April 29, 2014, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 148

Summary: The Tuesday, April 29, 2014, annular solar eclipse belongs to Saros series 148, a series of 75 similar solar eclipses.

Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1653, opened Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Tuesday, April 29, 2014, annular solar eclipse belongs to Saros series 148, which comprises 75 solar eclipses with similar geometries.

April’s solar eclipse begins Tuesday, April 29, at 03:52:38.2 Universal Time, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. Annularity begins at 05:57:35.1 UT. Greatest eclipse takes place at 12:46:28.6 UT. Greatest eclipse refers to the instant of the closest passage of the lunar shadow cone’s axis to Earth’s center. The eclipse ends at 08:14:29.2 UT.

April 2014’s annular solar eclipse numbers as 21 in the lineup of 75 solar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 148. Similar geometries connect the series’ 75 solar eclipses as a family, known as a series.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site describes Saros 148 solar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 148, the lunar movement is northward of the descending node.

A pair of ascending and descending nodes signals the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes suggest the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the moon’s orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node references the lunar orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node refers to the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

The Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) governs the periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses. Each Saros series comprises 70 or more eclipses and unfolds over 12 to 13 centuries.

Saros solar series 148 lasts for 1,334.23 years, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The series lasts for 14 centuries. Saros solar series 148 spans the 17th through 30th centuries.

Solar eclipses in Saros series 148 sequence as 20 partial solar eclipses, two annular solar eclipses, one hybrid solar eclipse, 40 total solar eclipses and 12 partial solar eclipses. Total solar eclipses take place as the most frequent eclipse type in Saros series 148, with a total of 40 occurrences. Partial solar eclipses appear as the second most frequent, with a total of 32 occurrences.

The partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1653, opened Saros solar series 148. This Southern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 61.0 south at 149.7 west, took place over the Southern Ocean, one degree south of the overlap of Antarctica’s ocean with the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

The partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2987, will close Saros solar series 148. This Northern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 65.2 north at 177.4 east, will occur over Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East.

The annular solar eclipse of Tuesday, April 29, 2014, numbers as first of two annular solar eclipses in Saros solar series 148’s annular sequence. This Southern Hemisphere event experiences its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 70.6 south at 131.3 east, over East Antarctica, northeast of Concordia Station.

A partial solar eclipse on Wednesday, April 17, 1996, was the immediate predecessor of the April 2014 annular solar eclipse in Saros solar series 148. This Southern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 71.3 south at 104.0 west, occurred in the Southern Ocean, northwest of West Antarctica’s Thurston Island.

The April 1996 partial solar eclipse closed Saros solar series 148’s opening sequence of 20 partial solar eclipses. This eclipse numbered 20 in the series’ lineup of 75 solar eclipses.

An annular solar eclipse on Sunday, May 9, 2032, succeeds the April 2014 annular solar eclipse in Saros solar series 148. This Southern Hemisphere event will stage its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 51.3 south at 7.1 west, over the open South Atlantic Ocean, northeast of South Georgia Island (where British polar explorer Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, Feb. 15, 1874-Jan. 5, 1922, is buried).

The May annular solar eclipse will occur as the second in Saros solar series 148’s sequence of two annular solar eclipses. This eclipse numbers 22 in the series’ lineup of 75 solar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Tuesday, April 29, 2014, annular solar eclipse is that the astronomical event numbers as 21 in Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses and opens the series’ sequence of two annular solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2987, will close Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1653, opened Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1601-1700/1653-09-21.gif

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2987, will close Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2901-3000/2987-12-12.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Annular 2014 Apr 29.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 09539 -15 2014 Apr 29.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2014-04-29.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Annular 2032 May 09.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 09579 -14 2032 May 09.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2032-05-09.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 2014 Apr 29.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2014Apr29Aprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 2032 May 09.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2032May09Aprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses and the Saros.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Solar Eclipse Maps.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Resources.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SEmapkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1653 Sep 21.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 08671 -35 1653 Sep 21.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1601-1700/1653-09-21.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1996 Apr 17.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 09499 -16 1996 Apr 17.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1901-2000/1996-04-17.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2987 Dec 12.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 11866 39 2987 Dec 12.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2901-3000/2987-12-12.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1653 Sep 21.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1601 to 1700 (1601 CE to 1700 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1601-1700/SE1653Sep21Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1996 Apr 17.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1901-2000/SE1996Apr17Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2987 Dec 12.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2901 to 3000 (2901 CE to 3000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2901-3000/SE2987Dec12Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Saros Series 148.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros148.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First 2013 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse Friday, May 10.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 8, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/first-2013-solar-eclipse-is-annular.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, May 10, 2013, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Cycle 138.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 1, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/friday-may-10-2013-annular-solar.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 29 Apr, 2014 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2014_04_29

