Earth and Space News

Friday, January 28, 2022

Andher Buddhist Monuments Answer What Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Ask

Summary: Andher Buddhist monuments answer what Sanchi Buddhist monuments ask about a donor in central Raisen District, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) accessing Andher Buddhist monuments answered a question asked by Sanchi Buddhist monuments. The latter accounts for Kákanava Prabhásaná as donor of one of 10 admired ashes in the first Sanchi stupa. The former answers where the much appreciated Buddhist's own ashes in turn abided; undated image of Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham, in E.W.C. (Edward Warren Caulfield) Sandes, The Military Engineer in India, Vol. II (1935), opposite page 268: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Andher Buddhist monuments answer, through holy relics archived in their second Andher stupa, what Sanchi Buddhist monuments ask about a relic-relaying donor in central Raisen District, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

The second Andher (from Hindi अंधेर, "chaos") stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, “heap”) bears asthi avashesh (from Sanskrit अस्थि, “bone” and अवशेष, “remainder”) of three beloved Buddhists. It conserves sacred Kákanava (from Sanskrit काकनाद, "crow-calling”), Maudgalaputra (from Sanskrit मुद्गल, “Mudgala[‘s]” and पुत्र, “son”) and Vachiputra (from Sanskrit वची, “speech” and पुत्र, “son”) relics. The second Sanchi (from Sanskrit शान्, “calmness”) stupa declares among its holy relics those of Buddhist monk and Third Buddhist Council head Maudgalaputra and of Vachiputra.

Esteemed relics of Kákanava Prabhásaná (from Sanskrit प्रभासन, “illuminating”), monikered Sanchi’s Light, nevertheless exist nowhere in the second Sanchi stupa or elsewhere in Sanchi Buddhist monuments.

The second Andher stupa fits, 120 feet (36.58 meters) southeast of the first stupa, onto a cliff edge 500 feet (152.4 meters) above Raisen District plains.

The 18-foot 10-inch (5.74-meter) diameter dome of the second Andher stupa garners a base around which goes a 4-foot 4-inch- (1.32-meter-) broad, 6-foot- (1.83-meter-) high terrace. The cylindrical plinth (slab, from French plinthe, from Latin plinthus, from Greek πλίνθος, “brick”) underneath the dome base hovers 4 feet (1.22 meters) above the terrace. A double, 4-foot 8-inch- (1.56-meter-) broad stairway’s 6-inch- (15.24-centimeter-) high, 14-inch- (35.56-centimeter-) wide steps impels incoming traffic toward, outgoing traffic from, the plinth- and base-hugging terrace.

Buddhist sangha (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, "awakened" and संघ, “multitude") members journeyed with their sacred relics from Sanchi Buddhist monuments to Andher Buddhist monuments, not vice versa.

A red earthenware casket and a steatite (soapstone, from Greek στέατος, “of suet”) vase kept holy relics inside the 14-foot 7-inch- (4.44-meter-) high second Andher stupa.

Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) launched a shaft 3.5 feet (1.07 meters) down the hemisphere center perhaps some 1,950 years later. He moved the red earthenware box, with its red earthenware casket and steatite casket, and the steatite vase from the relic-holding chamber inside the second stupa. The 1.5-foot- (0.46-meter-) broad, 1-foot- (0.31-meter-) deep chamber, whose sides nestled at 57.5 degrees East and 147.5 degrees West, niched relic-holding containers amid leaves and rubbish.

The Cunningham team obtained answers at Andher Buddhist monuments to questions at Sanchi Buddhist monuments despite villagers opening the second Andher stupa before the mid-nineteenth century.

Those who pillaged the second-stupa interior sometime between 200 B.C.E. and 1854 presented themselves from the namesake village two miles (3.22 meters) away from Buddhist monuments.

