Earth and Space News

Wednesday, April 17, 2013

First of Three 2013 Lunar Eclipses Happens April 25 as Partial Eclipse

Summary: The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses happens April 25 as a partial eclipse that disfavors North America and favors Africa, Asia and Australia.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for partial lunar eclipse of Thursday, April 25, 2013: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses happens April 25 as a partial eclipse disfavoring North America as a no-visibility continent and favoring the Indian Ocean, most of Africa and much of central and western Asia with all eclipse visibility.

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” identifies areas of all eclipse visibility. Eastern Africa, central Asia, western Australia and eastern Europe offer visibility of the entire ecliptic event.

Northwestern South America joins North America in no-visibility of the April 2013 partial eclipse. Espenak notes that eastern parts of South America experience only part of the ecliptic event because the start of the eclipse precedes moonrise there.

The Indian Ocean is the only one of Earth’s three major oceans to enjoy all eclipse visibility. The Southern Ocean and the continent that it surrounds, Antarctica, also fall within the area of all eclipse visibility.

The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses begins with the lunar surface’s first contact with Earth’s lighter, outer shadow, known as penumbra. The start of the penumbral eclipse, designated as P1, happens Thursday, April 25, at 18:03:38 Universal Time (2:03 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time).

The partial eclipse starts at 19:54:08 UT (3:54 p.m. EDT) with first contact of the lunar surface with Earth’s umbra. U1 designates the instant of first entrance into the darkest, innermost part of Earth’s shadow.

During the partial eclipse, Earth’s umbra only covers a portion of the visible lunar surface. The partial coverage that distinguishes a partial lunar eclipse differs from the umbra’s total coverage of the lunar surface that characterizes a total lunar eclipse.

Greatest eclipse happens at 20:07:30 UT (4:07 p.m. EDT). Greatest eclipse references the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow.

The partial eclipse ends at 20:21:02 UT (4:21 p.m. EDT). U4 designates the instant of the event’s last umbral contact.

The penumbral eclipse ends at 22:11:26 UT (6:11 p.m. EDT). P4 is the designator for the instant of last penumbral contact. The end of the penumbral eclipse also signifies the end of the April 2013 lunar eclipse.

The April 2013 event’s penumbral eclipse has a total duration of 4 hours 7 minutes 48 seconds. Within the total time frame, the event’s partial eclipse lasts for 26 minutes 54 seconds.

The April 2013 partial lunar eclipse is sandwiched between penumbral lunar eclipses. A penumbral eclipse on Wednesday, Nov. 28, closed 2012’s lineup of two lunar eclipses. The April 2013 event opens the year as the only partial lunar eclipse among 2013’s three lunar eclipses. The two consecutive penumbral lunar eclipses appearing in the wake of the April partial lunar eclipse take place Saturday, May 25, and Friday, Oct. 18.

After the April 2013 ecliptic event, partial lunar eclipses disappear from eclipse lineups for four and one-fourth years. The next appearance of a partial lunar eclipse occurs Monday, Aug. 7, 2017.

The April 2013 partial lunar eclipse belongs to Saros Series 112. The Saros cycle associates eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle covers approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses happens April 25 as a partial eclipse, favors the Indian Ocean with complete visibility and, in the event’s aftermath, marks an absence of partial lunar eclipses from eclipse lineups for four and one-fourth years.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for partial lunar Eclipse of Thursday, April 25, 2013: SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2013Apr25.png

For further information:

“April 25 / April 26, 2013 -- Partial Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available via Time And Date @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2013-april-25

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2013.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html

Espenak, Fred. "Figure 1 Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2013 Apr 25." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page > Lunar Eclipses Past and Future: Eclipses During 2013 > Eclipses During 2013: 2013 Apr 25 Partial Lunar Eclipse: Partial Lunar Eclipse of April 25.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2013-Fig01.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens June 4 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 30, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

Saturday, April 13, 2013

Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance

Summary: Angela Hewitt and Gary Watson of The Morton Arboretum examine planting defects, digs, dirt and disturbance as urban tree root management concerns.

