: Gone of the Road From Which There is No Return." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Jan. 4, 2019.

"Hawaiian Outrigger Canoeing / History, Revival, Today." Hawaiian Paddle Sports > Blog > Social.
Available @ https://hawaiianpaddlesports.com/social/outrigger-canoeing/

Herring, E. 16 February 2002. "Acacia koa." University of Hawaii at Manoa > College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources > Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database.
Available @ https://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/aca-koa.htm

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2018. “Ponderosa Pine Trees for When a Hawaii Five-0 2010 House Is Dark.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/ponderosa-pine-trees-for-when-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2018. “Hawaiian Pili Grass Houses: Hawaii Five-0 2010 When the Light Goes Out.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawaiian-pili-grass-houses-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2018. “Ko'a Black Coral for Hawaii Five-0 2010's Truth Comes from the Night.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/koa-black-coral-for-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2018. “Hawaiian Goose Nēnē: Birds of a Feather Episode on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-goose-nene-birds-of-feather.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2018. “Hawaiian Horses, Chang and McGarrett: Hawaii Five-0 2010 200th Episode.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/hawaiian-horses-chang-and-mcgarrett.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2018. “Olonā Hawaiian Nettle Shrubs for Hawaii Five-0 Emergency Landings?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/olona-hawaiian-nettle-shrubs-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2018. “Gernika Genocide Survivor Art Before Hawaii Five-0 Prophetic Child Art.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/gernika-genocide-survivor-art-before.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2018. “Hawaiian Beach Sand: Hawaii Five-0 2010's On the Slope of the Cliff.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-beach-sand-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2018. “Proverbial Cowrie Sea Snails for the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/proverbial-cowrie-sea-snails-for-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 October 2018. “Lamian or Ramen Noodles: Hawaii Five-0's The Man Who Fell From the Sky.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/lamian-or-ramen-noodles-hawaii-five-os.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2018. “Gutta-Percha Trees and Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ninth Season Premiere Cocoon.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/gutta-percha-trees-and-hawaii-five-o.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 September 2018. “Ki'i Pōhaku Petroglyphs: Ancients Exposed on Five-0's Waiho Wale Kahiko.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/kii-pohaku-petroglyphs-ancients-exposed.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2018. “Hawaiian Rain Gardens for Five-0's Tough Branch That Does Not Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/hawaiian-rain-gardens-for-five-0s-tough.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2018. “Noni for Hawaii Five-0's Ka Hana A Ka Makua, O Ka Hana No Ia A Keiki.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/noni-for-hawaii-five-0s-ka-hana-ka.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 April 2018. “'Āliamanu Salt Lake and Five-0's Kopi Wale No I Ka I'a A 'Eu No Ka Ilo.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/aliamanu-salt-lake-and-five-0s-kopi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 April 2018. “Hawaii Five-0 Episode Ahuwale Ka Nane Hina: Uku Hawaiian Gray Snappers.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/hawaii-five-0-episde-ahuwale-ka-nane.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2018. “'Iwa Great Frigatebirds: Five-0's He Lokomaika'i Ka Manu O Kaiona.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/iwa-great-frigatebirds-five-0s-he.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 April 2018. “Chinese Juniper Shrubs on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/chinese-juniper-shrubs-on-hawaii-five-0.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 April 2018. “Bonsai Gardening on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Aohe Mea Make I Ka Hewa.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/bonsai-gardening-on-hawaii-five-0-2010.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 March 2018. “'Ulu Hawaiian Breadfruit To Do One's Duty on Five-0's E Ho'oko Kuleana.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/ulu-hawaiian-breadfruit-to-do-ones-duty.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 March 2018. “Chlorine Gas on Hawaii Five-0 2010's Holapu Ke Ahi Koe Iho Ka Lehu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/chlorine-gas-on-hawaii-five-0-2010s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 March 2018. “Golden Plovers and Stars of Heaven Know Where Pae Is on Hawaii Five-0.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/golden-plovers-and-stars-of-heaven-know.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2018. “A Coral Reef Strengthens Out to Land on Hawaii Five-0 with Lobe Corals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-coral-reef-strengthens-out-to-land-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 January 2018. “No Southern House Mosquitoes on Hawaii Five-0's Na Keikia Kalaihaohia.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/no-southern-house-mosquitoes-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 January 2018. “What Is Gone Is Not Hawaiian Bobtail Squid on Hawaii Five-0 2010.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/what-is-gone-is-not-hawaiian-bobtail.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 January 2018. “Criminals Rare as Guernsey Dairy Cattle on Hawaii Five-0 The Roundup.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/criminals-rare-as-guernsey-dairy-cattle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 January 2018. “Hawaiian Cattle Roundups and Hawaii Five-0 2010 The Roundup Criminals.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/hawaiian-cattle-roundups-and-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2010. “Hawaii Shave Ice Images and Take-Outs on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Ho'apono.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-shave-ice-images-and-take-outs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 November 2010. “Hawaiian Wild Boars Around Hawaii Five-0 2010's North Shore of O'ahu.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-wild-boars-around-hawaii-five.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 November 2010. “Limu Lipoa Hawaiian Seaweed on Hawaii Five-0 2010 Episode Nalowale.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/limu-lipoa-hawaiian-seaweed-on-hawaii.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2010. “Hawaiian Blueberry Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pancakes.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaiian-blueberry-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2010. “Hawaii Five-0 2010: Respect the Land and the Pizza Without Pineapples?” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/hawaii-five-0-2010-respect-land-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 November 2010. “Pygmy Hippopotamuses for Grace of the Hawaii Five-0 2010 Family?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pygmy-hippopotamuses-for-grace-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2010. “Pineappley Hala Tree Botanical Illustrations for Hawaii Five-0 Pilot.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/pineappley-hala-tree-botanical.html