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 9 May, 2032 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2032_05_09

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 12 Dec, 2987 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2901 AD > 2981-3000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2987_12_12

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 17 Apr, 1996 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1996_04_17

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 21 Sep, 1653 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1601 AD > 1641-1660 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1653_09_21

Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars

Summary: Kim D. Coder of North America's University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, uses buds, bundle scars, leaf drops and leaf scars for tree twig identification.

tree twig anatomy: striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) with terminal bud breaking: Rob Routledge/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Tree twig identification appears third in four-step examinations of deciduous, evergreen and persistent-leaved trees, according to Advanced Twig Anatomy: Everyone Needs Buds (Part II) in the April 2014 issue of Arborist News.

Kim D. Coder of North America's University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, bids master arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards to sequence foliage drops. Determination of twigs as deciduous from leaf drops within one calendar year or as evergreen from "persistent-leaved" foliage renewing every three years characterizes the first step. The second step demands differentiating among alternate, near-opposite, opposite or whorled leaf scars before determining the absence or the presence of false or true terminal buds.

The fourth step examines bundle scars, known as "leaf traces in newly removed leaves" or as "remnants of broken lines of vascular tissue that served" leaves.

Scars form from the "visible disruption after abscission or removal of an organ," such as when flowers, fruits, leaves, shoots and stipules fall off tree twigs. All twig scars generate information even though bud, leaf, stipule and terminal bud scars get prioritized for ecosystem stress, species-specific growth rates and tree twig identification.

Some species have "leaf-like blades, bud scale-like growths, or spine-like points" as bracts (modified leaves) whose stipular scars look "ring-like" or "slit-like" just above axillary buds.

Leaf arrangements involve one scar on alternating sides, two on near-opposite or opposite sides and three or more whorled through both sides of nodal torus rings. Their raised, surface-level or sunken positions on twigs juggle broad crescent, circular, half round, heart, horseshoe, oval, shield, thin crescent, three-lobed, triangular, U- or V-like shapes.

Completion of step two for tree twig identification sometimes kickstarts passage through steps three and four since alternate- and near-opposite-leaved species far outnumber opposite- and whorled-leaved.

Examination of tree twig buds, as "compound protective devices used to shield growing points during non-growth periods," further levels the species-specific options in tree twig anatomy. Buds may be composed of compacted or unexpanded primordial internodes, developing flower or leaf tissues, primordial lateral growing points and scaly, waxed paper-like coverings called cataphylls. Cataphylls, whose immature bracts cover growing points and growing point-related tissues, necessitate classifications as alternate-, overlapping-scaled imbricates, one-scaled singles, paired-, overlapping-scaled two-ranked or non-overlapping, paired valvates.

Scales never occur on naked buds whose growing points primordial leaves and trichomes (hairs) sometimes obscure but whose presence offers typically raised, sunken or surface-level looks.

Tree twig anatomy positions accessory buds around axillary buds, axillary buds at leaf bases, pseudoterminal buds near terminal twig scars and terminal buds at twig tips. Axillary, pseudoterminal and terminal scars qualify as indicators of axil buds near leafy twigs, the previous terminal twig shoot's death-place and the previous terminal bud's location.

All buds, sessile (stalk-less) or stalked, reveal conical to oval or round, large or small, long or short, narrow or wide and point- or round-tipped shapes. Shape also surfaces in step four, where the 12 petiole leaf-base scar shapes show cross sections of one to five-plus bundle scars or one U-shaped scar.

