Foliar Tissue Addresses Acer Heat Tolerance When Planning Urban Maples

Summary: Foliar tissue addresses Acer heat tolerance when planning urban Maples, according to Percival and Percival in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2024.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

The heat-stress, heat-tolerance study accepted Acer campestre, Acer campestre ‘Louisa Red Shine’, Acer platanoides (‘Drummondii’, ‘Emerald Queen’, ‘Princeton Gold’, ‘Royal Red’) and Acer pseudoplatanus (‘Negenia’, ‘Spaethii’) as its 8 trees. It acclaims as heat-tolerant, urban-plantable species Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus (‘Negenia’, ‘Spaethii’) and Acer platanoides ‘Royal Red’. It advises against heat-stressable Acer platanoides ‘Drummondii’ and Acer platanoides ‘Emerald Queen’; illustration of Norway maple, "Lönn, Acer platanoides L.," by Swedish botanist and botanical artist Carl Axel Magnus Lindman (April 6, 1856-June 21, 1928) in Bilder ur Nordens Flora, I Tavler nr. 1-268 (1917-1923), 236: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Foliar tissue addresses Acer heat tolerance when planning urban Maples, in Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Foliar Tissue of Acer Genotypes by Percival and Percival in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2024.

Urban tree species before the 21st century benefited from few thermal tolerance studies even as we nowadays broach foliar photosynthetic function as thermal tolerance limits downward-beckoned. Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) communicates photosynthetic electron transport chains’ direct-, indirect-caused chill-, freeze-, heat-, salinity-compromised photosystem II components even as chlorophyll variable:maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) configures heat tolerance. July-August studies drew five each of Acer pseudoplatanus (‘Negenia’, Spaethii’), Acer platanoides (‘Royal Red’, ‘Princeton Gold’, ‘Emerald Queen’, ‘Drummondii’), Acer campestre, Acer campestre ‘Louisa Red Shine’.

Five tree-sourced 50 leaf disks endured four-hour, heat-stressful 44 degrees Celsius (111.2 degrees Fahrenheit), 72-hour Fv/Fm chlorophyll fluorescence-, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) leaf chlorophyll content-examining.

Growing-season timing of heat stress always featured fewer damages in July, fuller damages in August 2022 for Acer campestre, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus leaf photosynthetic systems.

July and August heat stress respectively generated Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Negenia’ with -2.25 percent-reduced SPAD-gauged leaf chlorophyll content and Acer campestre’s -13.9 percent-reduced chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) ratios. Acer platanoides 'Drummondii' had the least heat-stress tolerance even as Fv/Fm values harvested leaf photosynthetic systems higher-harmed than SPAD value harvest for harmed leaf chlorophyll content. The SPAD-identified leaf chlorophyll content of Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Spaethii’ increased directly after July exposure to heat stress even as its values, post-August exposure, indicated decreased content.

Foliar tissue judges Acer heat tolerance for urban Maples, of which 5 of 8 tested genotypes jubilated fluorescence rates journeying upward 72 hours after heat stress.

The Percival- and Percival-authored article accepted among their species the field maple (Acer campestre). They acclaim that species as heat-tolerant and urban-plantable even as they acknowledge it as not acquiescing to any “absolute foliar heat tolerance ranking.” Acer campestre progeny sometimes acquire the “wide genetic variation” of seed-propagating species acquitting themselves of “a broad ecological range and a natural distribution covering most of Europe” (Percival:165) even as other Percival- and Percival-addressed maples adhere to the narrower genetic base, the restricted genetic variation of clonal propagation; illustration of field maple, "Naver, Acer campestre L.," by Swedish botanist and botanical artist Carl Axel Magnus Lindman (April 6, 1856-June 21, 1928) in Bilder ur Nordens Flora, I Tavler nr. 1-268 (1917-1923), 237: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Seventy-two-hour recovery kindled increased SPAD values, non-significantly differentiated, for ‘Drummondii’, ‘Princeton Gold’. ‘Emerald Queen’, ‘Royal Red’, ‘Louisa Red Shine’ cultivars; campestre species; ‘Negenia’ and ‘Spaethii’ cultivars.