"Pio Ke Kuki, Po'ele Ka Hale: When the Light Goes Out, the House Is Dark." Hawaii Five-0 2010: The Ninth Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 7, 2018.

Soares, Pedro; Teresa Rito; Jean Trejaut; Maru Mormina; Catherine Hill; Emma Tinkler-Hundal; Michelle Braid; Douglas J. Clarke; Jun-Hun Loo; Noel Thomson; Tim Denham; Mark Donohue; Vincent Macaulay; Marie Lin; Stephen Oppenheimer; Martin B. Richards. 11 February 2011. "Ancient Voyaging and Polynesian Origins. American Journal of Human Genetics 88(2): 239-247.
Available @ https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(11)00010-3

Accurate, Ancient, Artistic Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings to Buddha

Summary: The Ajanta cave wall paintings are accurate, ancient artistic aids, as are the earliest oral and written accounts, to Buddha's teachings.

panorama of Ajanta Caves; Maharashtra, west-central India; Saturday, March 17, 2007, 14:40: Ashok (Freakyyash), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Ambling through the Ajanta Caves or accurately assembling images of Ajanta cave wall paintings accesses for Buddhism's adherents, admirers and analysts ancient artwork from within 300 to 1,100 years of Buddha's lifetime.

The Ajanta Caves at 96.56-mile (60-kilometer), 120.7-mile (75-kilometer) and 160.93-plus-mile (100-plus-kilometer) distances from Jalgaon, Bhusawal and Aurangabad in Maharashtra, central-west India, bear 1,500- to 2,100-plus-year-old artworks. They conserve near-correct characterizations of Siddhartha Gautama (624 BCE?-544 BCE?), albeit incorrectly dark-eyed instead of blue the color of flax, as blue-black-haired, golden-skinned, supple-limbed, tall and trim-bodied. They depict few of such 32 wisdom-prompted physical displays as top-of-the-head bump; third "eye"; shoulder-brushing ear lobes; jutting heels; rounded ankles; long, same-size, thin, webbed toes.

Ajanta cave wall paintings and their equivalents in exactly photographed or reproduced art elaborate early evidence of Buddhism's expression as Hinayana lesser and Mahayana greater vehicles.

Ajanta cave wall paintings from the second through first centuries BCE and fourth through sixth centuries BCE follow Buddha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened") folklorically and symbolically.

Caves 9 and 10 gather into eye-level, horizontal scroll-like, linear generations the earliest Ajanta cave wall paintings in the oldest prayer halls (chaitya, from Sanskrit चैत्य). They herded Ajanta cave monks and, as financial supporters, Vaishya (from Sanskrit वैश्य, "man who settles the soil") caste merchants, through meditative retreats during rainy seasons. Buddha initiated dry-season outdoor begging for his Sangha (from Sanskrit संघ, "multitude") monastic community and instituted rainy-season meditating in caves or open countrysides or under trees.

