Earth and Space News

Saturday, January 12, 2013

Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?

Summary: Red-whiskered bulbuls perhaps are among songbirds smuggled from Vietnam by a Vietnamese food delivery place on 23rd on Elementary's M Jan. 10, 2013.

Red-whiskered bulbuls perhaps appear among songbirds smuggled from Vietnam for a Vietnamese food delivery place on New York City's 23rd Street on Elementary procedural drama television series episode M Jan. 10, 2013.

Director John Polson and writer Robert Doherty bring up songbirds smuggled from Vietnam as bases for not buying from a Vietnamese business with late-night food deliveries. The East River carries certified public accountant Ian Vickers' (Robert Lee Harvey) corpse, exsanguinated of 12 pints (5.68 liters) of blood, from the Brooklyn Navy Yard. A late-night dash to the Roosevelt Island destination of the dumped victim delays dinner decisions by Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu).

On-site examinations end after 11:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (3:00 a.m. Universal Coordinated Time the ensuing morning), outside the business hours of many food delivery enterprises.

Joan foresees non-Vietnamese fare for Sherlock since "There is that Vietnamese place on 23rd, but I think you said it was a front for songbird smuggling."

Perhaps the Vietnamese business got together red-whiskered bulbuls, subtropical and tropical Asian nightingales of loudly musical chattering, scolding songs and kinka-choo calls early in the morning. Physically and sexually mature female red-whiskered bulbuls (from Persian بلبل, "nightingale") have two to three two- to four-egg clutches from yearly December through August breeding seasons. Parents-to-be incubate gray 0.91- by 0.63-inch (23- by 16-millimeter) eggs in grass-, hair-, rootlet-lined cup-shaped nests of spiderweb-bound leaves, needles and twigs in woody-plant twig forks.

Vietnamese red-whiskered bulbuls, judged by Herbert Deignan (Dec. 5, 1906-March 15, 1968) and Thomas Horsfield (May 12, 1773-July 24, 1859), journey independently 25 days after hatching.

Eleven-year life cycles know chestnut-, lilac-, pink-, purple-, red-blotched, speckled, spotted glossy eggs; gray-headed, gray-winged, pink-skinned hatchlings; sighted three-day-olds; semi-independent 13-day-olds; and brown-bodied, crestless, patchless juveniles.

Pycnonotus jocosus monticola (from Greek πυκνός, "thick" and νῶτος, "backed" and Latin monticola, "mountain-dweller") and Pycnonotus jocosus pattani (from Latin jocōsus, "jovial"), like invertebrates and vegetation. They manifest black bills, crests, eyes and heads; red-ptched white cheeks; black-spurred white breasts; white underparts; brown upper-parts; gray legs; and red vents and under-tail feathers. They net 5.91- to 9.06-inch (15- to 23-centimeter) head-body-tail and 9.84- to 11.82-inch (25- to 30-centimeter) wingspan lengths and 0.81- to 1.48-ounce (23- to 42-gram) weights.

Seed-dispersing red-whiskered bulbuls optimize occurrences of banyan fig (Ficus benghalensis), Brazilian jasmine (Jasminum fluminense), Brazilian pepper-tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) and other berry-, bud-, drupe- or fruit-producing plants.

Three to 100-plus members of 1.97-square-mile (5.1-square-kilometer) breeding and roosting subterritories together prey upon bugweed (Solanum mauritianum), giant bramble (Rubus alceifolius) and Indian laurel (Litsea glutinosa).

Their 32,291.73-square-foot (3,000-square-meter) breeding and roosting territories queue up jujube (Cordia interrupta), large-leaf shrub verbena (Lantana camara) and loquat (Eriobotya japonica) berries, buds, drupes or fruits. They rally soapbush (Clidemia hirta), strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum), wild privet (Ligustrum robustum) and yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia berries, buds, drupes or fruits for food sources. Farmlands, forest edges, hill forests, open country and woodlands, schrublands and wooded creeks, gardens and parklands at 1,640.42- to 6,561.68-foot (500- to 2,000-meter) altitudes sustain them.