The study by Glynn C. Percival and Christopher D. Percival links foliar heat tolerance to leaf heat stress timing during growing-season bud burst and leaf flush. Unusually hot temperatures that merited a UK National Severe Weather Warning Service first-ever extreme heat warning perhaps made trees acclimate and muster increased July-August heat tolerance. Forest tree studies note the survival importance of rapid recovery, as leaf photosynthetic systems niching “repair and increased functioning” (Percival:162), from heat and other environmental stress.

Both authors offer rapid recovery as perhaps more oriented than rapid growth to foliar tissue obtaining survival and Acer heat tolerance to occur as urban Maples.

Perhaps urban-plantable trees possess forest-tree biochemical, physiological survival mechanisms as evaporation-cooling open stomata; modifying C3 carbon photosynthetic reactions; synthesizing heat-shock proteins, osmolytes and volatile organic compounds.

Acer platanoides ‘Emerald Queen’ qualified as queuing questionable Acer heat tolerance, among 8 questable urban maples, with the greater continued post-heat stress decline, at -22.8 percent. The Percival and Percival study results reveal as heat-stressed urban area-recruitable and as urban infrastructure-resideable Acer campestre, Acer platanoides ‘Royal Red’, Acer pseudoplatanus 'Negenia', Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Spaethii'. Both authors suggest no absolute foliar heat tolerance ranking for Acer campestre because of the latter’s propagatable seeds, gene-varied progeny, Europe-natural distribution and broad ecological rangeability.

Charlotte (North Carolina) and Shinfield (England) Bartlett Tree Research results tell us that Acer platanoides ‘Emerald Queen’ and Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Drummondii’ tolerate no heat-stressed urban areas.

The March 2024 issue of ISA International Society of Arboriculture's Arboriculture & Urban Forestry includes "Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Foliar Tissue of Acer Genotypes," co-authored by Glynn C. Percival and Christopher D. Percival.:
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 27, 2024

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

The heat-stress, heat-tolerance study accepted Acer campestre, Acer campestre ‘Louisa Red Shine’, Acer platanoides (‘Drummondii’, ‘Emerald Queen’, ‘Princeton Gold’, ‘Royal Red’) and Acer pseudoplatanus (‘Negenia’, ‘Spaethii’) as its 8 trees. It acclaims as heat-tolerant, urban-plantable species Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus (‘Negenia’, ‘Spaethii’) and Acer platanoides ‘Royal Red’. It advises against heat-stressable Acer platanoides ‘Drummondii’ and Acer platanoides ‘Emerald Queen’; illustration of Norway maple, "Lönn, Acer platanoides L.," by Swedish botanist and botanical artist Carl Axel Magnus Lindman (April 6, 1856-June 21, 1928) in Bilder ur Nordens Flora, I Tavler nr. 1-268 (1917-1923), 236: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/6028848843/;
Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10459673;
Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/billederafnorden01ment/page/471/mode/1up;
via Project Runeberg @ https://runeberg.org/nordflor/236.html;
Bilder ur Nordens Flora, I Tavler nr. 1-268 (1901-1903), Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/billederafnorden01lind/page/471/mode/1up;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:236_Acer_platanoides.jpg

The Percival- and Percival-authored article accepted among their species the field maple (Acer campestre). They acclaim that species as heat-tolerant and urban-plantable even as they acknowledge it as not acquiescing to any “absolute foliar heat tolerance ranking.” Acer campestre progeny sometimes acquire the “wide genetic variation” of seed-propagating species acquitting themselves of “a broad ecological range and a natural distribution covering most of Europe” (Percival:165) even as other Percival- and Percival-addressed maples adhere to the narrower genetic base, the restricted genetic variation of clonal propagation; illustration of field maple, "Naver, Acer campestre L.," by Swedish botanist and botanical artist Carl Axel Magnus Lindman (April 6, 1856-June 21, 1928) in Bilder ur Nordens Flora, I Tavler nr. 1-268 (1917-1923), 237: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/6029401782/;
Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10459675;
Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/billederafnorden01ment/page/473/mode/1up;
via Project Runeberg @ https://runeberg.org/nordflor/237.html;
Bilder ur Nordens Flora, I Tavler nr. 1-268 (1901-1903), Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/billederafnorden01lind/page/473/mode/1up;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:237_Acer_campestre.jpg