Built environments contribute to urban tree root management concerns; water oak (Quercus nigra) with root problems caused by embedded concrete and metal objects: Randy Cyr/Greentree/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Defects, digs, dirt and disturbance are urban tree root management concerns, according to Root Management Challenges on Urban Sites: Human Intervention in Root Development in the April 2013 issue of Arborist News.

Angela Hewitt and Gary Watson begin with the observation that "Conflict between human activity and tree roots is constant" since developments above-ground typically bring changes below-ground. They consider as examples of "human intervention in root development" cultivation of nursery stock in containers and fields and disturbance of and obstacles in urban soils.

Master arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards depend upon nursery-grown stock to supplement sturdy species, such as silver maples, that tolerate air-poor, penetration-resistant soils.

Construction practices for leveling soils, landscaping practices for moving transplants and nursery practices for nurturing seedlings encourage root-unfriendly "human intervention that does not exist in nature."

Adventitious root flares and girdling roots furnish examples of urban tree root management concerns when field-grown nursery stock follow extreme pruning and too deep transplanting schedules.

Healthy flares go downward and outward from natural soil lines while adventitious flares grow down and out from root shanks 12-plus inches (30-plus centimeters) below ground-level. Disturbed soils have to be removed by root crown air excavation tools to heap the depression back up to natural soil lines with well-aerated pea gravel. Removal during dormant seasons is the procedure for girdling roots, whose cause is severed lateral roots inspiring non-severed lateral roots to grow perpendicularly around trunk bases.

Nursery stock juggle roots circling and descending from jamming up against narrow container walls during too infrequent transplant schedules without shaving, or box-cutting, root ball exteriors.

Roots that spread from four to five sides of trunks, to distances twice the heights of tall trees and thrice those of wide, keep trees anchored.

The "excellent" growing conditions and the "high-quality" soils in nurseries, where "competition is minimized," lead to transplants too deeply, thinly and weakly flared in urban soils. Measurements of bulk densities for air-poor, compacted, drought- or waterlogging-prone, fill-and-rubble, nutrient-poor urban soils may rival those of concrete, at 2.2 grams per cubic centimeter. Severance by heavy equipment for building and maintaining infrastructure and underground wires at distances closer than thrice trunk diameters numbers among urban tree root management concerns.

Drainage-friendly, nutrient-rich gravels and ground-level mulches overcome compacted fills while air excavation and ground-penetrating radar obtain root locations that excavators operate directional boring equipment to avoid.

Built environments prove to be obstacle courses since compacted fill provides stable anchorage to such infrastructure as building foundations, impermeable pavements, retaining walls and sewer pipes.

Ratios of foundation depth to tree-to-building distances equivalent to thrice heights quantify cycles of stress-fracturing foundation subsidence in high shrink-swell soils that anchor "high-water" demand trees. Moisture and nutrient extremes around retaining walls and in sewer systems require math-based measures since roots resist growing into 20-foot (6.1-meter) gaps between them and obstacles. Math spaces trees at minimal 6- to 10-foot (2- to 3-meter) distances from pavements atop 6-inch (15-centimeter) gravel-and-rubble bases on 4-inch (10-centimeter) metal, plastic, polystyrene barriers.

The "intense competition for space in urban landscapes" takes its toll in urban tree root management concerns and its triumphs from inventive remediation of human intervention.

Deep planting encourages urban tree root management concern of adventitious roots forming on stems well above soil line; boxwood (Buxus spp.) with adventitious roots above soil line: Mary Ann Hansen/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Overly deep planting encourages urban tree root management concern of adventitious roots forming on stems well above soil line; boxwood (Buxus spp.) with adventitious roots above soil line: Mary Ann Hansen/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5337028

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Hewitt, Angela; and Watson, Gary. April 2013. "Root Management Challenges on Urban Sites: Human Intervention in Root Development." Arborist News 22(2): 12-17.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=20b3f7db-ef85-4964-969f-a29d00fc2957#?page=16

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Babcock Crater Honors American Astronomer Harold Delos Babcock

Summary: Babcock Crater honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock, whose astronomical expertise emphasized solar magnetism and solar spectroscopy.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 64 shows the lunar far side’s Babcock Crater with its two satellites on the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Babcock Crater honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock, whose astronomical achievements included researching solar magnetism and solar spectroscopy.