Public schooling and sensory deduction perhaps tell Sherlock about red-whiskered bulbuls taxonomized by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) and tuning out 23rd Street traffic.

Sober companion Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) suggests that Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) "reflect on" his "progress" as an exit protocol for the upcoming end of their companionship in CBS Elementary's "M" (season 1 episode 12): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Jan. 11, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), designated by Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-January 10, 1778) as Lanius jocosus; illustrated by Richard Polydore Nodder (1774-1820) in G. Shaw, The Naturalist's Miscellany (ca. 1804), vol. 16: Plate 645: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40521139;
Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/29351970795/;
Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59964828

Baicich, Paul J.; and Colin J. O. Harrison. 2005. Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Second edition. Princeton NJ; and Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides.

Deignan, H.G. [[Herbert Girton]. 23 August 1948. "The Races of the Red-whiskered Bulbul, Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus)." Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 38, no. 8: 279-281.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39703107

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Ehrenberg, Rachel. "Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus." In: Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock and Donna Olendorf, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Volume 10, Birds III: 403-404. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2002.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 11 January 2013. “Miss out on last night's episode? Watch it now on CBS.com: http://bit.ly/RJSjfx.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/211307598994359

Elementary @CBSElementary. 10 January 2013. “It's Thursday, which means Sherlock and Watson are back! Help them solve this week's crime scene for your chance to win $2,500: http://bit.ly/Ps4dpI.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/210991665692619

Horsfield, Dr. [Thomas]. 22 October 1839. "45. Ixos Monticola." Pages 160-161. In: "Communication to the Society of Mr. McClelland's List of Mammalia and Birds Collected in Assam." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part VII: 146-167.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30571403

Islam, K.; and R. N. Williams. 2000. "Red-Whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus). Version 2.0. In: The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole, Editor). Ithaca NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Available @ https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/rewbul/introduction

Linnæi, Caroli. 1758. "Aves Accipitres. Lanius. jocosus. 9." Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, gener, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I: 95. Editio decima, reformat. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.542.
Available @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727002

"M." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Jan. 10, 2013.

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"Pycnonotus jocosus." Global Invasive Species Database.
Available @ http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1230

Shaw, George. ca. 1840. "Lanius jocosus." The Naturalist's Miscellany, vol. 16: 57-61, plate 645. London UK: E. (Elizabeth) Nodder.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40521136

"Songbirds Smuggled from Vietnam to US in Man's Leggings." The Telegraph > News > News Topics > How About That?
Available @ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5285863/Songbirds-smuggled-from-Vietnam-to-US-in-mans-leggings.html

Friday, January 11, 2013

Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan

Summary: The Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 hangs diagonally from a cheap copy of stolen art in the Elementary series episode The Leviathan Dec. 13, 2012.

Nympheas (1918 oil on canvas) by French Impressionist painter Oscar-Claude Monet (Nov 14, 1840-Dec 05, 1926); private collection: Public Domain, via WikiArt

The Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 appears Dec. 13, 2012, in-between two legal acquisitions and somewhat across from stolen artwork in the Leviathan episode of the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) series Elementary.

Director Peter Werner and writers Corinne Brinkerhoff, Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny back the Monet into a corner between an original Hopper and an original Signac. The cheap $40 lithographed copy that confronts the celebrated trio and the Cézanne on the other side of the entry confuses Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller). Sherlock departs with a masterpiece, diverted decades ago from the Aster Museum of Modern Art, after discerning Vincent van Gogh's Pietà ("Sorrow") under the decoy lithograph.

The Aster Museum of Modern Art and the Kent Philanthropic Foundation in New York City exist only in the film script for Elementary series episode 10.

Museums in Amsterdam or Vatican City, New Haven, Paris and Saint Petersburg respectively feature the Vincent van Gogh, Edward Hopper, Paul Signac and Paul Cézanne paintings.

The Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 gets the title Nympheas at Giverny, 1918, and graces the walls of an unidentified private collection at an unspecified location. The Bridgeman Art Library has photographic rights to an image of the Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 on the Public Broadcasting Service's PBS Learning Media site. The Bridgeman Art Library and the Elementary episode The Leviathan images indicate colors dissimilar, and content similar, to some widely imaged paintings in the 250-painting series.

