Earth and Space News

Saturday, November 19, 2016

Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides

Summary: Soil-incorporated, surface-applied organic amendments sustain coralberry, fragrant sumac and Oregon grape on compacted degraded urban highway roadsides.

Fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica) displays capability of transforming compacted degraded urban highway roadsides via organic amendments; fragrant sumac at Tyler Arboretum, Media, Delaware County, southeastern Pennsylvania; Friday, May 17, 2013, 11:15:43: Jim, the Photographer, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Compacted degraded urban highway roadsides accept soil-incorporated, surface-applied treatments in Urban Highway Roadside Soils and Shrub Plantings Enhanced by Surface-Applied and Incorporated Organic Amendments in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry for December 2016.

Andy Bary, Craig Cogger and Rita L. Hummel of the State University Puyallup Research and Extension Center in Puyallup, Washington, base their findings upon three-year investigations. They confer one-year minimum and 10-year maximum life cycles upon roadside trees whose roots and vigor heavy compaction, low levels of porosity and poor structure compromise. They draw upon 40-year research that demonstrates no consistent improvements in woody plant growth and establishment from organic soil amendments destined only for planting-hole backfill soils.

Research from 2014 on surface-applied compost topdressing and wood-chip mulch encourages the trio's extending to compacted urban soils research of 2008 into agricultural soil-incorporated surface-applied compost.

The current study focuses upon bark mulch-overlayered, soil-incorporated, surface-applied organic amendments funneled by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) into compacted degraded urban highway roadsides.

The "highly compacted glacial outwash substratum" of surface runoff- and winter rain-wettened gravel and rocks gets soil-incorporated, surface-applied biosolids-sawdust blend, worm castings and yard debris compost. It has an 8-centimeter- (3.15-inch-) thick layer of Douglas-fir, WSDOT-standard bark atop amendments compacted by dropping an 18.9-liter (4.99-gallon) bucket 20 times from 30-centimeter (11.81-inch) heights. It includes woody species that WSDOT intends for compacted, degraded urban highway roadsides: central-eastern United States-native, deciduous coralberry and fragrant sumac and evergreen west-coastal Oregon grape.

Rocky-soiled, steep roadsides jam augers, not spades and trowels, at 0- to 15-centimeter (0- to 5.91-inch) sample-collection depths and justify expensive, surface-applied, not soil-incorporated, worm castings.

Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4's "randomized complete" block-designed PROC GLM keeps biomass, bulk density, plant survival, root length, shoot-growth index and soil carbon and nitrogen results.

Analysis locates soil-incorporated mean bulk density and total carbon and nitrogen respectively at under half, and 12 and 10 times greater than, soil-only and surface-applied treatments. It mentions insignificant differences from soil-incorporated treatments through "little if any mixing" of control and surface-applied amendments with "underlying native material" the first year after application. It notes compaction as the "dominant feature" even though non-level surfaces of "compacted and gravelly native material" net smaller volume measurements and larger calculated bulk densities.

Compacted degraded urban highway roadsides, unirrigated after transplant, offer fragrant sumac significantly declining survival in control, over amended, treatments even though "plant survival was typically high."

The third growing season, from September 2008 to September 2009, produces significant shoot growth while all soil-incorporated, surface-applied amendments "significantly improved" plant growth over control treatments.

Coralberry first and fragrant sumac second qualify as species with "greatest overall growth" while both quantify tenfold increases in biomass from worm castings over control treatments. Container-grown shrub- and tree-related research recommends pre-planting cuts or shaves to repress stem-girdling roots even though intact fragrant sumac roots relish all soil-incorporated surface-applied amendment zones. Consistent with redosier dogwood-related research, soil-incorporated amendments show "no significant positive benefits to plant growth" over surface-applied methods since all amendments support "acceptable growth and survival."

Soil-incorporated amendments transform compacted degraded urban highway roadsides into lively, loosened, lovely sites whose decompacted makeovers tender similar growth and survival trends trumpeted by surface-applied methods.

