Earth and Space News

Wednesday, November 25, 2020

Monday, Nov. 30, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 116

Summary: The Monday, Nov. 30, penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 116, a series of 73 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Saturday, March 11, 0993, opened Saros 116’s lineup of 73 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Monday, Nov. 30, penumbral lunar eclipse belongs to Saros series 116, a family of 73 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

November’s penumbral lunar eclipse begins Monday, Nov. 30, at 07:32:21 Universal Time (2:32 a.m. Eastern Standard Time), according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse, which signifies the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow, happens at 09:42:49.0 UT (4:42 a.m. EST). The eclipse ends at 11:53:20 (6:53 a.m. EST).

November’s penumbral lunar eclipse appears as number 58 in the lineup of 73 lunar eclipses in Saros series 116. Similar geometries group the 73 lunar eclipses into a family, known as a series.

Saros 116 lunar eclipses have the shared geometry of occurrences at the moon’s ascending node. With each subsequent eclipse, the lunar movement in Saros series 116 is southward with respect to the node.

A pair of nodes represent the intersections of Earth’s orbit with the lunar orbit. The two nodes pertain to the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node associates with the lunar orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node links with the moon’s orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

The Saros cycle, which approximates 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours), guides the periodicity and recurrence of eclipses. A Saros series contains 70 or more lunar eclipses. A Saros cycle separates each eclipse within a particular Saros series. A Saros series typically spans 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 116 has a duration of 1,298.17 years. Saros series 116 unfolds over 14 centuries, beginning in the 10th century and ending in the 23rd century.

The 73 lunar eclipses in Saros series 116 observe an order of nine penumbral lunar eclipses, nine partial lunar eclipses, 27 total lunar eclipses, eight partial lunar eclipses and 20 penumbral lunar eclipses. Penumbral lunar eclipses number as the most frequent eclipse type in Saros series 116, with a total of 29 occurrences. Total lunar eclipses are the second most frequent eclipse type, with 27 occurrences.

The 10th century’s penumbral eclipse of Saturday, March 11, 0993, opened Saros series 116. This eclipse occurred near the northern edge of the penumbra, the shadow’s lighter, outer region. This event staged its greatest eclipse over the Gulf of Guinea, west of the west Central African Republic of Equatorial Guinea’s Bioko Island, in the Northern Hemisphere.

The 23rd century’s penumbral eclipse of Thursday, May 14, 2291, ends Saros series 116. This eclipse will occur near the penumbra’s southern edge. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over southeastern Bolivia’s Cordillera Province, in the Southern Hemisphere.

The Monday, Nov. 30, 2020, penumbral lunar eclipse occurs as number 58 within the lineup of 73 lunar eclipses in Saros series 116. November’s penumbral lunar eclipse numbers as fifth in the closing sequence of 20 penumbral lunar eclipses in Saros series 116. This event will experience its greatest eclipse over the open waters of the North Pacific Ocean, east of the Hawaiian island of Maui, in the Northern Hemisphere.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Wednesday, Nov. 20, 2002, is the immediate predecessor of November’s penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 116. This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the open waters of the central North Pacific Ocean, northwest of the Cape Verde Archipelago, in the Northern Hemisphere. The November 2002 penumbral lunar eclipse appears as number 57 in the series’ lineup of 73 lunar eclipses and as third in the closing sequence of 20 penumbral lunar eclipses in Saros series 116.

The penumbral eclipse of Saturday, Dec. 11, 2038, is the successor of November’s penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 116. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over northeastern India, in southwestern Mizoram state, near the India-Myanmar border, in the Northern Hemisphere. This eclipse occurs as number 59 in the lineup of 73 lunar eclipses and sixth in the closing sequence of 20 penumbral lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Monday, Nov. 30, 2020, penumbral lunar eclipse is that the fourth of the year’s four penumbral lunar eclipses belongs to Saros series 116 and occurs as number 58 in the lineup of 73 lunar eclipses in the series.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Thursday, May 14, 2291, will close Saros 116’s lineup of 73 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 0993 Mar 11.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 116 > 01 -38 0993 Mar 11.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/0901-1000/LE0993-03-11N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2002 Nov 20." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 116.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2002-11-20N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2020 Nov 30." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 116.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2020-11-30N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2291 May 14.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 116 > 73 34 2291 May 14.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2201-2300/LE2291-05-14N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2038 Dec 11.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 116.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2038-12-11N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2020 Nov 30.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Recent and Upcoming Lunar Eclipses > Decade Tables of Lunar Eclipses > 2011-2020.
Available @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2020Nov30Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 116." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros116.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, Jan. 10, Lunar Eclipse Is First of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 1, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/friday-jan-10-lunar-eclipse-is-first-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, Jan. 10, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 144.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/friday-jan-10-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, June 5, Lunar Eclipse Is Second of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 27, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/friday-june-5-lunar-eclipse-is-second.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, June 5, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 111.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 3, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/friday-june-5-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Money, Nov. 30, Lunar Eclipse Is Fourth 2020 Penumbral Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 18, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/monday-nov-30-lunar-eclipse-is-fourth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sunday, July 5, Lunar Eclipse Is Third of Four 2020 Penumbral Eclipses.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 24, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/sunday-july-5-lunar-eclipse-is-third-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Sunday, July 5, Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 149.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 1, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sunday-july-5-penumbral-lunar-eclipse.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 10 Mar, 0993 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 1001-1000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/0993_03_10