Babcock Crater is a lunar impact crater in the equatorial latitudes of the lunar far side’s portions of the moon’s northern and eastern hemispheres. Impacts have bombarded Babcock’s eroded rim. The interior floor’s relative levelness results from lava flow-resurfacing.

Babcock is centered at 4.13 degrees north latitude, 94.14 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach 5.8 degrees north and 2.65 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 95.71 degrees east and 92.56 degrees east, respectively. Babcock Crater’s diameter spans 95.28 kilometers.

Zasyadko is small, bowl-shaped lunar impact crater that presents proximitous placement to the crater’s midpoint. Zasyadko’s interior floor is relatively small.

Zasyadko is centered at 3.96 degrees north latitude, 94.19 degrees east longitude. It confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 4.12 degrees north and 3.79 degrees north, respectively. It restricts its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 94.36 degrees east and 94.02 degrees east, respectively. Zasyadko Crater has a diameter of 10.27 kilometers.

Babcock Crater parents two satellites. Both Babcock H and Babcock K associate with their parent’s eastern side.

Babcock H resides along its parent’s eastern side. Satellite H lies to the northeast of Babcock K. Babcock H’s placement qualifies it as the most easterly and most northerly of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

Babcock H is centered at 3.11 degrees north latitude, 96.51 degrees east longitude. It finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 4.15 degrees north and 2.06 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 97.55 degrees east and 95.46 degrees east, respectively. Babcock H’s diameter of 63.4 kilometers qualifies it as the larger of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

Babcock K resides to the east-southeast of its parent. Satellite K’s placement qualifies it as the more distant and the more southerly of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

Babcock K is centered at 1.19 degrees north latitude, 95.14 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes narrow to 1.35 degrees north and 1.02 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 95.31 degrees east and 94.98 degrees east, respectively. Babcock K’s diameter of 9.98 kilometers qualifies it as the smaller of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

The Babcock Crater system resides on far side’s northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea), just beyond the near side’s northeastern limb. The equatorial lunar mare (Latin: mare, “sea”) wraps around the moon’s leading (eastern near side) limb in its occupancy of the near side’s and far side’s portions of the moon’s northern, southern and eastern hemispheres.

Mare Smythii is centered at minus 1.71 degrees south latitude, 87.05 degrees east longitude. The equatorial lunar mare’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 4.5 degrees north and minus 7.46 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes touch 92.72 degrees east and 80.94 degrees east, respectively. Mare Smythii’s diameter spans 373.97 kilometers.

Babcock Crater honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock (Jan. 24, 1882-April 8, 1968). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Babcock as the crater’s official name in 1970, during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, which was held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Tuesday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27. Prior to its official naming, Babcock Crater was referenced as Crater 189.

The letter designations for the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites received approval in 2006. Prior to its official naming, Babcock H was identified as Crater 192.

Harold Delos Babcock’s interests in astronomy especially concerned solar spectroscopy and solar magnetism. Babcock pursued his interests via the Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) in Los Angeles County’s San Gabriel Mountains. His employment at Mount Wilson, at the invitation of American solar astronomer George Ellery Hale (June 29, 1868-Feb. 21, 1938), began on Feb. 1, 1909, according to American astronomer and physicist Ira Sprague Bowen’s (Dec. 21, 1898-Feb. 6, 1973) biography in the National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir, published in 1974.