Buddha ultimately juggled outdoor begging with indoor-outdoor  meditating in the Isipatana deer park, the Jetavana Monastery and the 60-house Bamboo Grove of Benares, Savatthi and Rajagriha.

The earlier, Hinayana (from Sanskrit हीनयान, "lesser vehicle") Buddhism kindled the begging, instructive, meditative practices by Buddha's Sangha monastic community and among the Ajanta cave monks.

Historical geography locates the Ajanta cave wall paintings central-westward of Buddha's birthplace and death-place in Nepal and seven-year enlightenment search and 45-year ministry in northern India. What motivated manifesting Buddha's most accurate, most ancient portraits at 875.39- to 1,012.4-mile (1,408.8- to 1,629.3-kilometer) distances from his Kapilavastu birthplace, Uruwela enlightenment and Lumbini death-place? The Ajanta cave wall paintings, noted April 28, 1819, by 28th Cavalry Captain John K. Smith for the Madras Presidency, nestle within a near-perpendicular cliff face.

The eastward-westward organized, 1,968.5-foot- (600-meter-) long Ajanta Caves occur beneath a seven-leap waterfall and above a semi-circular, wild glen that occasions horseshoe-bending of the Waghora River.

The Satavahana Empire (first century BCE-second century CE) capital at Paithan, 80 miles (128.75 kilometers) from Ajanta, promoted Buddhist cave temple excavation- and Western trade-friendly policies.

Sangha Councils quoted Buddha that "The Law which I have explained and laid down for you all, let that, after I am gone, be your teacher." The second and the fourth Sangha Councils in 246 BCE and 80 BCE refined orally transmissible, and released first-ever written, disciplines, discourses and teachings of Buddha. The Ajanta cave wall paintings suggest memory aids to the Sangha Council's Tipitaka (from Sanskrit त्रिपिटक, "three baskets") of Abhidhamma teachings, Sutta discourses and Vinaya discipline.

The Ajanta cave wall paintings transmit the earliest paintings, between the earliest oral and written transmissions, of Buddhist teachings and theoretically turn up among first-of-the-year tours.

depiction of Buddha in Cave 10 of Ajanta Caves; Maharashtra, west-central India; March 8, 2017, 02:16: Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

panorama of Ajanta Caves; Maharashtra, west-central India; Saturday, March 17, 2007, 14:40: Ashok (Freakyyash), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ajanta_viewpoint.jpg

depiction of Buddha in Cave 10 of Ajanta Caves; Maharashtra, west-central India; Wednesday, March 8, 2017, 02:16: Photo Dharma from Sadao, Thailand, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:089_Cave_10,_Buddha_Drawing_on_Column_(33896473480).jpg; Anandahoti Bhikkhu (Anandajoti), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/anandajoti/33896473480/

For further information:

"Ajanta Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242

"Ajanta Caves Vulnerable to Landslides, Says Study." NDTV > India > News > August 6, 2014 15:50 IST.
Available @ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajanta-caves-vulnerable-to-landslides-says-study-616005

Bankar, M.V.; and N.P. Bhosle. November-December 2017. "Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Ajanta Region (MS) India." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences Volume 12, Issue 6 Ver. II: 59-64.
Available @ http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jpbs/papers/Vol12-issue6/Version-2/I1206025964.pdf

Barrett, Douglas E.; and Basil Gray. 1963. Painting of India. Geneva, Switzerland: Skira, Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by World Publishing Co., Cleveland OH.

Behl, Benoy K. 2005. The Ajanta Caves: Ancient Paintings of Buddhist India. London UK: Thames & Hudson.

Boyd, Ryan. 14 December 2018. "Sacred Sites: Ajanta Caves." Evolve + Ascend > Ancient Wisdom > Culture > Occult > Sacred Sites.
Available @ http://www.evolveandascend.com/2018/12/14/sacred-sites-ajanta-caves/

Boyle, Alan. 25 November 2013. "Religious Roots of Buddha's Birthplace Traced Back 2,600 Years." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/religious-roots-buddhas-birthplace-traced-back-2-600-years-2D11648772

Burgess, J. (James). 1879. "Notes on the Bauddha Rock-Temples of Ajanta, Their Paintings and Sculptures, and on the Paintings of the Bagh Caves, Modern Bauddha Mythology, &c." Archaeological Society of Western India, no. 9. Bombay, India: Government Central Press.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/archaeologicals01indigoog/