Tree twig identification tracks tree-related ecosystem stress, growth rates and winter identification and turns unusual facts, such as pseudoterminal bud-effected zigzag growth patterns, into backyard-friendly knowledge.

white ash (Fraxinus americana) leaf scar and terminal bud: Brett Marshall/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) with terminal bud breaking: Rob Routledge/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5472075

white ash (Fraxinus americana) leaf scar and terminal bud: Brett Marshall/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5468100

For further information:

Coder, Kim D. April 2014. "Advanced Twig Anatomy: Everyone Needs Buds (Part II)." Arborist News 23(2): 12-19.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=1ee7afcc-6b5d-408e-aff0-a2f800b715b6#?page=26

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

White-Flowered Angel Trumpet Tree Botanical Illustrations and Images

Summary: White-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images depict hardy, self-fertile, short-flowered, spineless-fruited shrubs and small trees.

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), under synonym Datura cornigera (horn-bearing Datura), by Scottish botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch (Feb. 28, 1817-Jan. 14, 1892); 1-portion of corolla tube with stamen; 2-pistil; Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1846), table 4252: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

White-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images assemble distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances for one of seven angel trumpet tree species native to South, and naturalized to Central, America.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees belong among the Ecuadorian, northern Chilean, Peruvian, southern Colombian and western Bolivian native flora as borrachero ("drunkenness"), campana ("bell"), estramonio and floripondio. They carry common names for trumpet-like flowers and for brain-controlling, cocaine-like, death-inducing white powder from dried seeds and the scientific name Brugmansia arborea ("Brugmans' arboreal [flower]"). Brugmansia derives from Christiaan Hendrick Persoon's (Feb. 1, 1761-Nov. 16, 1836) dedicating, in 1805, the genus name to Sebald Justinus Brugmans (March 24, 1763-July 22, 1819).

The second name arborea (from the same-spelled Latin, "pertaining to trees") emphasizes the species' woodiness explicated by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) in 1753.

Non-bushiness, non-erect flowers, non-spiny fruits favored Robert Sweet's (1783-Jan. 20, 1835) finding, in 1818, the Datura genus furnished by Linnaeus taxonomies false for angel trumpet trees.

The white-flowered angel trumpet tree's wildlife-dispersable, wind-spreadable fruits generate cocaine-like, dry, white powder from 100 to 300-plus dark, fine-haired, sometimes kidney- or wedge-shaped, somewhat cork-like or smooth, thick seeds. Bolivian, Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian white-flowered angel trumpet trees have self-fertile flowers that herald hugely harvestable berry-like, oval, 1.77-inch- (4.5-centimeter-) wide, 2.36-inch- (6-centimeter-) long fruits. They, alone of seven angel trumpet tree species, include the only self-fertile flowers, with female and male parts on every tree, and the shortest, whitest flowers.

White-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images juggle orange-red, trumpet-shaped, 11.81-inch- (30-centimeter-) long corollas (from the Latin corōlla, "little crown") with three to five lobes.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees know 6.29- to 7.88-inch (16- to 20-centimeter) corolla rim diameters and 2.76-inch (7-centimeter) diameters for calyxes (from the Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk").

White-flowered angel trumpet trees load female and male parts onto 4.72- to 6.69-inch- (12- to 17-centimeter-) long calyxes for continuous small-quantitied, not fewer, cross-pollinated, large-quantitied, flushes. Green, sheath-like, side-slit calyxes maintain creamy to ivory or white stalked flowers moving horizontally against or near somewhat elliptical, somewhat oval evergreen leaves with coarse-toothed margins. Stalked, 7.88- to 11.81-inch- (20- to 30-centimeter-) long, 3.94- to 5.91-inch- (10- to 15-centimeter-) wide nestle into alternate niches on white-flowered angel trumpet tree forked branches.

White-flowered angel trumpet botanical illustrations and images observe the cold- and drought-hardiest Brugmansia species occurring at 6,561.68- to 9,842.52-foot (2,000- to 3,000-meter) altitudes above sea level.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees produce the rare hybrid Brugmansia x flava ("Brugmans' hybrid yellow [flower]") with Brugmansia sanguinea ("Brugmans' blood-stained [flower]") at their five overlapping biogeographies.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees queue up for 15.75- to 55.12-inch (400- to 1,400-millimeter) yearly rainfall and from seeds and 6- to 8-inch (15.24- to 20.32-centimeter) cuttings. They require fertile, somewhat shaded, sunny, well-drained soils and United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zone 7b-like minimums above 0 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 17.77 degrees Celsius). The International Union for Conservation of Nature shows them as extinct in native wildernesses through eradication campaigns against brain-controlling, death-inducing scopolamine pulverized from leaves and seeds.