Nympheas 1908, in a private collection in German-speaking, northeast Switzerland at St. Gallen, joins the Claude Monet Nympheas 1918 in jumbling gray, green and purple impressions.

The Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 keeps water black, gray and green, water lily blossoms white and yellow and water lily pads gray, green and purple.

Nympheas 1908 looks like the Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 in locating more water lily pads in denser clusters to the right and to the top. The 90- by 92-centimeter (35.43- by 36.22-inch) St. Gallen oil on canvas mingles gray, green, purple water, gray, green, white pads and red, white, yellow blossoms. The Toledo Museum of Art in the Old West End of Toledo, Ohio, netted the 200- by 213-centimeter (78.74- by 85.86-inch) Nympheas 1922 (Water Lilies 1922).

Toledo's oil on canvas offers black-gray-green-purple water, gray-green pads and red-white-yellow blossoms occurring more like St. Gallen's Nympheas 1908 than the Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918.

Claude Monet (Nov. 14, 1840-Dec. 5, 1926) practiced Impressionism in perceiving nature and purchased property in northern France at Giverny, where he preferred to paint water-scapes.

Egyptian and South American cultivars and local water lilies in the Nymphaea genus qualified as quintessential features in Monet's water gardens and, after 1899, painted garden-scapes. Research released by the University of Ilorin Chemistry Department in Nigeria in 2011 reveals that Nymphaeas remove heavy metals such as cadmium, iron, lead and zinc. Garden experts Peter Himmelhuber and Greg and Sue Speichert suggest that water lilies sustain such beneficial animals as clams, damselflies, dragonflies, fish, frogs, mussels and turtles.

Perhaps the Claude Monet painting Nympheas 1918 turns up to tell Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) to trust transient impressions as Sherlock thrusts her deeper into detection.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

French Impressionist painter founder Oscar-Claude Monet's Nympheas (1918 oil on canvas) fictitiously hangs in retired art thief Le Chevalier's philanthropic foundation in Elementary tv series' Leviathan (season 1 episode 10); in real life, Monet's painting of water lilies belongs to a private collector: Public Domain, via WikiArt @ https://www.wikiart.org/en/claude-monet/water-lilies-1917-8

Complexities of solving the cracking of the seemingly uncrackable, sophisticated Leviathan bank vault draw Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) deeper into Sherlock Holmes's (Jonny Lee Miller) deductive world as she expands her sober companionship with him to detective work: Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Dec. 12, 2012, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663.14686.151013691690417/202729753185477/

For further information:

Himmelhuber, Peter. 2009. Water Gardens & Natural Pools: Design & Construction. Atglen PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd.

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"Nympheas at Giverny, 1918." PBC Learning Media.
Available @ https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/xir159301fre/nympheas-at-giverny-1918-xir159301-fre/#.WqA1uujwaUk

Shuaibu, Usman O.A.; and Nasiru, Abdus-Salam. 2011. "Phytoremediation of Trace Metals in Shadawanka Stream of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria." Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology 1(2): 176-181.
Available @ http://www.environmentaljournal.org/1-2/ujert-1-2-10.pdf

Speichert, Greg and Sue. 2001. Ortho's All About Water Gardening. Des Moines IA: Meredith Books.

Wednesday, January 9, 2013

Elger Crater Parents Two Satellites Near Southern Palus Epidemiarum

Summary: Elger Crater parents two satellites along southern Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics) in the lunar near side’s southwestern quadrant.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 111 shows Elger Crater system’s two satellites (center), Elger A and Elger B, with their nearest named neighbors, Hainzel H and Hainzel K, in the landscape to the northwest of Lacus Timoris (lower center); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Elger Crater parents two satellites near southern Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics), a small, dark, basaltic plain in the lunar near side’s southwestern quadrant.

Middle-latitude primary lunar impact crater Elger is centered at minus 35.4 degrees south latitude, minus 29.81 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The lava-resurfaced crater posts northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 35.05 degrees south and minus 35.76 degrees south, respectively. It finds easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 29.38 degrees west and minus 30.23 degrees west, respectively. Elger Crater’s diameter measures 21.51 kilometers.