Villager quests for non-existent valuable property quickened wearing away of the relic-holding containers in terms of the broken neck and missing spout on the steatite vase. They perhaps ruined some letters, without compromising reconstruction, on the exterior side of the inscribed lid to the red earthenware casket within the red earthenware box. The inscribed steatite vase shows that Kákanava Prabhásaná survived long enough to serve the second Sanchi stupa with sacred relics before subsequently succumbing, perhaps at Andher.

Some 1,970 years after Kákanava Prabhásaná disappeared from written records Andher Buddhist monuments turned up treasured relics of someone treasured by those tending Sanchi Buddhist monuments.

Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (304 BCE?-232 BCE) admiring built, carved, inscribed, painted, sculpted, written records accounts for Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) attributing Andher Buddhist monuments to a construction, inscription date of no later than 200 B.C.E. The latter attributed the carved functions and styles of inscriptions archived in the second Andher stupa to Buddhist architects and artisans still accepting Ashokan overt and underlying agendas three-plus decades after his death; King Asoka at the Third Council, convened ca. 247 BCE in Pataliputra, Bihar state, eastern India, as depicted in mural at Nava Jetavana Temple, Jetavana Park, Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh: Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia (Anandajoti), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (304 BCE?-232 BCE) admiring built, carved, inscribed, painted, sculpted, written records accounts for Major General Sir Alexander Cunningham (Jan. 23, 1814-Nov. 28, 1893) attributing Andher Buddhist monuments to a construction, inscription date of no later than 200 B.C.E. The latter attributed the carved functions and styles of inscriptions archived in the second Andher stupa to Buddhist architects and artisans still accepting Ashokan overt and underlying agendas three-plus decades after his death; King Asoka at the Third Council, convened ca. 247 BCE in Pataliputra, Bihar state, eastern India, as depicted in mural at Nava Jetavana Temple, Jetavana Park, Shravasti, Uttar Pradesh; March 13, 2013, image: Photo Dharma from Penang, Malaysia (Anandajoti), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nava_Jetavana_Temple_-_Shravasti_-_014_King_Asoka_at_the_Third_Council_(9241725897).jpg