Continuous, few-flowered, long-calyxed, short-blossomed, white-bloomed flushes and hardiness typify mature 9.84 to 22.97-foot (3- to 7-meter) models for white-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images.

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), with seed pod and long green calyx: Tom Hulse, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), under synonym Datura cornigera (horn-bearing Datura), by Scottish botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch (Feb. 28, 1817-Jan. 14, 1892); 1-portion of corolla tube with stamen; 2-pistil; Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1846), table 4252: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/434691; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/8572641718/

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), with seed pod and long green calyx: Tom Hulse, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brugmansia_arborea_with_fruit.jpg

For further information:

Hay, A. 2014. "Brugmansia arborea." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51247708A58386508.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/51247708/0

Hay, Alistair; Monika Gottschalk; Adolfo Holguín. 2012. Huanduj: Brugmansia. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens.

Hooker, William Jackson, Sir. 1846. "Tab. 4252. Datura cornigera. Horn-bearing Datura." Curtis's Botanical Magazine, third series vol. II (vol. LXXII of the whole work). London, England: Reeve Brothers.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/434692

Linnæi, Caroli. 1753. "3. Datura arborea." Species Plantarum, Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, ad Genera Relatas, cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus I: 179. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358198

Preissel, Ulrike; Hans-Georg Preissel. 2002. Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Buffalo NY: Firefly Books.

First of Two 2014 Total Lunar Eclipses Happens Tuesday, April 15

Summary: The first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses happens Tuesday, April 15, as the first in a tetrad that ends Monday, Sept. 28, 2015.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for partial lunar eclipse of Tuesday, April 15, 2014: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses happens Tuesday, April 15, as the first in a tetrad, or series of four consecutive total lunar eclipses, that occur at five- to six-month intervals within a two-year period.

The April 2014 total lunar eclipse favors the Western Hemisphere. Viewing of all or of some of the ecliptic event, however, is available to parts of all seven of Earth’s continents.

Mexico and Central America claim preferential location status with visibility of the entire event. Viewing of the entirety of the first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses also encompasses much of Canada and of the continental United States.

Entire visibility of the April 2014 eclipse is afforded to southern and western South America. All of Chile, Ecuador and Peru enjoy entire visibility. The first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses also favors much of Argentina and Colombia with complete visibility. Northwestern Venezuela and western Bolivia experience complete visibility.

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” notes incomplete visibility due to moonrise and moonset. Occurrence of the event’s first half before moonrise deprives observers in the western Pacific of complete visibility. The event’s occurrence after moonset ensures no visibility for the Middle East and much of Africa, Asia and Europe.

The first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses begins the lunar entrance into Earth’s penumbra, the lighter outer region of Earth’s shadow. The lunar contact with Earth’s penumbra, designated as P1, takes place at 4:53:37 Universal Time (12:53:37 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time).

A partial eclipse starts at 5:58:19 UT (1:58:19 a.m. EDT). U1 is the designator for the start of the partial eclipse. The event’s partial portion endures while Earth’s umbra, the shadow’s darkest, inner region, partially covers the visible lunar surface.

The start of totality, designated as U2, is timed for 7:06:47 UT (3:06:47 a.m. EDT). Totality lasts while Earth’s umbra covers the visible lunar surface.

Greatest eclipse occurs at 7:45:40 UT (3:45:40 a.m. EDT). Greatest eclipse represents the instant of the closest lunar passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow.

The end of totality takes place at 8:24:35 UT (4:24:35 EDT). U3 is the designator for the instant of exit from totality.

Partiality ends at 9:33:04 UT (5:33:04 a.m. EDT). U4 designates the instant of exit from partiality.

The lunar contact with Earth’s penumbra ends at 10:37:37 UT (6:37:37 a.m. EDT). P4 is the designator for the penumbral exit. The instant of exit from Earth’s penumbra signals the end of the April 2014 lunar ecliptic event.

In its entirety, the April 2014 eclipse has a total duration of 5 hours 44 minutes. Within this time frame, partiality endures for 3 hours 34 minutes 45 seconds. Totality spans 1 hour 17 minutes 48 seconds within the total time frame.