Department of Transportation (WSDOT) also considers Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) as a viable candidate for transforming compacted degraded urban highway roadsides via organic amendments; Oregon grape in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg state, southwestern Germany; Saturday, June 20, 2009, 14:19: H. Zell, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) also considers Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) as a viable candidate for transforming compacted degraded urban highway roadsides via organic amendments; Oregon grape in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg state, southwestern Germany; Saturday, June 20, 2009, 14:19: H. Zell, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mahonia_aquifolium_002.JPG

For further information:

Bary, Andy; Hummel, Rita L.; and Cogger, Craig. November 2016. "Urban Highway Roadside Soils and Shrub Plantings Enhanced by Surface-Applied and Incorporated Organic Amendments." Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 42(6): 418-427.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Friday, November 18, 2016

Green Tree Python Natural History Illustrations and Elementary

Summary: LeGrand canvases work out even less than would green tree python natural history illustrations and photographs in terrariums on Elementary Nov. 13, 2016.

green tree python (Morelia viridis), under synonym Chondropython viridis (Schleg.); body x 1/2, head x 7/8; illustrated by J.F. (Joan François Nicolaas) Obbes (Nov. 30, 1869-Dec. 16, 1963) in Nelly de Rooij, The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (1917), vol. II, figure 16, page 30: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Green tree python natural history illustrations and photographs assemble all the behavioral patterns, distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances that camera angles avoid around Elementary's tree python terrarium Nov. 13, 2016.

Director Ron Fortunato and writers Roberty Doherty, Jeffrey Paul King and Kelly Wheeler bring a backed-up tree python aquarium into Season 5's sixth episode, Ill Tidings. The 102nd episode overall considers concealed canvases of fictitious Baptiste LeGrand, not post-Impressionist Louis LeGrand (Sep. 29, 1863-June 12, 1951), choking a captive python's water supply. Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) discovers dried-up destinations, from diverting python drinking water, of LeGrand's Nurse Debriefing a Staircase, not The Sadness or Torqued Rift 4.

Sherlock expects exact employment of a terrrarium for an exotic export from Australasia and of a Romanovich porcelain "famous for its exceptional quality" for flower arrangements.

Sherlock fathoms the fundamental fact that green tree pythons function natively in rainforest habitat niches that furnish flowing water and high atmospheric and ground moisture levels.

Wild green tree pythons generally get year-round breeding, brooding and hatching seasons even though captives, such as on Elementary, generally go for August through January matings. Physically mature six- to 36-month-old and sexually mature 42-month-old females have 70- to 90-day gestation and 39- to 65-day incubation times for 5- to 35-egg clutches. Green tree pythons, investigated scientifically in 1872 by Hermann Schlegel (June 10, 1804-Jan. 17, 1884), initiate cycles as 1.58-inch (4-centimeter) eggs and 7.09- to 14.17-inch (18- to 36-centimeter) hatchlings.

Green tree python natural history illustrations and photographs juggle respective red-morphed and yellow juveniles in New Guinea and in Indonesia and northeastern Australia's Cape York Peninsula.

Black-edged brown-, golden-, orange-red, purple-, white-spotted and striped red-morphed and yellow juveniles know physically mature green colors at 20.87- to 23.62-inch (53- to 60-centimeter) head-body-tail lengths.

Females lay eggs in caves, epiphytic (air-rooted) plants and tree hollows within 15.34-acre (6.21-hectare) home ranges where they let juveniles, other females and roaming males live. Agroindustrialists, collectors, hunters and predatory butcherbirds, buzzards, dingoes, eagles, goshawks, hawks, monitors, owls and quolls menace skink-eating hatchlings, lizard-eating juveniles and rat-eating mature green tree pythons. Day-active young and night-active adults, named scientifically Morelia viridis, respectively navigate 32.81- and 82.02-foot (10- and 25-meter-) high branches through 6,561.68-foot (2,000-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Green tree python natural history illustrations and photographs observe non-captive, 2.4- to 3.5-pound (1,100- to 1,600-gram) adults with 4.59- to 7.22-foot (1.4- to 2.2-meter) head-body-tail lengths.

Adults possess diamond-shaped heads; 100 sharp teeth; silver-irised, vertical-slitted eyes without juvenile white nose-eye-head streaks; beige-white-yellow undersides; keeled (ridged), triangle-shaped, white-spotted upper-sides; and black-brown tail tips.

The Pythonidae (from the Greek πυθώ, putnó, "to decay, to rot") family members queue up in lowland to mid-montane gardens, rainforests and regrowth and secondary forests. They require relative humidity at 70 to 85 percent daily and 95 to 100 percent nightly and 82.68- to 133.86-inch (2,100- to 3,400-millimeter) average yearly rainfall. They survive respective nightly and daily temperatures of 70 to 72 and 84 to 88 degrees Fahrenheit (21.11 to 22.22 and 28.89 to 31.11 degrees Celsius).