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 20 Nov, 2002 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 0901 AD > 0981-1000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2002_11_20

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 30 Nov, 2020 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2020_11_30

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 14 May, 2291 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2201 AD > 2281-2300 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2291_05_14

Monday, November 23, 2020

Met Opera Opened 10th First Season Opera Robert le Diable Nov. 19, 1883

Summary: Met Opera opened 10th first season premiere Robert le Diable on Monday, Nov. 19, 1883, as the first of the season's three Giacomo Meyerbeer operas.

Apotheosis of Giacomo Meyerbeer depicts Robert le Diable's Alice, Robert and Bertram (upper left) among main characters from four major operas; colorized postcard of engraving by French printmaker Joseph Alfred Annedouche (Sept. 13, 1833-Jan. 12, 1922), after painting by Belgian-French artist Edouard Jean Conrad Hamman (Sept. 24, 1819-March 30, 1888), published 1869 by Bulla Frères: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Met Opera opened Robert le Diable on Monday, Nov. 19, 1883, as the first season's 10th premiere and as the first of the season's three operas by German Jewish opera composer Giacomo Meyerbeer (Sept. 5, 1791-May 2, 1864).

The grand opéra in cinque atti (five-act grand opera) received seven performances, sung in Italian, in the Metropolitan Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884. The Metropolitan Opera House hosted the Monday, Nov. 19, premiere and the second performance, Friday, Dec. 7. The third performance, Friday, Feb. 1, was held at Haverly's Theatre in Chicago, Illinois. The fourth performance, Wednesday, Feb. 20, took place at in Cincinnati, Ohio. The fifth performance, Wednesday, March 5, was staged at the Boston Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts. The Metropolitan Opera House hosted the sixth performance, Friday, March 28. The venue for the seventh, closing performance, Tuesday, April 15, was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Auguste Vianesi (Nov. 2, 1837-Nov. 4, 1908) conducted all three performances of Les Huguenots in the first season. The French-naturalized, northwestern Italy-born conductor had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the first season's first premiere, Faust by French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Roberto Stagno (Oct. 18, 1840-April 26, 1897) sang the title role in all seven performances. The Italian operatic tenor had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Oct. 26, 1883, in the title role, Manrico, in the season's third premiere, Il Trovatore by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

Alwina Valleria (Oct. 12, 1848-Feb. 17, 1925) appeared in the season's first six performances as Isabelle, who is loved by Robert, then parted from him and finally happily reunited with him. The American soprano had made her Met Opera debut Friday, Oct. 26, 1883, as Leonora in the season's third premiere, Verdi's Il Trovatore.

Alwina Valleria shared the role of Isabelle with Ida Corani, who sang Isabelle in the seventh, closing performance, Tuesday, April 15. Ida Corani had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 29, as Enrichetta in the season's fourth premiere, I Puritani by 19th century Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini (Nov. 3, 1801-Sept. 23, 1835).

Emmy Fursch-Madi (1847-Sept. 21, 1894) appeared in all performances as Alice, Robert's foster sister, who is balladeer Raimbaut's fianceé. The French operatic soprano made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Nov. 7, as Ortrud in the season's seventh premiere, Lohengrin by German Romantic era composer-librettist Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

Nicola Stagi appeared in all seven performances as Raimbaut, who deserts Alice in favor of gold from monstrously scheming Bertram. The Italian tenor's premiere appearance, Monday, Nov. 19, marked his Met Opera debut.

Vincenzo Fornaris sang the Herald in the season's first three and last three performances of Robert le Diable. The role was not performed in fourth performance, Wednesday, Feb. 20. The Italian tenor had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Arturo in the season's second premiere, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Malvina Cavalazzi (Cavallazzi) (ca. 1851/1862-1924) appeared as the Abbess in all seven performances. She had made her Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 5, in the season's sixth premiere, Verdi's La Traviata.