The April 2014 total lunar eclipse opens a year featuring only two lunar eclipses. Both eclipses are classified as total from Earth’s perspective.

The April 2014 total lunar eclipse breaks a pattern of non-totality that lasted for two and one-third years. The last total lunar eclipse took place Saturday, Dec. 10, 2011.

The first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses occurs as the first of four consecutive total lunar eclipses within a two-year period. The first of the 2014-2015 tetrad is followed by total lunar eclipses on Wednesday, Oct. 8, 2014; Saturday, April 4, 2015; and Monday, Sept. 28, 2015.

The first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses belongs to Saros Series 122. The Saros cycle places lunar and solar eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle spans approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

The takeaway for the first of two 2014 total lunar eclipses is that the April event opens the year’s lineup of eclipses, favors the Western Hemisphere with complete visibility, ends a two-and-one-third year non-totality streak and also serves as the first of four consecutive total lunar eclipses, known as a tetrad.

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for total lunar eclipse Tuesday, April 15, 2014: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for partial lunar eclipse of Tuesday, April 15, 2014: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2014-Fig01.pdf

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for total lunar eclipse Tuesday, April 15, 2014: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2014Apr15.png

For further information:

“April 14 / April 15, 2014 -- Total Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available via Time And Date @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2014-april-15

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2014.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html

Espenak, Fred. "Figure 1 Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2012 Jun 04." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page > Lunar Eclipses Past and Future: Eclipses During 2014 > Eclipses During 2014: 2014 Apr 15 Total Lunar Eclipse: Total Lunar Eclipse of April 15.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2014-Fig01.pdf Espenak, Fred. “Greatest Eclipse.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/SEglossary.html

Espenak, Fred. “Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Two 2011 Total Lunar Eclipses Happens Saturday, Dec. 10.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 7, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/second-of-two-2011-total-lunar-eclipses.html

Shrubby Western Poison Ivy Botanical Illustrations and Images

Summary: Western poison ivy botanical illustrations and images give distribution ranges, life cycles and looks of eco- and wildlife-tolerant, irritating shrubs.

western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) foliage and fruit: Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service (retired), Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Western poison ivy botanical illustrations and images apply to western North American provinces, states and territories that, apart from Arizona, eastern poison ivy avoids and to some areas of eastern North America.

Western poison ivy bears its common name for biogeography and the irritating urushiol alkaloids in all body parts even though it belongs among shrubs, not ivies. Its scientific name, Toxicodendron rydbergii, comes from the Greek τοξικός (toxikós, "poison") and δένδρον (déndron, "tree") and commemorates Per Axel Rydberg (July 6, 1860-July 25, 1931). John Kunkel Small's (Jan. 31, 1869-Jan. 20, 1938) and Edward Greene's (Aug. 20, 1843-Nov. 10, 1915) species and Toxicodendron rydbergii var rydbergii subspecies descriptions determine taxonomies.

Western species exist throughout North America, excepting Labrador, Newfoundland and Yukon Territory; and Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina and Tennessee.

April through November, April through June and August or September and July through November furnish western poison ivy life cycles with leafing, flowering and fruiting months.

Western poison ivy grows into mature 3.28- to 9.84-foot- (1- to 3-meter-) high and wide shrubs from rhizomes, root crowns and three-month cold-stratified, digestive tract-scarified seeds. It has branching, horizontal rhizomes (from the Greek ῥῐ́ζᾰ, rhíza, "root") with adventitious roots and winter scale-free buds at 3.94- to 5.91-inch (10- to 15-centimeter) depths. The Anacardaceae (from the Greek ἀνά, aná, "upon" and καρδία, kardía, "heart") cashew, pistachio and sumac family member includes downward-growing, fibrous roots through 12.14-foot (3.7-meter) depths.

Western poison ivy botanical illustrations and images juggle acidic to alkaline soil pH ranges of 5.7 to 8.4 up through 8,497.38-foot (2,590-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Western poison ivy keeps three 1- to 6-inch- (2.54- to 15.24-centimeter-) long, 1- to 4-inch- (2.4- to 10.16-centimeter-) wide leaflets on every alternate-attached, smooth-stalked compound leaf.