The March 2024 issue of ISA International Society of Arboriculture's Arboriculture & Urban Forestry includes "Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Foliar Tissue of Acer Genotypes," co-authored by Glynn C. Percival and Christopher D. Percival.:
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 27, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/InternationalSocietyofArboriculture/posts/pfbid0cuGqYkBLHadpdnvhQCyWK6S9tLETWQae9zvTCopT5yG7jgQzBUk52C9ggAHt86V5l;
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 27, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=825611472942807&set=pb.100064818847716.-2207520000;
Alexander J.F. Martin and Lukas G. Olson, "A Review of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Themes in Arboriculture Organizations’ Codes of Ethics," Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, March 2024: International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook April 4, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/InternationalSocietyofArboriculture/posts/pfbid02uZ21ex3JGJ75QrVGERr5sFQSLdZP2MNfAPgbhVR2vkjkB4vSbPG5VUgvY2LDNWGUl;
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook April 4, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=830852012418753&set=pb.100064818847716.-2207520000;
Talita Cristina Campos Pereira da Silva Gustavo Haralampidou da Costa Vieira Gabriela Moura Serafim Kelly Gabriela Pereira da Silva Suleiman Leiser Araujo Edilson Costa Flávio Ferreira da Silva Binotti Eduardo Pradi Vendruscolo and Murilo Battistuzzi Martins, "Silicon Mitigates the Attack of Pests and Diseases on Ipê-Roxo (Handroanthus impetiginosus) Seedlings," Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, March 2024: International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 21, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/InternationalSocietyofArboriculture/posts/pfbid02cTiaW6fucf8usiM6cz8iWAvejYGmrNj4FePgrBdUuktnGNCsUGV3L9tEbbjH5zzXl;
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 21, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=821348336702454&set=pb.100064818847716.-2207520000;
Eyob Tenkir Tamrat Bekele Sebsebe Demissew and Ermias Aynekulu, "Site Suitability, Early Survival, and Growth Performance of Five Indigenous Tree Species to Integrate in Urban Green Space of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia," Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, March 2024: International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 15, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/InternationalSocietyofArboriculture/posts/pfbid038BVNh1QczzNkTBTAL9pc8ad3gHP8CHkeziTjamjqZJkPsb3WoPwAZJJD5LgayeXEl;
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 15, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=817807623723192&set=pb.100064818847716.-2207520000;
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 1, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/InternationalSocietyofArboriculture/posts/pfbid0Y7fLTZeENPZyb1rbo4YjZkfB95rCBfNCAFrLFFESTssCENf69HdtLKDc66zDrGTXl;
International Society of Arboriculture, via Facebook March 1, 2024, @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=809336607903627&set=pb.100064818847716.-2207520000

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Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2020. "Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/root-stem-transition-zones-aim-loading.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Are Country-Specific." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2020. "Sensitivity Analyses Admit Ecosystem Disservice and Ecosystem Service." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sensitivity-analyses-admit-ecosystem.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2020. "Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/lignotubers-assure-arboricultural.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2020. "Included Bark Ages Safely With Fused, Entwining Natural Braces ." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/included-bark-ages-safely-with-fused.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 May 2020. "Trent Dicks Alerted TreeStuff Webinar Attendees to Spotted Lanternfly." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/trent-dicks-alerted-treestuff-webinar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 February 2020. "Boundary-Spanning Collective Action Assuages Wildfire Risk in the West." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/boundary-spanning-collective-action.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Percival, Glenn C.; and Christopher D. Percival. March 2024. “Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Foliar Tissue of Acer Genotypes.” Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 50(2): 157-168.