Imogene Forti sang Princess Isabelle's lady-in-waiting in the season's fourth performance, Wednesday, Feb. 20. The role was not performed in the first in the first three performances or in the last three performances. Imogene Forti had made her Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Alisa in the opening season's second premiere, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Cavalier roles were performed by Giuseppe Barberis, Ludovico Contini, Baldassare Corsini and Amadeo Grazzi in the season's third performance, Friday, Feb. 1. Giuseppe Barberis had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Nov. 5, as Giuseppe in the season's sixth premiere, Verdi's La Traviata. Baldassare Corsini had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Wagner in the season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust. Ludovico Contini had made his Met Opera debut Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, as Wagner in the first season's first premiere, Gounod's Faust. Amadeo Grazzi had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1883, as Normanno in the season's second premiere, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.

Cavalier roles also were performed in the season's fourth performance, Wednesday, Feb. 20, by Vincenzo Fornaris, Amadeo Grazzi, Ludovico Contini and Baldassare Corsini. For the fourth performance, the non-performance of Vincenzo Fornaris' regular Robert le Diable role as the Herald allowed him to sing as a Cavalier.

Cavalier roles were not performed in the first two performances. They also were not performed in the last three performances.

In addition to her role as the Abbess, Malvina Cavalazzi is credited for "Dance" in The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database (MetOpera Database). The Italian ballet dancer and teacher was the Metropolitan Opera's first ballerina. The Metropolitan Opera Ballet School opened in 1909 with Malvina Cavalazzi as first director.

Robert le Diable was directed by Mr. Corani (Henry De Courtney Corani, ca. 1849-May 1905) and Mr. Abbiati. The production's sets were designed by Charles Fox, Jr., William Schaeffer, Gaspar Maeder (ca. 1840-Jan. 18, 1892) and Mr. Thompson. Costumes were designed by Henry Dazian (May 3, 1854-May 4, 1937) and D. Ascoli. Robert le Diable's directors, set designers and costume designers had all made their Met Opera debuts Monday, Oct. 22, 1883, in the first season's inaugural premiere, Gounod's Faust.

Robert le Diable numbered as the first of three Meyerbeer operas staged in Met Opera's opening season, 1883-1884. Le Prophète opened Tuesday, Feb. 12, 1884, as the first season's second Meyerbeer opera and as the 17th premiere in the inaugural season's lineup of 20 operas. Les Huguenots premiered Wednesday, March 19, 1884, as the season's third Meyerbeer opera and as the season's 19th opera.

Il Barbiere di Siviglia, by Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868), succeeded Robert le Diable as the 11th first season premiere. Il Barbiere di Siviglia premiered Friday, Nov. 23, 1883.

The takeaways for Met Opera's premiere of Robert le Diable are that the grand opéra in cinque atti (five-act grand opera) was staged as the 10th opera in Met Opera's inaugural season, 1883-1884; that the happy-ending opera received seven performances; and that Robert le Diable occurred as the first of three Meyerbeer operas staged in the opera house's opening season.

/a>

Malvina Cavalazzi (Cavallazzi), the Metropolitan Opera's first ballerina and also first director of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School, appeared as the Abbess in the opera house's 10th first season opera, Meyerbeer's Robert le Diable: RoyalAcademyofDance @RADheadquarters, via Twitter March 29, 2020

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Debut: Emily Lablache, Giuseppe Barberis, Malvina Cavalazzi." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1080 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Traviata {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/5/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1080

"Debut: Emmy Fursch-Madi." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1090 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Lohengrin {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/7/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1020

"Debut: Giovanni Mirabella, Ida Corani." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1040 Metropolitan Opera Premiere I Puritani {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/29/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1040

"Debut: Nicola Stagi." Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Robert le Diable.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1180 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Robert le Diable {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1180

"Debut: Roberto Stagno, Alwina Valleria, Zelia Trebelli." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1020 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Il Trovatore {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/26/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1020

"Debuts: Italo Campanini, Christine Nilsson, Franco Novara, Giuseppe Del Puente, Sofia Scalchi, Louise Lablache, Ludovico Contini, Auguste Vianesi, Mr. Corani, Mr. Abbiati, Charles Fox, Jr., William Schaeffer, Gaspar Maeder, Mr. Thompson, D. Ascoli, Henry Dazian." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID:1000 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Faust {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/22/1883. Metropolitan Opera Premiere Opening Night {1}.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1000

"Debuts: Marcella Sembrich, Giuseppe Kaschmann, Achille Augier, Amadeo Grazzi, Imogene Forti, Vincenzo Fornaris." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1010 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Lucia di Lammermoor {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/24/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1010