The primary crater, which resides along southern Palus Epidemiarum, parents two satellites, Elger A and Elger B. Both satellites lie to the southwest of their parent.

Elger A is located to the southeast of Elger B. Elger A’s placement qualifies it as the more easterly and the more southerly of the Elger Crater system’s two satellites. Elger B’s placement qualifies it as the more westerly and the more northerly of the Elger Crater system’s two satellites.

Elger A is centered at minus 37.37 degrees south latitude, minus 31.24 degrees west longitude. The Elger Crater system’s more southerly satellite limits its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 37.23 degrees south and minus 37.5 degrees south, respectively. The Elger Crater system’s more easterly satellite confines its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to minus 31.07 degrees west and minus 31.41 degrees west, respectively. Elger A has a diameter of 8.11 kilometers.

Elger B is centered at minus 37.12 degrees south latitude, minus 32.1 degrees west longitude. The Elger Crater system’s more northerly satellite marks its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 36.98 degrees south and minus 37.27 degrees south, respectively. The Elger Crater system’s most westerly satellite establishes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 31.92 degrees west and minus 32.28 degrees west, respectively. Elger B’s diameter measures 8.8 kilometers.

Hainzel H and Hainzel K reside as the nearest named neighbors of the two Elger Crater system satellites. Hainzel H and Hainzel K number among the Hainzel Crater system’s 18 satellites.

Both of the Hainzel satellites are located closer to Elger B than to Elger A. Hainzel K lies to the south-southwest of Elger B and to the southwest of Elger A. Hainzel H is sited to the east-northeast. Elger B is situated between Elger A and Hainzel H.

Hainzel H is centered at minus 36.97 degrees south latitude, minus 33.17 degrees west longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 36.82 degrees south and minus 37.12 degrees south, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 32.96 degrees west and minus 33.38 degrees west, respectively. Hainzel H has a diameter of 10.95 kilometers.

Hainzel K is centered at minus 37.55 degrees south latitude, minus 32.31 degrees west longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 37.33 degrees south and minus 37.76 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 32.04 degrees west and minus 32.59 degrees west, respectively. Hainzel K’s diameter measures 13.15 kilometers.

Elger A and Elger B lie to the northwest of Lacus Timoris (Lake of Fear). The dark, narrow Lake of Fear slants with a northwest-southeast orientation across the lunar near side’s southwestern quadrant.

Lacus Timoris is centered at minus 39.42 degrees south latitude, minus 27.95 degrees west longitude. The small, southern hemisphere lunar mare’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes are obtained at minus 38.29 degrees south and minus 41.19 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are found at minus 25.25 degrees west and minus 31.07 degrees west, respectively. Lacus Timoris has a length of 153.65 kilometers.

The takeaways for Elger Crater’s parentage of two satellites near southern Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics) are that the Elger Crater system’s two satellites, Elger A and Elger B, lie to the southwest of their parent; that the nearest named neighbors of Elger A and Elger B are Hainzel Crater system satellites Hainzel H and Hainzel K; and that the Elger satellites reside to the northwest of Lacus Timoris (Lake of Fear).

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows southwestern quadrant’s Lacus Timoris (center) and Palus Epidemiarum (center top), the two near side lunar mare framing the Elger Crater system: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Elger.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1763

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Elger A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8917

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Elger B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8918

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hainzel H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9672

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Hainzel K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9674

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lacus Timoris.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3220

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Palus Epidemiarum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4565

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Elger Crater Honors British Astronomer Thomas Gwyn Elger.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 2, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/elger-crater-honors-british-astronomer.html

The Moon Wiki. “Hainzel.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Hainzel

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Lacus Timoris.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > T Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lacus_Timoris

The Moon Wiki. “Palus Epidemiarum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > E Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Palus_Epidemiarum

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Saturday, January 5, 2013

Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?