Dalrymple, William. 15 August 2014. "The Ajanta Cave Murals: 'Nothing Less Than the Birth of Indian Art.'" The Guardian > Culture > Art & Design.
Available @ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/aug/15/mural-ajanta-caves-india-birth-indian-art

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Text to Accompany the Folio Volume of Plates. London, England.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008483717/

Fergusson, James. 1845. Illustrations of the Rock-Cut Temples of India: Selected From the Best Examples of the Different Series of Caves at Ellora, Ajunta, Cuttack, Salsette, Karli, and Mahavellipore. Drawn on Stone by Mr. T.C. Dibdin, From Sketches Carefully Made on the Spot, With the Assistance of the Camera-Lucida, in the Years 1838-9. London, England: John Weale, M.DCCC.XLV.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008543106/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London, England: W.H. Allen & Co.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/

Fergusson, James; and Robert Gill. 1864. The Rock-Cut Temples of India; Illustrated by Seventy-Four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. Described by James Fergusson. London, England: John Murray.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100206115
Available via Wikisource @ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rock-cut_Temples_of_India

Gill, Robert; and James Fergusson. 1864. One Hundred Stereoscopic Illustrations of Architecture and Natural History in Western India. Photographed by Major Gill and described by James Fergusson. London, England: Cundall, Downes & Co.

Gupte, R.S.; and B.D. Mahajan. 1962. Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves. Bombay, India: D.B. Taraporevala Sons and Co.

Pisani, Ludovico. 6 August 2013. "The Ajanta Cave Paintings." The Global Dispatches > Articles and Culture.
Available @ http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/the-ajanta-cave-paintings

Singh, Rajesh. 2012. An Introduction to the Ajanta Caves: With Examples of Six Caves. Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 2017. Ajanta Cave No. 1: Documented According to the Ajanta Corpus of Dieter Schlingloff (Photographic Compendium, Ajanta Narrative Painting). Vadodara, India: Hari Sena Press Private Limited.

Somathilake, Mahinda. June 2013. "Painted Jataka Stories of Ancient Sri Lanka." International Journal of Arts and Commerce 2(6): 139-150.
Available @ https://ijac.org.uk/images/frontImages/gallery/Vol._2_No._6/14.pdf

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 1: The End of the Golden Age. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/1. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2018. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 2: Arguments about Ajanta. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2005. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 3: The Arrival of the Uninvited. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/3. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2008. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 4: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture - Year by Year. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/4. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M. 2006. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 5: Cave by Cave. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/5. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter. 2017. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 7: Bagh, Dandin, Cells and Cell Doorways. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/7. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Spink, Walter M; and Naomichi Yaguchi. 2014. Ajanta: History and Development. Volume 6: Defining Features. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia, Volume 18/6. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers.

Uno, Tomoko; and Yoshiko Shimazdu. "Thermal Environment in Ajanta Caves." Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road: 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012, Proceedings.
Available @ http://www.mukogawa-u.ac.jp/~iasu2012/pdf/iaSU2012_Proceedings_401.pdf

"World Heritage Sites - About Ajanta Caves 01 to 29." Archeological Survey of India > Monuments > World Heritage Site > Ajanta > About Caves.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20120501151253/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_ajanta_caves.asp

Partial Solar Eclipse Jan. 5-6 Is First of Three 2019 Solar Eclipses

Summary: The partial solar eclipse Jan. 5-6 is the first of three 2019 solar eclipses and also is the first of the year’s five eclipses.

details of Jan. 5-6, 2019, partial solar eclipse: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The partial solar eclipse Jan. 5-6 is the first of three 2019 solar eclipses and also heads the year’s lineup of five eclipses, of which two are lunar.

The partial solar eclipse Jan. 5-6, 2019, is a Northern Hemisphere event. The year’s first eclipse favors northeastern Asia, Alaska’s Aleutian Islands and the North Pacific Ocean.

January’s partial solar eclipse begins with first contact between Earth’s surface and the moon’s penumbra, the lighter, outer region of the lunar shadow. First contact takes place Saturday, Jan. 5, at 23:34:08.7 Universal Time (Saturday, Jan. 5, 2:34 p.m. Alaska Standard Time; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 7:34 a.m. China Standard Time and Irkutsk Time; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 10:34 a.m. Srednekolymsk Time), according to NASA’s Eclipse website.