Letellier, Robert Ignatius, trans., ed., annot. The Diaries of Giacomo Meyerbeer: Volume 4 1857-1864 The Last Years. Madison [NJ]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2004.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Metropolitan Opera Premiered 20 Operas During Opening Season 1883-1884." Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 14, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/metropolitan-opera-premiered-20-operas.html

Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Robert le Diable.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 1180 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Robert le Diable {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/19/1883.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=1180

RoyalAcademyofDance @RADheadquarters. "Silvia Feliciani is an RAD teacher from Italy with a famous distant relative; Malvina Cavallazzi. 'You cannot imagine how surprised I was when I found that Malvina had been a dance teacher of Phyllis Bedells!' Read Sylvia's story and more > http://bit.ly/2VX6y7a #RAD100." Twitter. March 29, 2020.
Available @ https://twitter.com/RADheadquarters/status/1244219010159382528

Rous, Samuel Holland. The Victrola Book of the Opera: Stories of One Hundred and Twenty Operas With Seven-Hundred Illustrations and Descriptions of Twelve-Hundred Victor Opera Records. Fourth revised edition. Camden NJ: Victor Talking Machine Company, 1917.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/victrolabookofop00vict

Sunday, November 22, 2020

Lahaina Banyan Figs Are Not on Magnum’s The Day It All Came Together

Summary: Lahaina banyan tree figs are not on Magnum’s The Day It All Came Together April 1, 2019, or A Leopard on the Prowl May 8, 2020, re-aired Nov. 20, 2020.

central trunk of Indian banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis), planted as seedling April 24, 1873, at Lahaina Courthouse Square by Maui Sheriff William Owen Smith (Aug. 4, 1848-April 13, 1929) to commemorate 50th anniversary of Lahaina's first American Protestant mission, now largest banyan tree in Hawaii; Lahaina Banyan Court Park, also known as Lahaina Courthouse Square or Banyan Tree Park, Lahaina, West Maui, Hawaii; Tuesday, March 1, 2005, 16:14: Erik Ogan from San Francisco, CA, USA, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Lahaina banyan tree figs are not eaten on Magnum’s The Day It All Came Together April 1, 2019, or on A Leopard on the Prowl May 8, 2020, re-aired Nov. 20, 2020.

First-season 20th-episode director Bryan Spicer and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter Lenkov brace Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) to believe or brush off ex-fiancée Hannah (Jordana Brewster). The cash-challenged private investigator circulates counterfeit currency when he chooses to consume Fig Newtons over compensating companions Theodore Calvin (Stephen Hill) and Rick Wright (Zachary Knighton). Hannah desperately designs delivering best counterfeiter ever Pak Jong Soo (Jo Sung) to dangerous detainers who dishonor the deal of despatching her father (Michael de Ycaza).

Second-season 20th-episode director Bryan Spicer and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter Lenkov endanger Rick with parole-violating father figure Icepick (Corbin Bernsen), no eater of Fig Newtons.

The Lahaina banyan tree (lāhainā, from Hawaiian lā, “sun” and hainā, “cruel”; and Portuguese baniano, Arabic بَنِيَان‎, Sanskrit baṇíj बणिज्, “merchant, trader”) favors three propagation methods.

The Moraceae (from Latin mōrus [from Greek μορέα], “mulberry” and -āceae, “resembling”) family member grows from aerial roots, germinated seeds and leafing, 2-plus-inch- (5.08-centimeter-) long cuttings. Aerial roots hang downward, for honing under drip-zone soil surfaces into ground-to-branch trunks, from hardy branches undulating through 60-plus-foot- (18.29-meter-) high canopies harboring 0.25-mile (0.40-kilometer) circumferences. Two-year-viable seeds inhabit hairy, pink-red, round, 0.59- to 0.98-inch (1.5- to 2.5-centimeter) diameter figs inspired by flower-pollinating agaonid (from Latin agaon, from Greek ἀγάων, “adoring”) wasps.

Lahaina banyan tree figs jostle evergreen leaves after fig wasps journey through small openings in pollen-producing male- and pollen-receiving female-flowered inflorescences (flower-clustering, from Latin inflorescens, “budding”).

Each female-flowered cluster keeps 34 sepals (from Latin sēparātus, “separate” and petalum [from Greek πέταλος, “broad, flat”], “petal”) around its pollen-receiving stigma (from Greek στίγμα, “mark”).