Baffin Bay Agrees as Wild March With Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024

Summary: Baffin Bay agrees as Wild March with Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024, whereby the National Audubon Society applauds Arctic and near-Arctic American wildlife.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Air and water currents, air and water temperatures, fast and pack ice account for summer-cool, winter-cold Baffin Bay. The arm to the Arctic and to the Atlantic Oceans accumulates waters and winds from the Baffin Island, the East Greenland, the Labrador, the North Atlantic and the West Greenland Currents; U.S. Coast Guard graphic shows Labrador Current as one of the North Atlantic Ocean's major currents: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Baffin Bay agrees as Wild March with Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024, whereby the National Audubon Society applauds Arctic and near-Arctic American wildlife.

Baffin Bay, for Northwest Passage cartographer, explorer and navigator William Baffin (1584?-Jan. 23, 1622), bears such wildlife as algae, aquatic mammals, birds, fishes, plants and zooplankton. The 900-mile- (1,450-kilometer-) long, 68- to 404-mile- (110- to 650-kilometer-) wide marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean contains such sea-ice algae as pennate diatoms (Nitschia frigida). It zooplanktonically (from Greek ζῷον πλαγκτός, “animal drifter”) domiciles arrow-worms (Chaetognatha, from Greek χαίτη γνάθος, “flowing-hair jaw”) and copepods (Calanus, from Greek κώπη πούς, “handle foot”).

The Atlantic Ocean arm through Davis Strait, for Northwest Passage explorer John Davis (October 1550-Dec. 29, 1605) entertains such aquatic mammals as bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus).

Baffin Bay amasses a 266,000-square-mile (689,000-square-kilometer) surface area. It amounts to a 142,000-cubic-mile (593,000-cubic-kilometer) water volume anchored between coastal eastern Baffin Island and coastal western Greenland. It announces average 2,825-foot (861-meter) and maximum 7,008-foot (2,1360-mile) maximum depths. It appends crushed-stone, grave and sand sea bottoms coastally and, in the 7,008-foot- (2,136-meter-) deep Baffin Basin pit, silt sea bottoms centrally; graphic of location of Baffin Bay between Greenland, to the east, and Baffin Island, to the west: Connormah, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

The Arctic Ocean marginal sea through Nares Strait, for Royal Navy Vice-Admiral Sir George Strong Nares (April 24, 1831-Jan. 15, 1915), features bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus).

The North Atlantic Ocean arm through the marginal Labrador Sea, for João Fernandes Lavrador (1453-September 1501), guards additionally such aquatic mammals as harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). The mostly year-round non-navigable bay likewise hosts, with most aquatic life forms, predominantly in its summer-opened North Water narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Ringed seals (Pusa hispida) inhabit the approximately 31,000-square-mile (80,000-square-kilometer) North Water polynya (open, unfrozen sea water within sea ice, from Russian по́лый via Latin полынья́, “hollow”).

Baffin Bay rorquals journey through the North Water during the Arctic summer months of June through August, after Wild March on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024.

Sea life forms in Baffin Bay arise from the 31,000-square-mile (80,000-square-kilometer) North Water Polynya of open, unfrozen sea water within fast and pack ice. Animal and plant species assemble along and in Baffin Bay, from which breathing holes and shore-to-shore surface ice absent themselves; May 2015 satellite image of North Water Polynya, sea ice-surrounded year-round open water lying between Canada and Greenland: David Fuglestad, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The North Water polynya keeps among life forms rorqual (from Old Norse reyðar hvalr, “red whale” via Norwegian Norse røyr kval) whales and walruses (Odobenus rosmarus).

Blue (Balaenoptera musculus), common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) Balaenopteridae (from Latin bālaena, “whale”; Greek πτερόν, “wing”; Latin -idæ, “-like”) family rorquals live there. Birds such as Arctic redpoll (Acanthis hornemanni), guillemots (Cepphus spp), gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) and little auks (Alle alle) may migrate south from Baffin Bay winter-month shorelines. Cold, stormy winters necessitate such other avian wildlife as rock ptarmigans (Lagopus muta), snowy owls (Bubo scandiacus) and willow ptarmigans (Lagopus lagopus) navigating avian southbound flyways.

Baffin Bay offers Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024 water temperatures below 30 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 1 degree Celsius), and even colder air temperatures, during Wild March.