Babcock selected chromium and vanadium, two elements with prominent lines in the solar spectrum, for his investigations of the Zeeman effect of magnetic field-caused splitting of spectral lines into components. In 1911, Babcock published his findings on the Zeeman effect for chromium and for vanadium in the April 1911 and October 1911 issues, respectively, of the Astrophysical Journal.

After his Feb. 1, 1948, official retirement from Mount Wilson Observatory, Babcock and his son, Horace Welcome Babcock (Sept. 13, 1912-ug. 29, 2003), collaborated on measuring the sun’s magnetic field. The father-son team published their findings in the December 1952 issue of Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

The takeaways for Babcock Crater, which honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock, are that the lunar impact crater lies along the northeastern Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea) on the lunar far side, just beyond the near side’s northeastern limb; that Babcock Crater parents two satellites; and that the crater’s namesake made significant contributions to solar magnetism and solar spectroscopy.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Babcock Crater’s equatorial-latitude occupancy of the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Details of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 64 shows the lunar far side’s Babcock Crater with its two satellites on the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_64_wac.pdf

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Babcock, Harold D. “The Zeeman Effect for Chromium.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. XXXIII, no. 3 (April 1911): 217-233.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044059981654?urlappend=%3Bseq=253

Babcock, Harold D. “The Zeeman Effect for Vanadium.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. XXXIV, no. 3 (October 1911): 209-224.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044059981662?urlappend=%3Bseq=243

Babcock, Horace W.; and Harold D. Babcock. “Mapping the Magnetic Fields of the Sun.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 64, no. 381 (December 1952).
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1538-3873/64/381

Bowen, Ira S. “Harold Delos Babcock 1882-1968.” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1974.
Available via NAS (National Academy of Sciences) Online @ http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/babcock-harold.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Babcock.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/535

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Babcock H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7455

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Babcock K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7456

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Smythii.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3689

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Zasyadko.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6706

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Dreyer Crater Honors Danish British Astronomer John Louis Emil Dreyer.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/dreyer-crater-honors-danish-british.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Dreyer Crater Parents Six Satellites Along Eastern Mare Marginis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/dreyer-crater-parents-six-satellites.html

The Moon Wiki. “Babcock.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Babcock

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Smythii.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > S Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Smythii

The Moon Wiki. “Zasyadko.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > Z Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Zasyadko

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

Plaskett, H.H. (Harry Hemley). “Obituary Notice: Harold D. Babcock.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 10, no. 1 (1969): 68-72.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0010//0000068.000.html

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Saturday, April 6, 2013

White Darjeeling Tea Abates Broken Hearts on Elementary's Snow Angels

Summary: White Darjeeling tea, from Chinese not Assam tea plants, allows broken hearts to aspire to other achievements on Elementary's Snow Angels April 4, 2013.

organic white Darjeeling tea leaves; delicate aroma, pale golden brew and mellow sweetness characterize Darjeeling's white variant; Monday, May 30, 2011: Benoy (Benoy Thapa), CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

India's white Darjeeling tea never authentically arises from India's Assam tea plants and, on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Snow Angels April 4, 2013, assuages an autodidact attractive to self-absorbed men.

Director Andrew Bernstein and writer Jason Tracey bolster Season One's 19th episode with Ms. Hudson (Candis Cayne), self-taught in ancient Greek texts and in bad boyfriends. Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) correlates Mrs Hudson's linguistic competence with an Oxford University degree in ancient Greek and her romantic choices with crisis-challenged powerful men. He describes a designer desperate for dazzling designs and a novelist daunted by dreamed masterpieces before Ms. Hudson's depressing, year-long dalliance with Davis Renkin (Howard McGillin).

Ms. Hudson elects to enjoy white Darjeeling tea when Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) enigmatically endeavors, with enervating coffee, to entice her away from emotionally exhausting experiences.

Ms. Hudson facilitates information flow by fashioning the Holmes library from the north wall's hard sciences "clockwise around the room in descending order of academic rigor."