Summary: Snowdrop flowers perhaps accumulate bacteria for yogurt that somebody other than its owner ate on Elementary's Dirty Laundry Jan. 3, 2013.

Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) leaves yield Lactobacillus bulgaricus GLB44, which is used in European yogurt-making; snowdrops at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, southwest London, South East England; Monday, Feb. 20, 2012, 11:39: Emőke Dénes, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Snowdrop flowers perhaps assemble the bacteria that assist in assuring that yogurt appears for two hotel co-workers to argue about on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Dirty Laundry Jan. 3, 2013.

Director John David Coles and writers Liz Friedman and Christopher Silber bring Estella's (Shirley Roeca) and Marisol's (Natalie Toro) bickering into the first season's 11th episode. Can the contents of a yogurt container that communicates not at all or poorly ownership be consumed by other than the co-worker that carried it in? Unbalanced loads in one of the hotel's washing machines disrupt Estella defending her devouring an employee-area yogurt that she did not drive into work that day.

Perhaps Marisol's yogurt, eaten by Estella, exists because of the one plant-expedited, yogurt-engendering bacterium extracted by Stamen Grigorov (Oct. 27, 1878-Oct. 27, 1945) from snowdrop flowers.

Only snowdrop flower leaves furnish Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (from Latin lac, "milk," bacillus, "wand" and bulgaricus, "Bulgarian," for Max Delbrück, Sept. 4, 1906-March 9, 1981.

Scientifically named Galanthus nivalis (from Greek γάλα, "milk" and άνθος, "flower" and Latin nivālīs, "snowy") gets propagated by germinating January- through May-flowered seeds or dividing bulbs. Honey-scented snowdrop flowers have ant-dispersed, fleshy-tailed white seeds and three white 0.59- to 0.98-inch (1.5- to 2.5-centimeter) by 0.24- to 0.43-inch (0.6- to 1.1-centimeter) outer tepals. Three green-blotched, 0.28- to 0.47-inch- (7- to 12-millimeter-) long, 0.16- to 0.24-inch- (4- to 6-millimeter-) wide inner tepals include 0.12- to 0.19-inch (3- to 5-millimeter) anthers.

Bee-pollinated, self-pollinated snowdrops juggle 0.24- to 0.32-inch (6- to 8-millimeter) styles and 0.19- to 0.24-inch (5- to 6-millimeter) by 0.12- to 0.16-inch (3- to 4-millimeter) ovaries.

Snowdrop flowers, near-threatened agro-industrially, keep their 1.97- to 5.91-inch (5- to 15-centimeter) by 0.12- to 0.28-inch (0.3- to 0.7-centimeter) leaves green in summer and autumnally yellow.

Snowdrop flowers locate their 0.39-inch (1-centimeter) diameter, 4-plus-inch- (10.16-plus-centimeter-) high pedicel (from Latin pedīcellus, "little foot") between two to three basal, flat-veined, gray-green, narrow-strapped, parallel-veined leaves. Four- to 9-inch (10.16- to 22.86-centimeter) heights and 2- to 6-inch (5.08- to 15.24-centimeter) spreads mature from 0.59-plus-inch (1.5-plus-centimeter) by 1-plus-inch (2.54-plus-centimeter) 3-inch- (7.62-centimeter-) deep bulbs. United States Department of Agriculture zones 3 through 9 note snowdrop hardiness to 25 and minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 9.4 and minus 40 degrees Celsius).

Snowdrop flowers occur in moist, organic, shaded summer and fall, sunny spring, well-drained soils up through 1,640.42-foot (500-meter) and even 7,591.86-foot (2,314-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Albania, Armenia, Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and Czechia possess native European populations of the Amaryllidaceae (from Greek ἀμαρύσσω, "I shine" and Latin -āceae, "-like") family member.

European snowdrop flowers queue up natively in France, Georgia, Grrmany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and Ukraine. Belgium, Great Britain, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Ontario reveal respectively European and North American naturalized snowdrop flowers. Naturalized snowdrop flowers spread into Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia and Washington.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) perhaps thinks of tending honey-scented snowdrop flowers for turning out homemade honey from pollinating bees and yogurt from lactic acid bacteria.