The rugged geography of Baffin Bay asserts itself in its northwestern part. Earthquake scientists assess it as a highly seismically active region in eastern Canada. They assigned a 7.3 magnitude to an earthquake epicentered in Baffin Bay in 1933. The latter attains the reputation as the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle; Figure 4A, "Baffin Bay structure cross section," page 5, in "Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland-East Canada Province, 2008," by Christopher J. Schenk (pages 1-31), Chapter J of Thomas E. Moore and Donald L. Gautier, eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (Professional Paper 1824; U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2017): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Winter air temperatures over north and south Baffin Bay present respective averages of minus 18 and minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 28 and minus 280degrees Celsius).

Baffin Bay quarters cod, haddock, halibut, herring and rattail fishes as Atlantic migrants and Arctic flounder, capelin, four-horned sculpin and polar cod as year-in, year-out residents. Baffin Bay quarters cod (Gadus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), herring (Clupea harengus) and rattail (Macrouridae family's Macrourinae subfamily) fishes as Atlantic migrants. Arctic flounder (Liopsetta glacialis), capelin (Mallotus villosus), fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) and polar cod (Boreogadus saida) remain in Baffin Bay waters as summer, winter, year-round residents.

Alder (Alnus alnobetula), birch (Betula) and willow (Salix arctica) and lichens, lyme grass (Leymus arenarius) and mosses temper Wild March on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024.

Baffin Bay and the area along its Baffin Island and Greenland shores attest to human settlement since about 500 BCE. Anthropological and archaeological social sciences attribute as first settlers, until 1000 to 1500 CE, the Dorset culture of Cape Dorset, Dorset Island, Baffin Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada ; Saturday, Nov. 15, 2008, 20:49, image of Dorset Culture ivory sculpture of "ours nageant" (swimming bear), held in Musée du Quai Branly -- Jacques Chirac, Paris, and found on Iglulik Island, Foxe Basin, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Northern Canada: dalbera from Paris, France, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Air and water currents, air and water temperatures, fast and pack ice account for summer-cool, winter-cold Baffin Bay. The arm to the Arctic and to the Atlantic Oceans accumulates waters and winds from the Baffin Island, the East Greenland, the Labrador, the North Atlantic and the West Greenland Currents; U.S. Coast Guard graphic shows Labrador Current as one of the North Atlantic Ocean's major currents: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LabradorCurrentus-coastguard.jpg

Baffin Bay amasses a 266,000-square-mile (689,000-square-kilometer) surface area. It amounts to a 142,000-cubic-mile (593,000-cubic-kilometer) water volume anchored between coastal eastern Baffin Island and coastal western Greenland. It announces average 2,825-foot (861-meter) and maximum 7,008-foot (2,1360-mile) maximum depths. It appends crushed-stone, grave and sand sea bottoms coastally and, in the 7,008-foot- (2,136-meter-) deep Baffin Basin pit, silt sea bottoms centrally; graphic of location of Baffin Bay between Greenland, to the east, and Baffin Island, to the west: Connormah, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baffin_Bay,_Canada.svg

Sea life forms in Baffin Bay arise from the 31,000-square-mile (80,000-square-kilometer) North Water Polynya of open, unfrozen sea water within fast and pack ice. Animal and plant species assemble along and in Baffin Bay, from which breathing holes and shore-to-shore surface ice absent themselves; May 2015 satellite image of North Water Polynya, sea ice-surrounded year-round open water lying between Canada and Greenland: David Fuglestad, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_Water_MODIS_2015-05-27.jpg; via NASA Sciences Goddard Earth Sciences Division Projects @ https://earth.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo/data/airs-derived-turbulent-fluxes-north-water-polynya

The rugged geography of Baffin Bay asserts itself in its northwestern part. Earthquake scientists assess it as a highly seismically active region in eastern Canada. They assigned a 7.3 magnitude to an earthquake epicentered in Baffin Bay in 1933. The latter attains the reputation as the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle; Figure 4A, "Baffin Bay structure cross section," page 5, in "Geology and Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the West Greenland-East Canada Province, 2008," by Christopher J. Schenk (pages 1-31), Chapter J of Thomas E. Moore and Donald L. Gautier, eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (Professional Paper 1824; U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2017): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baffin_Basin_cross_section.jpg; via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1824/j/pp1824j.pdf