Sherlock takes down a thief before tampering with terrarium water turns a thirsty reptile into terminal topics of green tree python natural history illustrations and photographs.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) confront an array of ill tidings, including a snake venom-tainted crime, in CBS Elementary tv series' Ill Tidings (season 5 episode 6): Elementary @Elementary_CBS, via Twitter Nov. 13, 2016

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Auliya, M; R.A. Shine; & A. Allison. 2010. "Morelia viridis." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T177524A7449431. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T177524A7449431.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/177524/0

Barker, David G.; and Tracy M. Barker. "Green Python Morelia viridis." In: Michael Hutchins, James B. Murphy and Neil Schlager, eds. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 7, Reptiles: 426. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Elementary @Elementary_CBS. 13 November 2016. “Give to the gracious message a host of tongues, but let ill tidings tell themselves when they be felt.”-Sherlock #Elementary." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/Elementary_CBS/status/798018320310018049

Hoser, Raymond (T.). 2009. "Creationism and Contrived Science: A Review of Recent Python Systematics Papers and the Resolution of Issues of Taxonomy and Nomenclature." Australasian Journal of Herpetology, issue 2 (2009): 1-34.
Available @ http://www.smuggled.com/AJHI2.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2016. “Eastern Poison Ivy Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Henny Penny.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/eastern-poison-ivy-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 November 2016. “Galápagos Marine Iguana Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/galapagos-marine-iguana-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2016. "China's Imperial Jade Heirloom Seal Worth Several Cities on Elementary." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/chinas-imperial-jade-heirloom-seal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2016. “Mopane Worm Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/mopane-worm-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2016. “Johannes Vermeer Painting The Astronomer: Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/johannes-vermeer-painting-astronomer.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2016. “Shih Tzu Dog Breed and Elementary's Up to Heaven and Down to Hell.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/shih-tzu-dog-breed-and-elementarys-up.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2016. “Mushroom Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's A Study in Charlotte.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/mushroom-botanical-illustrations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2015. "Black-Capped Central American Squirrel Monkeys and Elementary Series." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/black-capped-central-american-squirrel.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2015. “Tienchi-Flower Tea and Elementary's Evidence of Things Not Seen.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/tienchi-flower-tea-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2015. “Pablo Picasso Painting Woman Reading on Elementary's A Stitch in Time.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/pablo-picasso-painting-woman-reading-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2015. “Extinct Quagga Plains Zebra on Elementary's The Female of the Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/extinct-quagga-plains-zebra-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2015. “Elementary's Yellow Clivia and Yellow Clivia Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/01/elementarys-yellow-clivia-and-yellow.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 December 2014. “Elementary's Nutmeg Concoction and Nutmeg Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/elementarys-nutmeg-concoction-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2014. “Elementary's Bird in Blue-Throated Macaw Natural History Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/elementarys-bird-in-blue-throated-macaw.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2014. “Bearded Dragon Natural History Illustrations: Not Elementary's Nemesis.” Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/bearded-dragon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2014. “Ficus Benjamina Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Stunted Tree.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/ficus-benjamina-botanical-illustrations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2014. “Dimetrodon Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dimetrodon.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/dimetrodon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2014. “Nanotyrannus Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dead Clade Walking.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/nanotyrannus-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2013. “Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/fruit-in-osage-orange-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Rooij, Nelly de. 1917. "1. Chondropython viridis (Schlegel)." The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Vol. II Ophidia: 29-31. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill Ltd.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4133234

Schlegel, H. (Hermann). 1872. "De Kruipende Dieren. Reptilia: Python viridis." De Dierentuin van het Koninklijk Zoölogisch Genootschap Natura Artis Magistra, te Amsterdam. Page 54. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gebr. [Gebroeders] Van Es.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26719637

Uetz, Peter. "Morelia viridis (Schlegel, 1872)." The Reptile Database.
Available @ http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Morelia&species=viridis&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27morelia+viridis%27%29%29

Wednesday, November 16, 2016

Australia and Eurasia Have 11 International Dark Sky Parks for Starers

Summary: As of October 2016, Australia and Eurasia have 11 International Dark Sky Parks certified by the International Dark-Sky Association for top stargazing.