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-ashes-perhaps-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 December 2021. "Unknown Ashes Maybe Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Satdhara." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-ashes-maybe-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2021. "Unknown Bones in Bhojpur Maybe are Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-bones-in-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2021. "Unknown Relics in Bhojpur Maybe Are Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-relics-in-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 December 2021. "Unknown Bones at Bhojpur Maybe Are Known to Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-bones-at-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 November 2021. "Unknown Bones Maybe Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-bones-maybe-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2021. "Unknown Ashes Maybe Known to Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-ashes-maybe-known-to-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2021. "Unknown Ashes Perhaps Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-ashes-perhaps-known-in-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2021. "Kusum Lac Trees Perhaps Anciently Aided Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/kusum-lac-trees-perhaps-anciently-aided.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 October 2021. "Palas Flame-of-the-Forest Trees Assisted Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/palas-flame-of-forest-trees-assisted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 October 2021. "Ber Indian Plum Trees Anciently Assisted Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/ber-indian-plum-trees-anciently.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2021. "Tasar Silk Perhaps Anciently Adorned Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/tasar-silk-perhaps-anciently-adorned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2021. "Tasar Silkworms Perhaps Assembled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/tasar-silkworms-perhaps-assembled.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2021. "Lac Scale Insects Archived Bone Relics in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/lac-scale-insects-archived-bone-relics.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 September 2021. "Kaundinya Aided Buddhist Beginnings and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/kaundinya-aided-buddhist-beginnings-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Accommodated Kaundinyaputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 September 2021. "Gotiputra Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Sonari and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/gotiputra-relics-awed-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Alabagira Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Assembled Kaushikiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari_01344963409.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Madhyama Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2021. "Kasyapa Gotra Relics Abided in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/kasyapa-gotra-relics-abided-in-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 August 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Sonari and Bhojpur If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddha-relics-awed-sonari-and-bhojpur.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Bhojpur and Sonari If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddha-relics-awed-bhojpur-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Upahitaka Relics From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no_0682265518.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Patitya Allusions From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 July 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Archived Haritiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 July 2021. "John Marshall Added Khirni Trees Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/john-marshall-added-khirni-trees-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 June 2021. "Mango Trees Appeal to Kakanava Koels and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/mango-trees-appeal-to-kakanava-koels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2021. "Teak Trees Attracted Kakanava Crows to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/teak-trees-attracted-kakanava-crows-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2021. "Kakanava Crows, Koels and Trees Antedated Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/kakanava-crows-koels-and-trees.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2021. "Asian Koels, Like Crows, Actuated the Ancient Name Kakanava for Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/asian-koels-like-crows-actuated-ancient.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 May 2021. "Indian Jungle Crows Abided Amply at Sanchi, Anciently Named Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-jungle-crows-abided-amply-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 May 2021. "Indian Crows Abounded There So Sanchi Answered to the Name Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-crows-abounded-there-so-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 May 2021. "Kakanava Prabhasana Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/kakanava-prabhasana-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 May 2021. "Vachiputra Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/vachiputra-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 April 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Age Maudgalaputra Tishya Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 April 2021. "Satdhara Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Colombo and Yangon." Earth and Space News. Friday
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/satdhara-relics-awed-buddhist-monuments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2021. "Kaba Aye and Sanchi Hill Admit Walking Meditations of Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/kaba-aye-and-sanchi-hill-admit-walking.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2021. "Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society Admit Thich Nhat Hanh Walking Meditations." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/sanchi-and-maha-bodhi-society-admit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 April 2021. "Indra’s Net Avails Kaba Aye Pagoda of Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/indras-net-avails-kaba-aye-pagoda-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 March 2021. "Indra’s Net Admits Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/indras-net-admits-buddhist-monuments-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sadthara Archived Disciple Bones." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2021. "Chetiyagiri Vihara Adds Auspiciousness to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/chetiyagiri-vihara-adds-auspiciousness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 March 2021. "Maudgalyayana Aims Psychic Powers at Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/maudgalyayana-aims-psychic-powers-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 February 2021. "Shariputra Abides Auspiciously Amid Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/shariputra-abides-auspiciously-amid.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are Oldest Buddhist World Heritage Site." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/sanchi-hill-buddhist-monuments-are_19.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are World Heritage Site 14 in India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/sanchi-hill-buddhist-monuments-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2021. "Ashoka Aided Buddha, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill and Sri Lanka." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/ashoka-aided-buddha-buddhist-monuments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 January 2021. "Sanghamitra, Like Ashoka, Admired Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/sanghamitra-like-ashoka-admired.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 January 2021. "Mahendra Adored Buddha and Perhaps Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/mahendra-adored-buddha-and-perhaps.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 January 2021. "Devi Adoring Buddha Accounts for Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/devi-adoring-buddha-accounts-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 January 2021. "Wild Animal Families Abounded Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/wild-animal-families-abounded-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2021. "Raisen Teak Forests Once Angled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/raisen-teak-forests-once-angled-around.html

Marshall, Sir John. 1918. A Guide to Sanchi. Calcutta [India]: Superintendent Government Printing, India.
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Marshall, Sir John; and Alfred Foucher. 1902. The Monuments of Sāñchī. With the texts of inscriptions edited, annotated and translated by N.G. Majumdar. Volume One: Text. London [England].
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Missouri Botanical Garden. “Erythrina monosperma Lam.” Tropicos > Name Search.
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Missouri Botanical Garden. “Mangifera indica L.” Tropicos > Name Search.
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Missouri Botanical Garden. “Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/28701423

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken.” Tropicos > Name Search.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/28600017

Missouri Botanical Garden. “Tectona grandis L. f.” Tropicos > Name Search.
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Missouri Botanical Garden. "Ziziphus mauritiana Lam." Tropicos > Name Search.
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Rangachari, Dr. Devika. “10.6: The Early Stupa: Sanchi, Barhut, Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.” Pages 56-69. In: Chapter 10: Cultural Developments. Deshbandhu College (University of Delhi) > Academics > E-Resources > Subject: History > Lesson: Cultural Development. Language Editor Veena Sachdev. Production Editor Ashutosh Kumar. Copyright 2018.
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Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/147482710/147637366