Stalkless flowers lodge their stigma atop a short style (from Latin stilus, “spike”) atop a fruit-producing ovary (female reproductive organ, from Latin ovarium, from ovum, “egg”). Female-flowered clusters mix among sessile (unstalked, from Latin sessilis, from sessus, “sitting” and -ilis, “that may be”) flowers short-styled, stalked gall flowers for egg-laying fig wasps. Fig wasps (Eupristina masoni) navigate male-flowered, two- to three-sepaled clusters with a pointed, pollen-producing anther (from Greek ἄνθος, “flower”) atop a stamen (from Latin stāmen, “thread”).

Lahaina banyan tree figs occur among blunt-tipped, elliptical or oval, round-based, 3.15- to 9.84-inch- (8- to 25-centimeter-) long, 2.36- to 7.87-inch- (6- to 20-centimeter-) broad leaves.

The Lahaina banyan tree, Ficus benghalensis (from Latin ficus [from Greek σῦκον], “fig” and benghalēnsis, “Bengali”) scientifically and paniana locally, possesses four- to seven-nerved, leathery leaves.

One original and 16 air-rooted gray-barked, smooth-fluted trunks, white-downed when young, quarter branch-borne, downy-bottomed, leathery leaves atop hairy, 0.59- to 3.15-inch- (1.5- to 8-centimeter-) long stalks. Leathery, 0.59- to 0.79-inch- (1.5- to 2-centimeter-) long stipules (from Latin stipula, “[basal] leafstalk”) repeat hairy hypanthodia’s (from Greek ὑπο-, “under” and ἄνθος, “flower”) resplendent greenness. Lahaina’s shade-spreading, shining-green shelter survives since Maui Sheriff William Smith’s (Aug. 4, 1848-April 13, 1929) planting April 24, 1873, on the first Protestant mission’s 50th anniversary.

Icepick, Magnum and Mauians respectively treasure Oahuan beer; Fig Newtons (Ficus carica); and, for weekend arts, celebrations and commerce, not near-inedible figs, Lahaina banyan tree shade.

Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) intends to report fugitive Hannah, his ex-love, but disconnnects as Honolulu Police Detective Gordon Katsumoto (Tim Kang) answers, in Magnum P.I.'s The Day It All Came Together (season 1 episode 20 season finale): Magnum P.I. @MagnumPICBS, via Facebook April 4, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"A Leopard on the Prowl." Magnum PI: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, May 8, 2020.

"The Day It All Came Together." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 1, 2019.

"The Lahaina Banyan Tree: How It Came To Be." Lahaina Restoration Foundation. Proudly Powered by WordPress.
Available @ https://lahainarestoration.org/lahaina-banyan-tree/

Linnæi, Caroli. (Linnaeus, Carl). 1 May 1753. "Ficus benghalensis. 4. Ficus foliis ovatis integerrimis obtuſis, caule inferne radicato." Pages 1059-1060. In: Species Plantarum, Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, Ad Genera Relatas, Cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus 2. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Impensis Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius], 1753.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/359080