Southern Scotland's Galloway Forest Park shares simultaneous honor with southwestern Hungary's Zselic National Landscape Protection Area as first European International Dark Sky Parks; on Galloway Forest Park's eastern fringes, view of Clatteringshaws Loch, looking toward Low Craignell; Monday, Dec. 17, 2012, 16:49:03: wazimu0, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

As of October 2016, Australia and Eurasia have 11 International Dark Sky Parks that are certified by the Tucson, Arizona-based International Dark-Sky Association as committed to preserving darkened skies for exceptional stargazing.

The International Dark-Sky Association, co-founded in 1988 by astronomer David Livingstone Crawford and radiologist Timothy “Tim” B. Hunter, aims for night sky protection by way of dark sky place certifications and eco-friendly outdoor lighting initiatives. Certification as an International Dark Sky Park (IDSP) indicates to visitors the park’s commitment to eco-friendly protections of darkened skies for public stargazing enjoyment.

As of mid-October 2016, the International Dark-Sky Association has certified 41 International Dark Sky Parks. The United States has 30 International Dark Sky Parks. Of the 11 certified parks located outside of the United States, 10 are located in Eurasia and one is sited in Australia.

On Friday, Oct. 30, 2015, the International Dark-Sky Association named Yeongyang Firefly Eco Park, located in extreme eastern South Korea, as Asia’s first dark sky park. The South Korean eco park attracts stargazers with star-filled skies, with darkness protections expressly for firefly conservation, in an isolated, lightly populated mountainous terrain.

On Monday, July 4, 2016, the International Dark-Sky Association announced the certification of Warrumbungle National Park in west central New South Wales as Australia’s first International Dark Sky Park. Southeastern Australia’s volcanically-formed park is adjacent to Siding Spring Observatory, which houses Australia’s largest telescope.

The British Isles claim four International Dark Sky Parks. Three are in the United Kingdom, and one is located in the Republic of Ireland.

On Thursday, May 5, 2016, the International Dark-Sky Association named Ballycroy National Park in northwestern County Mayo as the Republic of Ireland’s first International Dark Sky Park. Ballycroy National Park protects one of Western Europe’s largest remaining blanket bog habitats in a low-density county with traditionally darkened, pristine skies.

A press release dated Sunday, Nov. 15, 2009, simultaneously designated Galloway Forest Park in southern Scotland and Zselic National Landscape Protection Area in southwestern Hungary as the first European International Dark Sky Parks.

With certification, Galloway Forest Park also became the first International Dark Sky Park in the United Kingdom. Amplifying the honor is its status, as the International Dark-Sky Association’s fourth certification, as the first International Dark Sky Park accreditation outside of the United States.

Certified Monday, Dec. 9, 2013, Northumberland National Park and Kielder Water & Forest Park preserves northern Europe’s largest manmade woodland and reservoir. The International Dark-Sky Association describes the United Kingdom's northernmost park as one of England’s darkest locations.

On Tuesday, July 21, 2015, the International Dark-Sky Association announced certification of Elan Valley Estate in central Wales as the first privately-owned International Dark Sky Park. Owned by Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water, the park offers public access to its land- and sky-based natural resources.

On Monday, Feb. 17, 2014, Eifel National Park in southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia state became Germany’s first International Dark Sky Park. The west central park maintains darkened skies as a fragile resource in one of Western Europe’s most densely populated areas.

On Friday, June 26, 2015, De Boschplaat, on the east side of Terschelling Island in the North and Wadden Seas, became the first International Dark Sky Park in the low-lying Netherlands. The park allows 24/7 public access, except for conservation closures. On Friday, Oct. 7, 2016, Lauwersmeer National Park in the northern Netherlands became the Netherlands’ second International Dark Sky Park. Lauwersmeer expressly aims for primitivity as a major migratory bird stopover point.

On Sunday, Nov. 15, 2009, besides sharing co-designation with Scotland's Galloway Forest Park as the first European International Dark Sky Parks, Zselic National Landscape Protection Area became Hungary’s first International Dark Sky Park. Super dark skies over the park in southwestern Hungary allow unaided-eye viewing of the Triangulum Galaxy, one of the most distant naked-eye viewable galaxies. On Tuesday, Jan. 25, 2011, Hortobágy National Park became Hungary’s second International Dark Sky Park. The park encompasses Europe’s largest continuous native grassland and maintains a pristine state dating back to the last ice age (ca. 110,000 to 12,000 years ago).