Thursday, January 27, 2022

Cleopatra II Was Second of Seven Ptolemaic Queens Named Cleopatra

Summary: Cleopatra II was the second of seven queens named Cleopatra in Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom, which ended with Cleopatra VII's death in 30 BCE.

ca. 175-115 BCE peridot intaglio of head of Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra II (reign: 173-116 BCE) in profile to the left; purchased 1942 by the Museum as accession number 42.1319; Walters Art Museum, Centre Street, second floor Ancient Treasury: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Cleopatra II was the second of seven queens named Cleopatra in Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom, an Ancient Greek state that ended with the death of the seventh Cleopatra in 30 BCE.

Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλομήτωρ Σωτείρα, Kleopatra Philometor Soteira; ca. 185-116 BCE) was born ca. 187-185 BCE as the only daughter of Ptolemy V Epiphanes Eucharistos (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής Εὐχάριστος, Ptolemaios Epiphanes Eucharistos, "Ptolemy the Manifest, the Beneficent"; Oct. 9, 210-September 180 BCE) and Cleopatra I Syra (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα ἡ Σύρα; ca. 204-176 BCE). Ptolemy V's reign as fifth pharaoh of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαϊκὴ βασιλεία, Ptolemaike basileia) had begun March 26, 196 BCE, according to Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Welsh historian specializing in ancient Greece and ancient Iran, in "The Cleopatras -- Part 1: Cleopatra I, the Syrian," posted June 8, 2023, as an Ancient Egypt magazine feature on The Past website. The Macedonian Greek royal dynasty had ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom since the Ancient Egypt-based, Ancient Greek state's founding in 312 BCE by Seleucus I Nicator (Ancient Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, Seleukos Nikator, "the Victorious"; ca. 358-281 BCE), commander of the Macedonian army's elite infantry corps, the Hypaspist Corps (Ancient Greek: ὑπασπιστής, hupaspistes, “shield bearer”).

Cleopatra I was a princess of Western Asia's Seleucid Empire (Ancient Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, Basileia ton Seleukidon, "Kingdom of the Seleucids"; 312-63 BCE). Cleopatra II's parental ancestries represented the rival empires of the Ptolemies and the Seleucids.

Cleopatra II had two brothers who both became her sibling husbands. She received the female dynastic name introduced by her mother into the Ptolemaic dynasty. Her brothers were given the male Ptolemaic dynastic name. Ptolemy VI Philometor (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaios Philometor; ca. 186–145 BCE) was born as King Ptolemy V's first heir.

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, Ptolemaios Euergetes Tryphon, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; ca. 184/183-June 28, 116 BCE) birthed as the second heir. Ptolemy VIII accrued at least two rather unflattering nicknames, according to American Egyptologist Christopher "Chris" John Bennett (1953-Jan. 10, 2014) in notes 3 and 4 of the "Ptolemy VIII" section of Ptolemaic Dynasty: The Genealogy on his Tynsdale House-provided website, Egyptian Royal Genealogy. Alexandrians punned Ptolemy VIII's epithet of Euergetes (Εὐεργέτης, "Benefactor") as Kakergetes (κακεργετης, "Malefactor"). Tryphon (Τρύφων, "Opulent") was converted to Physcon (Φύσκων, Physkon, "Potbelly; Fatso") in recognition of Ptolemy VIII's obesity.

Cleopatra II married Ptolemy VI as her first husband ca. March 175 BCE (Chris Bennett, "Cleopatra II). The marriage was dated to April 176 BCE by English-Australian papyrologist and classicist John Whitehorne (July 2, 1944-March 5, 2020) in Cleopatras, published in 1994 (Chapter 8: Cleopatra II and Ptolemy VI, page 91).