Perhaps white Darjeeling tea gets Ms. Hudson to gather herself together and guard against giving in to going back to Davis, her self-gratifying 3T Enterprises guy. That "I have a touch of OCD [obsessive compulsive disorder]. Seems to flare up after a breakup" perhaps heads Ms. Hudson into white Darjeeling tea autodidactism. It perhaps impels her instituting two- to three-minute steeping times for white Darjeeling tea buds and leaves in water at 175 degrees Fahrenheit (79.44 degrees Celsius).

White Darjeeling tea juggles low caffeine content and high anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant (against free radicals with uneven-paired electrons), cell-protective, molecule-protective, pro-cardiovascular catechin and other polyphenol presences.

Fresh, new, tip-topmost young leaf duos with unopened leaf buds and numerous fine white hairs for frying or steaming and soft-heat drying kindle white Darjeeling tea.

Honey-fragranced white Darjeeling tea lodges apricot, citrus, honeysuckle and nutty muscatel flavors from first-flush harvesting late February through early March and second-flush late May to June. It manages 121.7-inch (309.2-centimeter) average annual rainfall at 2,460.63- to 6,561.68-foot (750- to 2,000-meter) elevations at 45 to 58.8 degrees Fahrenheit (8.9 to 14.9 degrees Celsius). Eighty-seven Tea Board of India-named producers of 19,841,603.6-plus pounds (9-plus million kilograms) of black, green, oolong and white Darjeeling tea types on 43,243.44-plus acres (17,500 hectares).

Aloobari, Ambiok, Ambootia, Arya, Avongrove, Badamtam, Balasun, Bannockburn, Barnesberg, Castleton, Chamong, Chontong/Sirisi, Dhajea, Dilaram, Dooteriah and 72 other tea estates and tea gardens offer Darjeeling tea.

Edenvale, Giddapahar, Gielle, Ging, Glenburn, Goomtee, Gopaldhara, Gyabaree & Millikthong, Happy Valley, Jogmaya, Jungpana, Kalej Valley, Kumai/Snowview, Lingia, Liza Hill, Longview, Lopchu, Mahalderam and Makaibari participate.

Margaret's Hope, Marybong, Mim, Mission Hill, Mohan Majhua, Monteviot, Moondakotee, Mullootar, Nagri, Nagri Farm, Namring, Narbada Majhua, North Tukvar, Nurbong, Oaks, Okayti and Orange Valley qualify. Pandam, Pashok, Phoobsering, Phuguri, Poobong, Pussimbing/Minzoo, Puttabong, Rangaroon, Ringtong, Risheehat, Rohini, Runglee Rungliot, Rungmook Cedars, Rungneet, Samabeong, Seeyok, Selimbong, Selim Hill, Sepoydhoorah and Shree Dwarika rate. Singbulli, Singell, Singtom, Sivitar, Snowview/Kumai, Soom, Sourenee, Springside, Steinthal, Sungma, Teesta Valley, Thurbo, Tindharia, Tukdah, Tukvar, Tumsong, Turzum and Upper Fagu share sanctioned Darjeeling tea status.

Ms. Hudson perhaps autodidactically, compulsively, obsessively thanks Archibald Campbell (April 20, 1805-Nov. 5, 1874), at Beechwood, Darjeeling Hills, in 1841, for the first Darjeeling tea seeds.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) ponders a map of Manhattan with police checkpoints and road closures marked with his padlock collection and (not shown) Clyde the tortoise representing an ambulance loaded with $33 million from East Rutherford Operations Center (EROC) in CBS Elementary's Snow Angels (season 1 episode 19): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook April 3, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 3 April 2013. “Could this case leave Sherlock Holmes in the cold? Like if you'll be tuning into a new Elementary tomorrow! http://bit.ly/YSGUvD.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/236626116462507

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 March 2013. "Paganini 24 Caprices Affix Blame on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/paganini-24-caprices-affix-blame-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2013. "New England Cottontails Perhaps Adapt to Hats on Elementary's Details." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/new-england-cottontails-perhaps-adapt.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 February 2013. "Bennu Herons Perhaps Avert Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/bennu-herons-perhaps-avert-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2013. "Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/frankincense-tree-essential-oils-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2013. "Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-red-whiskered-bulbuls-smuggled-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"Snow Angels." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 4, 2013.