The takeaway for International Dark-Sky Association's certification of 11 International Dark Sky Parks in Australia and Eurasia is the global availability of naturally dark skies, intentionally preserved for enjoyable skyward staring.

See the Milky Way @SeeTheMilkyWay, via Twitter June 15, 2016

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Zselic park of stars.": See the Milky Way @SeeTheMilkyWay, via Twitter June 15, 2016, @ https://twitter.com/SeeTheMilkyWay/status/742997744965582848

For further information:

"21st Annual General Meeting and Conference: Sustainable Skies." International Dark-Sky Association > Events > Event Archive > 2009 Annual General Meeting.
Available @ http://www.ida.darksky.org/events/event-archives/38-ida/resources/198-2009-annual-general-meeting

“Ballycroy National Park and Wild Nephin Wilderness (Ireland).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/mayo/

"De Boschplaat Named First IDA International Dark Sky Park in Netherlands." International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. June 26, 2015.
Available @ http://darksky.org/de-boschplaat-named-first-ida-international-dark-sky-park-in-netherlands/

“De Boschplaat (Netherlands).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/deboschplaat/

“Eifel National Park (Germany).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/eifel/

“Eifel National Park Designated the First International Dark Sky Park in Germany.” International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. Feb. 17, 2014.
Available @ http://darksky.org/eifel-national-park-designated-the-first-international-dark-sky-park-in-germany/

“Elan Valley Estate (Wales).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/elanvalley/

“Elan Valley Estate, Wales, Becomes First Privately-Owned International Dark Sky Park.” International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. July 21, 2015.
Available @ http://darksky.org/elan-valley-estate-wales-becomes-first-privately-owned-international-dark-sky-park/

“First Dark Sky Park in Australia Designated.” International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. July 4, 2016.
Available @ http://darksky.org/first-dark-sky-park-in-australia-designated/

“First International Dark Sky Park in Ireland Receives Accreditation.” International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. May 5, 2016.
Available @ http://darksky.org/first-international-dark-sky-park-in-ireland-receives-accreditation/

“Galloway Forest Park and the Zselic National Landscape Protection Area Simultaneously Become the First European Dark Sky Parks.” International Dark-Sky Association > Night Sky Conservation > Parks > Press Release. Nov. 15, 2009.
Available @ http://www.ida.darksky.org/assets/Night_Sky_Conservation/Parks/Zselic/Zselic_Press_Release.pdf

“Galloway Forest Park (Scotland).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/gallowayforest/

“Hortobágy National Park (Hungary).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/hortobagy/

The International Dark-Sky Association. Fighting Light Pollution: Smart Lighting Solutions for Individuals and Communities. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books, 2012.

“International Dark Sky Parks.” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places. International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/

“Lauwersmeer National Park Becomes Second Dark Sky Park Named in The Netherlands.” International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. Oct. 7, 2016.
Available @ http://darksky.org/lauwersmeer-national-park-becomes-second-dark-sky-park-named-in-the-netherlands/

“Lauwersmeer National Park (Netherlands).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/lauwersmeer/

Marriner, Derdriu. "Star-Filled Four Corners States Claim 16 International Dark Sky Parks." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 9, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/star-filled-four-corners-states-claim.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "United States Has 30 International Dark Sky Parks as of October 2016." Wednesday, Nov. 2, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/united-states-has-30-international-dark.html

"Naming of Two International Dark Sky Places Highlights UK Commitment to Dark Night Skies." International Dark-Sky Association > Night Sky Conservation > Press Release. Dec. 9, 2013.
Available @ http://www.ida.darksky.org/assets/Night_Sky_Conservation/UK_DSP_Press_Release_Dec13_FINAL.pdf

“Northumberland National Park and Kielder Water & Forest Park (England).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/northumberland/

“Sark Island and Hortobgy National Park Earn Dark Sky Status From the International Dark-Sky Association.” International Dark-Sky Association > Night Sky Conservation > Parks > Press Release. Jan. 31, 2011.
Available @ http://www.ida.darksky.org/assets/Night_Sky_Conservation/Parks/Hortobagy/Hortobagy_Press_Release.pdf

See the Milky Way @SeeTheMilkyWay. "Zselic park of stars." Twitter. June 15, 2016.
Available @ https://twitter.com/SeeTheMilkyWay/status/742997744965582848