Cleopatra II had at least four children with Ptolemy VI. Their two dynastically named sons were Ptolemy Eupator (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαίος Ευπάτωρ, Ptolemaios Eupator, "Ptolemy the Well-fathered [God]"; ca. 166-152 BCE) and Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaios Neos Philopator, "Ptolemy the Father-loving [God]"; ca 152-142 BCE). Their two daughters were dynastically named as Cleopatra Thea Eueteria (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Θεά Ευετηρια, Kleopatra Thea Eueteria, "Cleopatra the Goddess of Plenty"; ca. 164-121 BCE) and Cleopatra III Euergetis Philometor Soteira (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Εὐεργέτις Φιλομήτωρ Σωτήιρα, Kleopatra Euerghetis Philometor Soteira; ca. 160/155-ca. September 101 BCE).

Cleopatra II also possibly birthed a fifth children during her first marriage. An unknown parentage for Berenice (Ancient Greek: Βερενίκη, Berenike; ca. 163/160-ca. 150 BCE) has possibilitized her parents as Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II. She was engaged to Attalus III (Ancient Greek: Ἄτταλος Γ΄, Attalos III; ca. 171/170-133 BCE), King of northwestern Asia Minor's Kingdom of Pergamum (Ancient Greek: Πέργαμον, Pergamon, "citadel").

Cleopatra II married Ptolmey VIII, her second brother, as her second husband ca. 145/144 BCE, according to Chris Bennett. Her second marriage produced her third son, Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Νέος Φιλοπάτωρ, Ptolemaios Neos Philopator, "Ptolemy the Father-loving [God]"; ca. 144/142-130 BCE).

Numerous coregencies with her brothers, her daughter and a grandson characterized Cleopatra III's royalty. Her second daughter, Cleopatra III, married Ptolemy VIII, Cleopatra II's second husband and Cleopatra III's uncle, ca. 141-140 BCE. At the time of her death, Cleopatra II ruled in association with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy IX Soter II (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaios Soter, "Ptolemy the Saviour"; ca. 143-ca. 81 BCE). Ptolemy IX was the first of three sons and of at least five children born to Cleopatra III and her uncle, Ptolemy VIII.

Cleopatra II disappeared from the historical record ca. 116-115 BCE. Rulership by "two queens Cleopatra" and Ptolemy IX was noted on the ninth day of the ancient Egyptian calendar's second month, Phaophi (Ancient Greek: Φαωφί, Phaophi), in year 2, equated to Oct. 29(?), 116 BCE, according to note 21 of Chris Bennett's profile of "Cleopatra II." The mention of "only queen Cleopatra and king Ptolemy" on the 18th day of the ancient Egyptian calendar's seventh month, Phamenoth (Ancient Greek: Φαμενώθ, Phamenoth), in year 2, equated to April 6, 115 BCE, might imply Cleopatra II's death before that date (Chris Bennett, "Cleopatra II," note 22).

Cleopatra II, with cartouche of her name in hieroglyphics, drawn by Coimbra, Portugual-born Italian painter Giuseppe Angelelli (Dec. 7, 1803-Nov. 4, 1844), engraved by Italian engraver Carlo Lasinio (Feb. 10, 1759-March 29, 1838), in Ippolito Rosellini, I Monumenti Dell'Egitto e Della Nubia Disegnati Dalla spedizione Scientifico-Letteraria Toscana in Egitto, Tomo primo: Monumenti Storici (1822), No. XXII, Fig. 78: Free to use without restriction, via New York Public Library Digital Collections

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', 'Bitstream Charter', Times, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"> ca. 175-115 BCE peridot intaglio of head of Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra II (reign: 173-116 BCE) in profile to the left; purchased 1942 by the Museum as accession number 42.1319; Walters Art Museum, Centre Street, second floor Ancient Treasury: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Intaglio_Portrait_of_Cleopatra_II_-_Walters_421319.jpg; CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via Walters Art Museum @ https://art.thewalters.org/detail/758/intaglio-portrait-of-cleopatra-ii/

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