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 November 2020. "Lauwiliwili Lemon Butterflyfish Attend Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/lauwiliwili-lemon-butterflyfish-attend.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 August 2020. "Inamona Hawaiian Salted Nut Sauce Actuates Magnum’s Day of the Viper." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/inamona-hawaiian-salted-nut-sauce.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 August 2020. "Kawailoa Activities Antedate Magnum’s Winner Takes All Jan. 20, 2019." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/kawailoa-activities-antedate-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2020. "Konane Assuages, Like Chess on Magnum's Blood in the Water." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/konane-assuages-like-chess-on-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2020. "Uhi Hawaiian Tattoos Acquit Magnum’s The Woman Who Never Died." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/uhi-hawaiian-tattoos-acquit-magnums.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 August 2020. "Hinahina Beach Heliotrope Abhors Bombs on Magnum’s Nowhere to Hide." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/hinahina-beach-heliotrope-abhors-bombs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 August 2020. "Lapis on Magnum’s Six Paintings Acts Like Silver on The Night Has Eyes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/lapis-on-magnums-six-paintings-acts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 May 2020. "'Uki'uki Hawaiian Lilies Aid Memory on Magnum PI's The Ties That Bind." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/ukiuki-hawaiian-lilies-aid-memory-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 May 2020. "Orange Tabby Cats Act Like and Unlike Magnum's A Leopard on the Prowl." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/orange-tabby-cats-act-like-and-unlike.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 May 2020. "Mahoe Tree Fruits Are Sweet As Pies on Magnum's May the Best One Win." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/mahoe-tree-fruits-are-sweet-as-pies-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 May 2020. "Pioeoe Purple Rock Barnacles Age Ships on Magnum's I Saw the Sun Rise." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/pioeoe-purple-rock-barnacles-age-ships.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2020. "Wahiawa Botanical Garden Awes As Magnum's A World of Trouble Alarms." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/wahiawa-botanical-garden-awes-as.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2020. "Mamaki Tea, Not Coffee on Magnum's The Night Has Eyes, Aids Alertness." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mamaki-tea-not-coffee-on-magnums-night.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 April 2020. "Tiger Mosquitoes Annoy Magnum's Death Is Only Temporary and Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/tiger-mosquitoes-annoy-magnums-death-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2020. "Maui's Fishhook Manaiakalani Arrived After Magnum's Farewell to Love." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/mauis-fishhook-manaiakalani-arrived.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2020. "Olive Ridley Sea Turtles Are Helped by Magnum’s Murder Is Never Quiet." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/olive-ridley-sea-turtles-are-helped-by.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 April 2020. "Kamehameha Butterflies Perhaps Are on Magnum's Say Hello to Your Past." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/kamehameha-butterflies-perhaps-are-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2020. "Hawaiian House Mice Are Not Playing Magnum's A Game of Cat and Mouse." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/hawaiian-house-mice-are-not-playing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2020. "Iliahi Forest Sandalwood Aims at What Magnum's Black Is the Widow Aims." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/iliahi-forest-sandalwood-aims-at-what.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2020. "Beach Naupaka Are Security Hedges for Magnum's Mondays Are For Murder." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/beach-naupaka-are-security-hedges-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2020. "Hoi Hawaiian Bitter Yams Are Symbols for Magnum's Desperate Measures." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/hoi-hawaiian-bitter-yams-are-symbols.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Devil Dodder Abides Around Magnum's Day I Met the Devil." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-devil-dodder-abides-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2019. "Kauna'oa Hawaiian Red Algae Affirm Aspects of Magnum's Blood Brothers." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/kaunaoa-hawaiian-red-algae-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 November 2019. "Ka'upu Black-Footed Albatrosses Avert Magnum's A Bullet Named Fate." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/kaupu-black-footed-albatrosses-avert.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2019. "Maiapilo Hawaiian Capers Are Absent From Magnum's He Came by Night." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/maiapilo-hawaiian-capers-are-absent.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2019. "Lama Hawaiian Ebony Persimmon Augurs Magnum's Man in the Secret Room." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/lama-hawaiian-ebony-persimmon-augurs.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 November 2019. "Milo Pacific Rosewood Applies Five-0's All Knowledge to Magnum's Lie." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/milo-pacific-rosewood-applies-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 October 2019. "Hawaiian Hoary Bats Acquit Five-0's Ghosts, Magnum's Make It 'Til Dawn." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-hoary-bats-acquit-five-0s.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 October 2019. "Molassesgrass Appalls Five-0's Tiny Is the Flower, Magnum's Dead Inside." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/molassesgrass-appalls-five-0s-tiny-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2019. "Akohekohe Honeycreepers Attack Like Magnum PI's Knight Lasts Forever." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/akohekohe-honeycreepers-attack-like.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2019. "Hawaiian Quilts Are More Cryptic Than Magnum PI's Honor Among Thieves." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/hawaiian-quilts-are-more-cryptic-than.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2019. "Ti Tree Root Okolehao Applies To Magnum PI's Payback Is For Beginners." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/ti-tree-root-okolehao-applies-to-magnum.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 September 2019. "Yellow Fever Mosquitoes Air a Killer on Magnum's A Kiss Before Dying." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/yellow-fever-mosquitoes-air-killer-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 September 2019. "Hawaii Mamo Feathers Are Like Gold Necklaces on Magnum’s Die He Said." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/hawaii-mamo-feathers-are-like-gold.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 September 2019. "Koloa Maoli Hawaiian Ducks Are One Duck Less on Magnum's Sudden Death." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/koloa-maoli-hawaiian-ducks-are-one-duck.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2019. "Makou Hawaiian Buttercups Add No Aconitine to Magnum's I, the Deceased." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/makou-hawaiian-buttercups-add-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2018. "Makiawa Hawaiian Sardines Appease Magnum PI's The Cat Who Cried Wolf." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/11/makiawa-hawaiian-sardines-appease.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 October 2018. "Hawaiian Dolphinfish Mahi-Mahi Abide by Magnum PI's From the Head Down." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/hawaiian-dolphinfish-mahi-mahi-abide-by.html

Missouri Botanical Garden. "Ficus benghalensis L." Tropicos > Name Search > Name 21300597. Copyright 2021.
Available @ http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/21300597?projectid=9