“South Korean Eco Park Named First Dark Sky Park in Asia.” International Dark-Sky Association > Dark Sky Places. Sept. 30, 2015.
Available @ http://darksky.org/south-korean-eco-park-named-first-dark-sky-park-in-asia/

“Warrumbungle National Park (Australia).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/warrumbungle/

“Yeongyang Firefly Eco Park (South Korea).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/yeongyang/

“Zselic National Landscape Protection Area (Hungary).” International Dark-Sky Association > International Dark Sky Places > International Dark Sky Parks.
Available @ http://darksky.org/idsp/parks/zselic/

Sunday, November 13, 2016

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ Has Light Green Flowers With Reddish Pink Flushes

Summary: Helleborus ‘COSEH 710,’ a new cultivar by German helleborist Josef Heuger, has light green flowers with reddish pink flushes and dark green leaves.

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710,’ a newly cultivated hellebore variety by German hellebore breeder Josef Heuger, has dark green leaves and a long natural blooming season of light green flowers with reddish pink flushes.

On Jan. 7, 2009, Josef Heuger filed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office for his plant invention, a newly cultivated variety of Helleborus niger x Helleborus lividus that he named Helleborus ‘COSEH 710.’ Primary examiner June Hwu reviewed the application. On June 8, 2010, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office granted patent number PP21,063 for Helleborus ‘COSEH 710.’

‘COSEH 710’ numbers among the progeny of a cross-pollination program conducted January 2003 by the inventor. The cross-pollination concerned proprietary selections of unnamed, unpatented female Helleborus niger and male Helleborus lividus seedlings. The program took place in a controlled greenhouse environment at the Heuger family nursery, Heuger Gartenbaubetriebe, in Glandorf, Lower Saxony state, northwestern Germany.

In March 2006 the inventor discovered and selected a single flowering plant, now designated as ‘COSEH 710,’ from the program’s progeny. Propagation by divisions since March 2006 revealed the stable, true reproduction of the new variety’s distinctive characteristics over successive generations.

The application’s botanical details describe one-year-old plants, grown outdoors during winter in 15-centimeter (5.9-inch) containers. Day temperatures during production ranged from 5 to 32 degrees Celsius (41 to 89.6 degrees Fahrenheit). The night temperature range was from 1 degree to 25 degrees C (33.8 to 77 degrees F).

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ presents a mounded, outwardly spreading, upright shape. Its growth habit is vigorous. Plant height ranges from 30 to 35 centimeters (11.81 to 13.77 inches). Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ spreads to a diameter range of about 50 to 60 centimeters (19.68 to 23.62 inches).

Palmately compound leaves consist of five serrated leaflets per leaf. Leaflet shape is roughly ovate (Latin: ovatus, “egg-shaped”). Sharply pointed leaflet tips are described as acute. The texture of upper and lower surfaces is leathery and smooth.

Leaflet length ranges from about 7 to 14 centimeters (2.75 to 5.51 inches). Width range is from about 2.5 to 6 centimeters (0.98 to 2.36 inches).

Upper surfaces of fully developed leaves are dark green (Royal Horticultural Society color 147A), with brown green (RHS 146B) venation. Lower surfaces of fully developed leaves is brown green (RHS 191A), with brown purple (RHS 187A) veins.

The new cultivar’s freely flowering habit yields about 15 to 25 flowers per plant. Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ presents a long, natural flowering season spanning December to March. Each flower, which is persistent, has a longevity of about three weeks.

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ flowers exude a moderate fragrance that is pleasantly detectable. With no observable petals, the floral arrangement comprises a single whorl of about five sepals.

Sepal length is about 4 centimeters (1.57 inches). Sepal depth measures about 2 to 3 centimeters (0.78 to 1.18 inches).

Sepal shape is broadly ovate to rounded, with rounded tips. Margins are smooth, termed as entire. Upper and lower surfaces are satiny smooth.

Lower and upper surfaces of fully opened flowers are light green (RHS 144B) with red pink (RHS 51C) flushes. With development, upper surface color becomes brown green (RHS 146B) with red pink (RHS 51C) flushes.