Wednesday, April 3, 2013

Wiener Crater Parents Four Satellites on Lunar Far Side

Summary: Wiener Crater parents four satellites on the lunar far side, north of the northwestern quadrant’s Mare Moscoviense.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 31 shows Wiener Crater, with its four satellites (F, H, K, Q) and its craters’ nearest named neighbors, on the lunar far side; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Wiener Crater parents four satellites on the lunar far side, north of Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Muscovy) in the northwestern quadrant.

The primary crater is centered at 40.9 degrees north latitude, 146.51 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 42.77 degrees north and 39.03 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 148.99 degrees east and 144.04 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Crater has a diameter of 113.39 kilometers.

The Wiener Crater system comprises four satellites. Three satellites (F, K, Q) are in contact with their parent. Although Wiener H shares no borders with its parent, it adjoins Wiener K.

Wiener F occurs as the most easterly of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites. The tilted crater resides on its parent’s eastern rim.

Wiener F is centered at 41.19 degrees north latitude, 149.97 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 41.96 degrees north and 40.43 degrees north, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 150.82 degrees east and 149.11 degrees east, respectively. Wiener F's diameter measures 44.92 kilometers.

Wiener H lies to the south of Wiener F and to the east of its parent. H is the only one of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites that does not make contact with its parent. Instead, Wiener H intrudes into Wiener K.

Wiener H is centered at 39.72 degrees north latitude, 149.88 degrees east longitude. H confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 40.01 degrees north and 39.43 degrees north, respectively. It finds easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 150.26 degrees east and 149.5 degrees east, respectively. Wiener H’s diameter of 17.74 kilometers qualifies it as the smallest of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites.

Wiener K’s placement along its parent’s south-southeastern rim qualifies it as the Wiener Crater system’s most southerly satellite. About half of K underlies its parent’s rim.

Wiener K is centered at 39.26 degrees north latitude, 147.96 degrees east longitude. The worn satellite marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 40.82 degrees north and 37.7 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 149.97 degrees east and 145.94 degrees east, respectively. Wiener K’s diameter of 94.51 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites.

Wiener Q snuggles along its parent’s southwestern rim. Its placement qualifies it as the most westerly of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites.

Wiener Q is centered at 39.27 degrees north latitude, 144.97 degrees east longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 39.75 degrees north and 38.79 degrees north, respectively. Q registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 145.56 degrees east and 144.37 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Q has a diameter of 30.74 kilometers.

The middle-latitude Wiener Crater system resides near the northern edges of Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Muscovy). Mare Moscoviense numbers among “. . . the few maria found on the lunar far side,” according to the June 15, 2010, posting about Mare Moscoviense on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA)’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission webpages. “Although there are just as many impact basins on the lunar far side as the near, the extensive lunar volcanism seen on the near side is lacking on the far side of the Moon,” the post explains. (The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter has been orbiting the moon since June 23, 2009.)

Mare Moscoviense is centered at 27.28 degrees north latitude, 148.12 degrees east longitude. The dark, basaltic plain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 31.5 degrees north and 22.95 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 153.26 degrees east and 143.41 degrees east, respectively. Mare Moscoviense’s length spans 275.57 kilometers.

The takeaways for Wiener Crater’s parentage of four satellites on the lunar far side are that three satellites (F, K, Q) make contact with their parent; that Wiener H, the smallest of the Wiener Crater system’s four satellites, only touches Wiener K; and that the Wiener Crater system lies near the northern edges of Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Muscovy), which numbers as one of only a few far side maria.

Detail of oblique, westward view, obtained in 1967 by Lunar 5 mission, shows Wiener F Crater; vertical rows in center are blemishes on original images; NASA IDs 5103 H2, 5103 H3: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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