Detective Marcus Bell (Jon Michael Hill) and Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) investigate the murder of a high-end Manhattan hotel's manager in the laundry in CBS Elementary's Dirty Laundry (season 1 episode 11): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Jan. 3, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Brickell, Christopher. (Editor-in-Chief). 2011. American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Plants & Flowers. London, England; New York NY: Munich, Germany; Melbourne, Australia; and Delhi, India; DK Publishing.

"Dirty Laundry." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Jan. 3, 2013.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 2 January 2013. “In the first new episode of the year, nothing is what it seems. Preview tomorrow's Elementary: http://bit.ly/12YMMoA.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/208467752611677

Elementary @CBSElementary. 3 January 2013. “Sherlock is on the scene again investigating a hotel crime in tonight's all new Elementary--Get a sneak peek on CBS.com: http://bit.ly/VERm5j.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/208738039251315

Elementary @CBSElementary. 4 January 2013. “Watch last night's full episode on CBS.com: http://bit.ly/ZkiaOs and if you liked it, make it a winner in the People's Choice Awards on Wednesday! Vote now: http://bit.ly/4raQn6.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/208987239226395

Linnæi, Caroli. 1 May 1753. "Galanthus." Species Plantarum, Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, ad Genera Relatas, cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus 1: 288. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358307

Weiss, Norbert; Ulrich Schillinger; and Otto Kandler. December 1983. "Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus leichmannii and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Subjective Synonyms of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Description of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis comb. nov. and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus comb. nov." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 4(4): 552-557.
Available via Science Direct @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0723202083800125

Friday, January 4, 2013

Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan

Summary: The Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit prettify a room with a poor copy of a purloined van Gogh in the Elementary series episode The Leviathan.

Fruit (ca. 1879 oil on canvas) by French Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne (Jan. 19, 1839-Oct. 22, 1906) numbers among fictitiously accumulated paintings in the collection of philanthropist Peter Kent, deduced by Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) as retired art thief Le Chevalier, in Elementary tv series' Leviathan (season 1 episode 10); in real life, St. Petersburg's Hermitage Museum holds Cézanne's fruity still life: Jean-Pierre Dalbéra (dalbera), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

The Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit appears appropriately with originals, and inappropriately with a $40 lithograph, in the Leviathan episode of the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) series Elementary Dec. 13, 2012.

The oil on canvas from 1880 becomes part of the original wall art in the waiting room of the Kent Philanthropic Foundation in New York City. A $40 lithograph of Vincent van Gogh's (March 30, 1853-July 29, 1890) Pietà ("Sorrow") communicates cheap concealment amid legitimate originals to Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller). It disguises a religious depiction diverted by Peter Kent during his dangerous, dishonest days as Le Chevalier ("The Cavalier") from the Aster Museum of Modern Art.

The exposure earns the originals eternal equivalence and the Pietà extraction back to the fictitious Aster, not to the actual Van Gogh Museum or Vatican Museums.

The State Hermitage Museum (Госуда́рственный Эрмита́ж, Gosudárstvennyj Ermitáž) in Saint Petersburg, Russia, functions as the legal, non-fictitious home of the Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit.

State Hermitage Museum visitors get free admission December 7, for founding anniversary 1764 and Saint Catherine of Alexandria (287?-305?), and the first Thursday of every month. December 7 honors Catherine II (May 2, 1729-Nov. 1, 1796), Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias (July 9, 1762-Nov. 17, 1796) and museum founding collector. Three hundred and seventeen paintings from Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky (Nov. 21, 1710-Aug. 9, 1775), indebted, insolvent merchant from Konitz, Royal Prussia Chojnice, Poland), initiated museum collections.

The Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit joins other French Neoclassical, Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art in the State Hermitage Museum complex at Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya (Embankment), 34.

The State Hermitage Museum catalogue keeps a digital image and painting-related information about the 45- by 55.3-centimeter- (17.72- by 21.77-inch) oil on canvas from about 1879. It lists the Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit as located within the French paintings of the 19th-20th centuries subcollection in General Staff Building room 410.