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ is available commercially as Helleborus x ballardiae ‘HGC Pink Frost'®. The crossing of Helleborus niger with Helleborus lividus is designated botanically as Helleborus x ballardiae. The hybrid name honors British hellebore hybridizer Helen Ballard. The Helleborus Gold Collection (HGC®) is Heuger's symbol of quality. Selections in the series are winter hardy and beautifully floriferous over a long, natural blooming season.

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ is a good garden performer, with easy tolerance of rain and wind. Acceptable temperatures for Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ range from about minus 10 to about 36 degrees C (14 to 96.8 degrees F).

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ plantings contribute appealing colors and attractive silhouettes to indoor and outdoor spaces. The cultivated variety’s pleasant fragrance and lengthy flowering embellish gardens during the critical seasons of winter and early spring.

Helleborus ‘Pink Frost,’ The Greenery Nursery and Garden Shop, Turlock, Stanislas County, Central Valley, California; Tuesday, Feb. 26, 2013, 12:52:21: The Greenery Nursery and Garden Shop (The Greenery Nursery), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Helleborus ‘COSEH 710’ image included in patent application filed Wednesday, Jan. 7, 2009, as application number 12/319424, with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO); United States Plant Patent No. US PP21,063; Date of Patent June 8, 2010: Josef Heuger, Public Domain, via U.S. Patent and Trademark Office @ http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=PP021063;
color scans via Plant Patents Image Database, Digital Collections @ University of Maryland Libraries, @ https://digital.lib.umd.edu/plantpatents/id/PP21063

Archibald, James “Jim” Cartledge. “’Raiser Unknown’: Eric Smith, a Plantsman.” Scottish Rock Garden Club > Archibald Archive. 2000.
Available @ http://files.srgc.net/archibald/writings/Raiser_unknown_Eric_Smith_a_plantsman_JCA.pdf

Avant, Tony. “Hellebores: Winter Hardy Shade Perennials for the Woodland Garden.” Plant Delights Nursery Inc. > Articles. June 2010.
Available @ http://www.plantdelights.com/Article/Hellebore-Lenten-Rose/Hellebores/Christmas-Rose/

Brittain, Julia. The Plant Lover’s Companion: Plants, People & Places. A Horticulture Book. Cincinnati OH: David & Charles/F+W Publications Inc., 2006.

Burrell, C. Colston; Judith Knott Tyler. Hellebores: A Comprehensive Guide. Portland OR: Timber Press, 2006.

Culp, David. “Hellebores Cure the Late-Winter Blues.” Fine Gardening.
Available @ http://www.finegardening.com/hellebores-cure-late-winter-blues

"Hellebore (Helleborus Gold Collection® Pink Frost)." The National Gardening Association > Plants Database > Hellebores.
Available @ http://garden.org/plants/view/529868/Hellebore-Helleborus-Gold-Collection-Pink-Frost/

“Hellebores at the Northwest Garden Nursery, Oregon.” Plinth et al. March 18, 2015.
Available @ https://plinthetal.com/2015/03/18/hellebores-at-the-northwest-garden-nursery-oregon/

"Helleborus ballardiae 'HGC Pink Frost.'" Heritage Perennials > Advanced Perennial Search.
Available @ http://www.perennials.com/plants/helleborus-ballardiae-hgc-pink-frost.html

“Helleborus Plant Named ‘COSEH 710.’” United States Patent and Trademark Office > Program in Word (PIW). June 8, 2010.
Available @ http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=PP021063

"'HGC Pink Frost'®." Heuger > Katalog Helleborus 2015-2016.
Available @ http://www.heuger.com/fileadmin/lookbook/page4.html#/28

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. “Document TGP/14: Glossary of Technical, Botanical and Statistical Terms Used in UPOV Documents.” UPOV (Union Internationale Pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales). Dec. 9, 2006.
Available @ http://www.upov.int/edocs/mdocs/upov/en/tc_edc/2007/tgp_14_draft_1_section_2_3_2.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. "A Helleborus Plant Named 'COSEH 700' Has Large Light Green Flowers." Earth and Space News. Saturday, Nov. 12, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/a-helleborus-plant-named-coseh-700-has.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "A Helleborus Plant Named 'HGC Jacob' Has White to Light Green Flowers." Earth and Space News. Sunday, Nov. 6, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/a-helleborus-plant-named-hgc-jacob-has.html

Rice, Graham; Elizabeth Strangman. The Gardener’s Guide to Growing Hellebores. Newton Abbot, England: David and Charles, 2007.