Tip-pointed leaves with lobed, lobed and toothed or toothed margins look bronze-green when young, glossy when mature, orange- to yellow-red in fall and withered in winter. Plume-like panicles maximally maintain 25 stalked yellow flowers with cup-like, five-lobed, sepal-filled green calyxes (from the Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk") for five green-white or white petals. Five white-filamented, yellow-anthered stamens per 0.0625-inch- (1.5875-millimeter-) diameter flower in 2- to 12-inch- (5.08- to 30.48-inch-) long clusters net ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, flies and wasps.

Western poison ivy botanical illustrations and images observe cross-pollinating insects from male-flowering shrubs on the three-lobed stigma atop every female-flowering shrub flowers' single green pollen-receiving pistil.

Globe-like ovaries produce berry-like, grape-clustered, round, 0.125-inch- (3.17-millimeter-) diameter drupes, greening into white with age, each with one 0.12- to 0.16-inch- (3- to 4-millimeter-) diameter seed.

Fruit-questing bears, foxes, deer, mice, moose, muskrats, rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and woodrats and bobwhites, grouses and wild turkeys respectively queue up additionally for foliage and seeds. They retrieve western poison ivy from ash, aspen, birch, buffaloberry, chokecherry, cottonwood, dogwood, elm, hickory, juniper, maple, oak, pine, red-cedar, snowberry and willow wetlands and woodlands. They survive 15.75- to 61.89-inch (400- to 1,572-millimeter) average annual rainfall and yearly annual temperatures between 39 and 72 degrees Fahrenheit (3.88 and 22.22 degrees Celsius).

Shrubby western poison ivy botanical illustrations and images trip over herb-, shrub-, vine-like eastern counterparts in grasslands, wetlands and woodlands and on roadsides and rocky outcrops.

western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii); Columbus, Stillwater County, south central Montana; Thursday, Jan. 10, 2002, 13:30:39: USDA NRCS Montana (NRCS Montana), Public Domain, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) foliage and fruit: Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service (retired), Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1208035

western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii); Columbus, Stillwater County, south central Montana; Thursday, Jan. 10, 2002, 13:30:39: USDA NRCS Montana (NRCS Montana), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/160831427@N06/38880846341/

For further information:

Darlington, Joan Raysor. 1999. Is It Poison Ivy? Durham NH: Oyster River Press.

Greene, Edward Lee. 24 November 1905. "T. Rydbergii." Leaflets of Botanical Observation and Criticism, vol. I: 117.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/396243

"Rhus rydbergii Small ex Rydb." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/50075056

Rydberg, Per Axel. 15 February 1900. "Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park: Rhus rydbergii Small." Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, vol. I: 268-269.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7418162

"Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1300274

April 15, 2014, Total Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 122

Summary: The Tuesday, April 15, 2014, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 122, a series of 74 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Aug. 14, 1022, opened Saros 122’s lineup of 74 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Tuesday, April 15, 2014, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 122, which comprises 74 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

April’s total lunar eclipse begins Tuesday, April 15, at 04:53:37 Universal Time, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place Friday, Oct. 18, at 07:45:40 UT. Greatest eclipse indicates the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow. The eclipse ends Saturday, Oct. 19, at 10:37:37 UT.

April 2014’s total lunar eclipse appears as number 56 in the lineup of 74 lunar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 122. Similar geometries bring the 74 lunar eclipses together as a family, known as a series.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website describes Saros 122 lunar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s ascending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 122, the lunar movement is southward with respect to the ascending node.

An ascending node and a descending node indicate the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes reflect the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node signals the moon’s orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node signifies the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

Saros lunar series 122’s number attests to the occurrence of the series’ eclipses at the ascending node. Even-numbered lunar Saros series are linked with the ascending node. Odd numbers are assigned to the descending node’s lunar eclipses.

A Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) determines the periodicity and recurrence of eclipses. A Saros series comprises 70 or more lunar eclipses, with each separated from its successor by a Saros cycle. A Saros series typically lasts for 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 122 endures for 1,316.20 years, according to NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 122 spans 14 centuries. Saros series 122 traverses the 11th through 24th centuries.

Lunar eclipses in Saros series 122 sequence as 22 penumbral lunar eclipses, eight partial lunar eclipses, 28 total lunar eclipses, seven partial lunar eclipses and nine penumbral lunar eclipses. Penumbral lunar eclipses occur with the most frequency in Saros series 122, with a total of 31 occurrences. Total lunar eclipses appear as the second most frequent lunar eclipse type in the series, with a total of 28 occurrences.