The entry mentions that "The world of ordinary objects attracted the artist (Paul Cézanne, Jan. 19, 1839-Oct. 22, 1906) with the potential expressiveness of three-dimensional forms." It notes that "the theme recalls the still lives of the Old Masters, with its china, napkins and fruits" even though "Cezanne was indifferent to texture."

The Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit offers a berry- and leaf-patterned white bowl, bluish stoppered flask, bread, four orange-red and two yellow fruit, white napkins.

The State Hermitage Museum online catalogue entry presents the painter as "seeking to bring out in each element the concrete form and mass of the object."

Orderly placement, simple forms and "stable, unchanging" colors queue up in Cézanne's questing "not the passing moment but the expression of the permanent and the eternal." The entry recognizes eternity and permanence in the painter revealing the painting's "full significance," such as "the blue tinge suggesting a certain thickness to the air." It seeks the "strange unity" in forms that Sherlock seeks in pastimes, people and places for the means, motives and opportunities that start and stop criminals.

Perhaps director Peter Werner and writers Corinne Brinkerhoff, Robert Doherty and Craig Sweeny turn to the Paul Cézanne still life painting Fruit for deductive, observant permanence.

Life seems to still to total focus on the current bank vault case, with a trail of discovery leading to fictitiously collected art works, such as Paul Cézanne's Fruit; yet, Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) finds time for a dinner invite to charm Joan Watson's (Lucy Liu) mother and brother: Elementary @ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Dec. 17, 2012

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Cezanne, Paul. 1839-1906. Fruit." Hermitagemuseum.org > Digital Collection > Paintings.
Available @ https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.%20Paintings/28726/

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London England: George Newsnes Ltd., 1892.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1661?msg=welcome_stranger

Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Dec. 13, 2012.

Wednesday, January 2, 2013

Elger Crater Honors British Astronomer Thomas Gwyn Elger

Summary: Elger Crater honors British astronomer Thomas Gwyn Elger, whose selenographic contributions include his lunar guide, The Moon, published in 1895.

Detail shows Elger Crater (lower left center), with nearby neighbor Capuanus P (right) and Ramsden G (left), in Palus Epidemiarum; R.S. Saunders and D.E. Wilhelms, Geologic Map of the Wilhelm Quadrangle of the Moon (1974): U.S. Geological Survey, via USGS Publications Warehouse

Elger Crater honors British astronomer Thomas Gwyn Elger, whose comprehensive lunar guide, The Moon, published in 1895, included his carefully drawn quadrants of the lunar near side.

Elger Crater is a lunar impact crater in the lunar near side’s southwestern quadrant. The crater’s eroded, rough rim features a southern break and a northern outward bulge. Lava has resurfaced the crater’s interior floor.

Elger Crater is centered at minus 35.4 degrees south latitude, minus 29.81 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater confines northernmost and southernmost latitudes to minus 35.05 degrees south and minus 35.76 degrees south, respectively. The western hemisphere crater limits easternmost and westernmost longitudes to minus 29.38 degrees west and minus 30.23 degrees west, respectively. Elger Crater has a diameter of 21.51 kilometers.

The middle-latitude primary crater parents two satellites. Elger A and Elger B lie in isolation from their parent as the Elger Crater system’s southwestern components.

Elger Crater resides along the southern edge of Palus Epidemiarum. The Marsh of Epidemics is a small lunar mare (Latin: mare, “sea”) that lies in the terrain that wedges between southeastern Mare Humorum (Sea of Moisture) and southwestern Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds).

Palus Epidemiarum is centered at minus 32 degrees south latitude, minus 27.54 degrees west longitude. The dark, basaltic plain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 28.88 degrees south and minus 36.47 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to minus 21.72 degrees west and minus 33.43 degrees west, respectively. Palus Epidemiarum’s length spans 300.38 kilometers.

Capuanus P and Ramsden G reside as Elger Crater’s nearest named neighbors. Capuanus P is Elger’s eastern neighbor. Ramsden G claims western neighborship.

Eastern neighbor Capuanus P numbers among the Capuanus Crater system’s 11 satellites. Capuanus P is sited between its parent, to the east-northeast, and Elger Crater.