Rojas-Sandoval, Julissa. 30 April 2015. "Ficus Benghalensis (Banyan)." Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International > Invasive Species Compendium > Resources > Management Factsheets > Datasheet. Last modified 19 November 2019.
Available @ https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24066

Shanahan, Mike. 23 September 2016. "The Majesty and Mystery of India's Sacred Banyan Trees." Under the Banyan. Blog at WordPress.com.
Available @ https://underthebanyan.blog/2016/09/23/the-majesty-and-mystery-of-indias-sacred-banyan-trees/

Shanahan, Mike. 4 September 2016. "10 Things You Need to Know About Banyan Trees." Under the Banyan. Blog at WordPress.com.
Available @ https://underthebanyan.blog/2016/09/04/10-things-you-need-to-know-about-banyan-trees/

Saturday, November 21, 2020

Lauwiliwili Lemon Butterflyfish Attend Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back

Summary: Lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish attend wrecks on Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back Feb. 18, 2019, and perhaps A Leopard on the Prowl re-aired Nov. 20, 2020.

lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish (Chaetodon miliaris), Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park, Kona District, Big Island, Hawaii; National Park Service photo by Bryan Harry: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish attend reefs and shipwrecks on Magnum’s Day the Past Came Back Feb. 18, 2019, and perhaps on A Leopard on the Prowl May 8, 2020, re-aired Nov. 20, 2020.

First-season 15th-episode director Bryan Spicer and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter Lenkov backslide private investigator Thomas Magnum (Jay Hernandez) into bungled romance and burgled Iraqi gold. Second-season 20th-episode director Bryan Spicer and writers Eric Guggenheim and Peter Lenkov center the crime action drama television series’ 40th episode overall upon warehouse property-coveting criminals. Iraqi gold deposited within the downed ballast of the deliberately damaged ship Roselita draws the same marine life as actual reefs and shipwrecks off Oahuan coastlines.

Rick Wright (Zachary Knighton) exchanges club management for bar ownership in Season Two’s second episode, Honor Among Thieves, Oct. 10, 2019, and expects family as clientele.

Perhaps father figure Icepick (Corbin Bernsen) and military friend Magnum favor Rick’s Bar even as lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish found off Hawaii and Johnston Atoll frolic offshore.

The Chaetodontidae (brush-like, close-set teeth, from Greek χαίτη, “flowing hair”; ὀδών, “tooth”; and -εἶδος, “resemblance”) bannerfish, butterflyfish and coralfish family member gets perhaps three-plus-year life cycles. January through May breeding seasons herald mature females hurtling fertilized eggs pelagically (water column-wards, from Latin pelagicus and Greek πελαγικός, “open sea-related,” from Greek πέλαγος, “sea”). Monogamous, paired interactions perhaps never involve parenting buoyant, spherical, transparent egg-stage inhabitants of water columns 32.81 to 49.21 feet (10 to 15 meters) above mature-stage habitats.

Lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish journey as eggs hatched within 28 to 30 hours, hatchlings until 0.22 inches (5.5 millimeters) long and bone-plated, spiny larvae for two-plus months.

The circular- and deep-bodied, compressed- and thin-sided, silver-colored larvae keep bone-plated head sheaths and thin-spined flanks and upper-sides until knowing year-long juvenile stages on sea floors.

Six- to 6.5-inch- (15.24- to 16.51-centimeter-) long adults, labeled millet and milletseed butterflyfish commonly and lauwiliwili (“coral tree [Erythrina sandwicensis] tree leaf[-like]”) look black-, white-, yellow-bodied. They manifest black-banded eyes; black-dotted sides; false-eyespotted rear bands; 13- to 14-spined, 20- to 23-rayed dorsal fins; and 2- to 3-spined, 17- to 20-rayed anal fins. Butterfly-colored, butterfly-fluttering navigators, named by Joseph Gaimard (Jan. 31, 1793-Dec. 10, 1858) and Jean Quoy (Nov. 10, 1790-July 4, 1869), need oxygenated, semi-alkaline, 830-plus-foot (252.94-meter) depths.

Lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish nightly occupy deep-water caves, ledges and overhangs in coastal fringing reefs, coral, human-made, natural and outer reefs and rocky overhangs in shallow-water lagoons.

The bristle-toothed, long-snouted, small-mouthed predator of algae, damselfish eggs, fish and turtle parasites, mollusks, worms and zooplankton possesses self-defensive scales on anal- and dorsal-fin soft rays.