Greatest eclipse is slated for Sunday, Jan. 6, at 01:41.38.3 UT1 (Saturday, Jan. 5, at 4:41 p.m. AKST; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 9:41 a.m. CST, IRKT; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 12:41 p.m. SRET). Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak places the greatest eclipse’s occurrence over Srednekolymysky District in the Russian Far East’s Sakha Republic (67 degrees 26.1 minutes north latitude 153 degrees 33.7 degrees east longitude). For solar eclipses, greatest eclipse (GE) designates the instant of closest passage to Earth’s center by the lunar shadow cone’s axis.

January’s partial solar eclipse ends with last contact between the lunar penumbra and Earth’s surface. Last contact is expected to take place Sunday, Jan. 6, at 03:48:50.3 UT1 (Saturday, Jan. 5, at 6:48 p.m. AKST; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 11:48 a.m. CST, IRKT; Sunday, Jan. 6, at 2:48 p.m. SRET).

January’s partial solar eclipse belongs to Saros 122. The Saros cycle groups similar eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle spans approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

Same Saros cycle eclipses present similar geometries, such as occurrence at the same ascending or descending node with the moon, at a nearly same distance from Earth. Saros 122 eclipses occur at the descending node of the lunar orbit’s crossing of Earth’s orbit. The descending node marks the lunar orbit’s crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit. The moon’s movement is northward with respect to the descending node.

Saros series 122 endures for 1,244.08 years. Saros cycle 122 began April 17, 991, with a partial solar eclipse in the Southern Hemisphere. Saros 122 ends May 17, 2235, with a partial solar eclipse in the Northern Hemisphere.

January’s partial solar eclipse numbers as 58 of 70 eclipses in Saros 122. Saros 122 series of 70 solar eclipses comprise 28 partial solar eclipses, 37 annular solar eclipses, three total solar eclipses and two hybrid solar eclipses.

Saros 122’s first eight eclipses, occurring between April 17, 991, and July 1, 1117, happened as partial solar eclipses. The next three (July 12, 1135; July 23, 1153; Aug. 3, 1171) were total solar eclipses, followed by two hybrid solar eclipses (Aug. 13, 1189; Aug. 25, 1207). The next 37 eclipses, beginning Sept. 4, 1225, and ending Oct. 10, 1874, were annular solar eclipses. Saros 122’s last 20 eclipses occur as partial solar eclipses, beginning Oct. 20, 1892, and ending May 17, 2235.

Prior to January’s eclipse, the most recent Saros 122 eclipse took place Dec. 25, 2000. After January’s eclipse, the next Saros 122 eclipse takes place Jan. 16, 2037.

January’s eclipse numbers as the fourth of four consecutive partial solar eclipses. All three of 2018’s solar eclipses occurred as partials. The year’s first partial solar eclipse took place Feb. 15, 2018. The second of the year’s trio occurred July 13, 2018. The year’s third solar eclipse happened Aug. 11, 2018.

January 2019 welcomes two eclipses. About two weeks after the month’s solar eclipse, a total lunar eclipse takes place Jan. 21. July 2019 also features two eclipses, with a total solar eclipse July 2 and a partial lunar eclipse July 16. The year’s fifth and last eclipse occurs as an annular solar eclipse Dec. 26, 2019.

The takeaway for the partial solar eclipse Jan. 5-6, 2019, is that the month’s eclipse occurs as the first of 2019’s three solar eclipses and as the first of the year’s total lineup of five eclipses.

animation of partial solar eclipse Jan. 5-6, 2019: A.T. Sinclair/NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

details of Jan. 5-6, 2019, partial solar eclipse: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2019Jan06P.GIF

animation of partial solar eclipse Jan. 5-6, 2019: A.T. Sinclair/NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SE2019Jan06P.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2019.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Eclipses During 2019.
Available via EclipseWise @ http://www.eclipsewise.com/oh/ec2019.html

Espenak, Fred. “Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.” NASA Eclipse Web Site.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/help/SEglossary.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2019 Jan 06.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Eclipses During 2019 > Partial Solar Eclipse of January 06.
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/partial-solar-eclipse-feb-15-is-first.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/partial-solar-eclipse-july-13-is-second.html