The 11th century’s penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Aug. 14, 1022, initiated Saros series 122. This eclipse occurred near the northern edge of the penumbra (shadow’s lighter, outer region). This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the southwest Pacific Ocean’s marginal Coral Sea, east of Queensland’s Cape York Peninsula, north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park’s Halfway Islet.

The 24th century’s penumbral eclipse of Saturday, Oct. 29, 2338, ends Saros series 122. This eclipse will occur near the penumbra’s southern edge. This event will reach its greatest eclipse over the northwestern Pacific Ocean, southeast of the U.S. Territory of Guam and northwest of the Federated States of Micronesia island of Pohnpei.

The Tuesday, April 15, 2014, total lunar eclipse occurs as number 26 in Saros series 122’s intermediate sequence of 28 total lunar eclipses. This event will stage its greatest eclipse over the southwestern Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Republic of Ecuador’s Galápagos Islands, northwest of the Republic of Chile’s Easter Island (Rapa Nui; Isla de Pascua) and northeast of Pitcairn Islands’ Henderson Island.

The total eclipse of Thursday, April 4, 1996, is the predecessor of April 2014’s total lunar eclipse. This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, southwest of the island Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe and northeast of Saint Helena.

The April 1996 total eclipse occurred as number 25 in Saros series 122’s intermediate sequence of 28 total lunar eclipses. This eclipse appears as number 55 in the series’ lineup of 74 lunar eclipses.

The total lunar eclipse of Sunday, April 25, 2032, is the successor of the Tuesday, April 15, 2014, total lunar eclipse in Saros series 122. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over the Top End of north central Australia’s Northern Territory, southeast of Daly River (Mount Nancer) Conservation Area and southwest of Tjuwaliyn (Douglas) Hot Springs Park.

The April 2032 eclipse occurs as the number 27 in Saros series 122’s sequence of 28 total lunar eclipses. This eclipse appears as number 57 in the series’ lineup of 74 lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Tuesday, April 15, 2014, total lunar eclipse is that the astronomical event occurs as number 56 in Saros series 122’s lineup of 74 lunar eclipses and as number 26 in the series’ intermediate sequence of 28 total lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Saturday, Oct. 29, 2338, will close Saros series 122’s lineup of 74 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Aug. 14, 1022, opened Saros 122’s lineup of 74 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1001-1100/LE1022-08-14N.gif

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Saturday, Oct. 29, 2338, will close Saros series 122’s lineup of 74 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2301-2400/LE2356-05-15N.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2014.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1022 Aug 14." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 101 to 125: 122 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 122: 01 -38 1022 Aug 14.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1001-1100/LE1022-08-14N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2338 Oct 29.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 122.
Available via EclipseWise @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2301-2400/LE2338-10-29N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1022 Aug 14.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1001 to 1100 (1001 CE to 1100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1001-1100/LE1022Aug14Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2338 Oct 29.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2301 to 2400 (2301 CE to 2400 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2301-2400/LE2338Oct29Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total - 1996 Apr 04." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 101 to 125: 122 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 122: 55 16 1996 Apr 04.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1996-04-04T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total 2014 Apr 15." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 101 to 125: 122 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 122: 56 17 2014 Apr 15.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2014-04-15T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total 2032 Apr 25." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 101 to 125: 122 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 122: 57 18 2032 Apr 25.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2032-04-25T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 1996 Apr 04.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1901-2000/LE1996Apr04Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 2014 Apr 15.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2014Apr15Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 2032 Apr 25.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2032Apr25Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 122." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros122.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “April 25, 2013, Partial Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 112.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 24, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/april-25-2013-partial-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “May 25, 2013, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 150.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 22, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/may-25-2013-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Oct. 18, 2013, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 117.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 16, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/oct-18-2013-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 14 Aug, 1022 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1001 AD > 1021-1040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1022_08_14

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 29 Oct, 2338 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2301 AD > 2321-2340 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2338_10_29

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 4 Apr, 1996 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1996_04_04

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 15 Apr, 2014 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2014_04_15

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 25 Apr, 2032 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2032_04_25