Capuanus P is centered at minus 35.44 degrees south latitude, minus 28.59 degrees west longitude. The elongated satellite marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 34.45 degrees south and minus 36.4 degrees south, respectively. The Capuanus Crater system’s most easterly satellite posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 27.55 degrees west and minus 29.5 degrees west, respectively. Capuanus P’s elongated diameter measures 68.52 kilometers.

Western neighbor Ramsden G numbers among the Ramsden Crater system’s two satellites. Ramsden G’s location along southern Palus Epidemiarum places it closer to neighborly Elger Crater than to its parent.

Ramsden G is centered at minus 35.35 degrees south latitude, minus 31.67 degrees west longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 35.17 degrees south and minus 35.53 degrees south, respectively. The Ramsden Crater system’s most southerly component registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 31.45 degrees west and minus 31.89 degrees west, respectively. Ramsden G has a diameter of 11.02 kilometers.

Elger Crater honors British astronomer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Elger as the crater’s official name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, which was held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. The letter designations of the Elger Crater system’s two satellites were approved in 2006.

Elger’s obituary in the Feb. 12, 1897, issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society notes his election as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (FRAS) on Feb. 10, 1871. His first communication to the society concerned the colors of the components of binary star system Gamma Delphini (γ Delphini; Gamma Del, γ Del). He reported his 33 observations of the pair in the Dec. 13, 1872, issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

The obituary observes that Elger’s qualities as “. . . a careful and indefatigable selenographer . . .” (page 211) particularly established his reputation in astronomy. Elger’s comprehensive lunar guide, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895, included his carefully drawn maps of the lunar near side’s four quadrants.

The takeaways for Elger Crater, which honors British astronomer Thomas Gwyn Elger, are that the lunar crater resides in southern Palus Epidemiarum (Marsh of Epidemics) in the near side’s southwestern quadrant; that the primary crater parents two satellites; and that the crater’s namesake particularly is remembered for his detailed, illustrated lunar guide, The Moon, published in 1895.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Elger Crater’s (bottom center) neighborhood in the near side’s southwestern quadrant: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, T.G. (Thomas Gwyn). “Observations of the Planet Venus in 1873.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, From November 1872, to June 1873, vol. XXXIII, no. 7 (May 9, 1873): 424-426. London [England]: John Strangeways, 1873.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822020430195?urlappend=%3Bseq=450
Available via Oxford Academic @ https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/33/7/424/1021977

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features. London [England]: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/

Elger, Thos G.E. “Note on the Colours of the Components of γ Delphini.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, From November 1872, to June 1873, vol. XXXIII, no. 2 (Dec. 13, 1872): 103-104. London [England]: John Strangeways, 1873.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31822020430195?urlappend=%3Bseq=119
Available via Oxford Academic @ https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/33/2/103/1031285

Garfinkle, Robert A. “The Discovery of the Correct Birth Date for Selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 116, no. 2 (April 2006): 76-77.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006JBAA..116...76G
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/2006JBAA..116...76G

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Capuanus P.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8104

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramsden G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/12446

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lovell, A.C. (Alfred Charles) Bernard. “Joseph Lade Pawsey, 1908-1962.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society, vol. 10 (Nov. 30, 1984): 229-243.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/769321
Available via The Royal Society Publishing @ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1964.0014

Marriner, Derdriu. “De Morgan Crater Honors British Mathematician Augustus De Morgan.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 27, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/de-morgan-crater-honors-british.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Honors German American Physicist Albert Einstein.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-honors-german-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Parents Three Satellites On Near Side’s Western Limb.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 13, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-parents-three.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Near Side Lunar Crater Swift Honors American Astronomer Lewis Swift.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 4, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/01/near-side-lunar-crater-swift-honors.html

The Moon Wiki. “Capuanus.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Capuanus

The Moon Wiki. “Elger.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > E Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Elger

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Palus Epidemiarum.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > E Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Palus_Epidemiarum

The Moon Wiki. “Ramsden.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Ramsden

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V B Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/