Rounded caudal (from Latin caudālis, “having a tail”) fins with 15 branched rays never queue up self-defensive ctenoid (from Greek κτείς, “comb” and -ειδής, “-like”) scales. The resplendent residents of coral and rocky reefs and sunken ships, rated as famine food for starving ancient Hawaiians, regard live coral polyps as famine food. They nightly switch bright body colors to dull blacks, whites and yellows to subvert such butterflyfish predators as angelfish, bass, damselfish, eels, pufferfish, surgeonfish and wrasse.

Lauwiliwili lemon butterflyfish truly travel around Baby Barge, LCU (Landing Craft Utility), Mahi, New Barge, San Pedro, Sea Tiger, YO-257 and YTB 774 shipwrecks off Oahu.

Jordana Brewster plays Thomas Magnum's mysterious ex-love, Hannah, in Magnum P.I.'s The Day the Past Came Back (season 1 episode 15) and The Day It All Came Together (season 1 episode 20 season finale): Jordana Brewster Fansite @DailyJordana, via Facebook Aug. 15, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"A Leopard on the Prowl." Magnum PI: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, May 8, 2020.

Allen, Kevin. 7 November 2019. "6 Fasacinating Hawaii Shipwrecks You Need to See." Hawai'i Magazine > Islands > O'ahu.
Available @ https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/6-fascinating-hawaii-shipwreck-sites-you-need-to-see/

The Associated Press. 8 June 2005."Historic Shipwrecks Sought Near Hawaii." NBC News > Science News.
Available @ https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8146464/

"Day the Past Came Back." Magnum PI: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 18, 2019.

Fenner, Robert (Bob). "The Lemon or Milletseed Butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris; Still Legal and Still a Treasure." Wet Web Media > Marine Aquariums > Marine Aquarium Articles and FAQs Master Index > Marine Fishes Index 2 of 3 Butterflies, Damsels, Clowns and Much More > Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontids) > Genera, Species Accounts > Chaetodon.
Available @ http://www.wetwebmedia.com/MilletBFArt.htm

"Honolulu Shipwrecks Scuba Diving in Hawaii." Rainbow Scuba > Dive Sites.
Available @ https://rainbowscuba.com/hawaii-shipwrecks.html

"Honor Among Thieves." Magnum PI: The Second Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Oct. 10, 2019.

"Kaiolohia (Shipwreck Beach)." Hawaii Tourism Authority > Go Hawaii > Islands > Lanai > Welcome to Lanai > Regions of Lanai.
Available @ https://www.gohawaii.com/islands/lanai/regions/north-lanai/kaiolohia

Lilley, Terry. 22 November 2020. "Meet Lauwiliwili the Milletseed Butterflyfish. The Garden Island > Lifestyles > Creature of the Week.
Available @ https://www.thegardenisland.com/2020/11/22/lifestyles/meet-lauwiliwili-the-milletseed-butterflyfish/

"Milletseed Butterflyfish." Waikīkī Aquarium > Experience > Animal Guide > Fishes > Butterflyfishes.
Available @ https://www.waikikiaquarium.org/experience/animal-guide/fishes/butterflyfishes/milletseed-butterflyfish/

Motta, Philip J. 1982. "Functional Morphology of the Head of the Inertial Suction Feeding Butterflyfish, Chaetodon miliaris (Perciformes, Chaetodontidae).” Journal of Morphology 174(3): 283–312. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051740305.
Available @ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmor.1051740305

Pyle, R.; and M.T. Craig. 2010. "Chaetodon miliaris.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T165721A6101795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165721A6101795.en
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/165721/6101795

Rogers, Captain Richard W. 1 January 1999. Shipwrecks of Hawai'i: A Maritime History of the Big Island. Haleiwa HI: Pilialoha Publishing.

"Shipwreck in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Makes History - Again." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration > News & Features. Dated 19 December 2017.
Available @ https://www.noaa.gov/stories/shipwreck-in-northwestern-hawaiian-islands-makes-history-again

Shute, Megan. 21 January 2016. "11 Enchanting Underwater Wrecks in Hawaii Are a Diver's Dream." Only in Your State > Hawaii > Nature.
Available @ https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/hawaii/underwater-wrecks-hi/

Stender, Keoki & Yuko. "Chaetodon miliaris Milletseed Butterflyfish." Marine Life Photography > Fishes > Butterflyfishes > Family Chaetodontidae, Butterflyfishes > Hawaii - Endemic. Updated 7 April 2020.
Available @ https://www.marinelifephotography.com/fishes/butterflyfishes/butterflyfishes.htm"

The Wrecks of Oahu." Island Divers Hawaii > Boat Charters > Dive Sites of Oahu.
Available @ https://www.oahuscubadiving.com/oahu-dive-sites/