Baffin Bay and the area along its Baffin Island and Greenland shores attest to human settlement since about 500 BCE. Anthropological and archaeological social sciences attribute as first settlers, until 1000 to 1500 CE, the Dorset culture of Cape Dorset, Dorset Island, Baffin Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada ; Saturday, Nov. 15, 2008, 20:49, image of Dorset Culture ivory sculpture of "ours nageant" (swimming bear), held in Musée du Quai Branly -- Jacques Chirac, Paris, and found on Iglulik Island, Foxe Basin, Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Northern Canada: dalbera from Paris, France, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ours_nageant_(Musée_du_quai_Branly)_(3034045389).jpg; Jean-Pierre Dalbéra (dalbera), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/dalbera/3034045389/

For further information:

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 October 2024. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024 Airs Willow Ptarmigans for October." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2024. "Beluga Whales Awe Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024 as Wild May." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 February 2024. "Tufted Puffins Add Wild February to Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/tufted-puffins-add-wild-february-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2023. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 Assigns Snowy Owls to December Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/12/audubon-arctic-wall-calendar-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2023. "Spectacled Eiders Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 December Birds." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/12/spectacled-eiders-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2023. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 Adds Mount Katmai to Wild November." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/11/audubon-arctic-wall-calendar-2022-adds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 October 2023. "Caribou Abound as Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 October Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/10/caribou-abound-as-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2023. "Red-Necked Phalaropes, Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 October Birds." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/10/red-necked-phalaropes-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 September 2023. "Brown Bears Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 September Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/brown-bears-are-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 September 2023. "Polar Bears Act as Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 September Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/polar-bears-act-as-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 August 2023. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 Augurs King Eiders as August Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/audubon-arctic-wall-calendar-2022.html#google_vignette

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 August 2023. "Savannah Sparrows Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 August Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/savannah-sparrows-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2023. "Kenai Peninsula Awes, As Wild July, Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/kenai-peninsula-awes-as-wild-july.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2023. "Buff-Breasted Sandpipers, Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 June Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/buff-breasted-sandpipers-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 June 2023. "Rock Ptarmigans Act as June Birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/rock-ptarmigans-act-as-june-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2023. "Moose Appear as May Animals on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/moose-appear-as-may-animals-on-audubon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 April 2023. "Brooks Range Acts as Wild April on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/brooks-range-acts-as-wild-april-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 April 2023. "Arctic Terns Are April Birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/arctic-terns-are-april-birds-on-audubon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2023. "Western Sandpipers Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 March Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/western-sandpipers-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2023. "Baffin Island Wolves Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 Wild March." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/baffin-island-wolves-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2023. "Musk Ox, Muskox Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar February 2022 Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/musk-ox-muskox-are-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 February 2023. "Red-Throated Loons Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 February Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/red-throated-loons-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 January 2023. "Mallard Ducks Aced Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 as January Birds." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/mallard-ducks-aced-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2023. "Red Foxes Are January Wildlife on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/red-foxes-are-january-wildlife-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 December 2022. "Dark-Eyed Juncos Are December Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/dark-eyed-juncos-are-december-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 November 2022. "Eared Grebes Are November Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/eared-grebes-are-november-birds-on-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2022. "Barred Owls Are October Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/barred-owls-are-october-birds-on-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 September 2022. "Brown Pelicans Are September Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/brown-pelicans-are-september-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2022. "Allen’s Hummingbirds Are August Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/allens-hummingbirds-are-august-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2022. "Reddish Egrets Are July Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/reddish-egrets-are-july-birds-on-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2022. "American Oystercatchers Are June Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/american-oystercatchers-are-june-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2022. "Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks Are May Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/rose-breasted-grosbeaks-are-may-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2022. "Crested Caracaras Appear as April Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/crested-caracaras-appear-as-april-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2022. "Cerulean Warblers Are March Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/cerulean-warblers-are-march-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2022. "Northern Bobwhites Are February Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/northern-bobwhites-are-february-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2022. "Florida Scrub-Jays Are January Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/01/florida-scrub-jays-are-january-birds-on.html

French and Occitan Phrase Books Adopt The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse

Summary: French and Occitan phrase books adopt The Winter Ghosts, historical fiction novel by Kate Mosse about Good Christians in 14th-century southwest France.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

La fête de Saint-Étienne (from French la fête de Saint Étienne, "the feast[-day] of Saint Stephen [from Greek στέφανος, “crown, wreath” via στέφω, “to surround” and Latin Stephanus]") and la fête de la transhumance (from French la fête de la transhumance, "the festival of the [summer-highland winter-lowland migration, from Latin trāns humus, “across, beyond ground”]") accept accolades accorded respectively in all ambiances and in country and small-population ambiances throughout Occitan-culture areas. City and country Occitanians appreciate St. Stephen (AD 5?-AD 33?/36?) December 26. Country Occitanians applaud summer transhumance festivals traditionally 50 days after Easter; "Saint Stephen," half-length depiction in 1476 tempera on poplar was created by 15th-century Italian Renaissance painter Carlo Crivelli (ca. 1430-1495) as part of double-tiered polyptych (multi-panelled altarpiece) for small church of San Domenico in Ascoli Piceno in east Central Italy's Marche region, became known as Demidoff Altarpiece through ownership by Count Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato (Russian: Анатолий Николаевич Демидов; April 5 [OS March 24] 1813-April 29, 1870) from 1852 to 1866 and was purchased by London's National Gallery in 1868 (David Savage, "Crivelli," Cavallini to Veronese website): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

French and Occitan phrase books adopt The Winter Ghosts, historical fiction novel by Kate Mosse about Good Christians, affirmed as Albigensians and Cathars (from Greek καθαροί, “pure ones”), in 14th-century southwest France.

The Mosse novel bears 14th-century Occitan and 20th-century French phrases and words respectively from 1328 and from 1928 and 1933 and from before the 20th century. It contains such common commerce as bistro-café (from Poitou-French bistingo, bistraud, bistro, bistrot, “lesser servant” or from north-French bistouille, bistrouille, “brandy-coffee” via French bistro, “tavern proprietor”). It domiciles not only bistro-café (from Arabic قهوة via Turkish kahve, Italian caffè, French café, “coffee, coffee-shop”) but also boucherie (from French boucher –erie, "butcher shop").

Commercial endeavors such as boulangerie (from French boulanger -erie, “baker shop”) and librairie (from Latin liber -ārius, “book-pertaining” via librāria, “book-holder” via French librairie, “bookstore”) emerge.

Other familiar commerce such as mercerie (from French mercier -erie, “textile-merchant shop”) and as patisserie (from French pâtisser -erie, “to make pastry shop”) figure there too.

General commerce guards pharmacie (from Greek φαρμακεύω, “to use drugs” via φαρμακεία and Latin pharmacia) and tabac (tobacconist, from Arabic طُبَّاق [Dittrichia viscosa]” via Spanish tabaco). Châteaux (from Latin castrum -lum, “little castle”), chez (“at”), côté soleil côté ombre (“coast sun shade”), quartier (“neighborhood”), salle à manger (“room to eat”) honor places. Flambeaux (from Latin flamma -ellus, “flame little”), patron (“boss”), sabot (from French savate, “wood shoe”) and vielle (medieval, stringed, violin-like hurdy-gurdy, from Occitan viola) invoke things.

French and Occitan phrase books and The Winter Ghosts jubilate apéritifs (from Latin aperītīvus, “opening”), la fête de la transhumance and la fête de Saint-Étienne.

Il y a quelqu’un (“Is anyone there?”), Salut! Quel temps! (“Hello! What weather!”), Messieurs, bonjour à vous (“Gentlemen, good day to you”) keep phrase-book keepers knowledgeable.

Je suis perdu (“I am lost”), Ma voiture est crevée (“My car is dead”), Là haut (“Up there”), Je comprends (“I understand”) leaves language-learners everyday-language learned. Une chambre pour ce soir seulement (“one room for this evening only”), Il n’y a personne pour vous aider (“There’s nobody to help you”) manages likewise. Viens ici (“Come here”), S’il vous plaît (“If it pleases you”), par ici (“over here”), Alors à ce soir (“Then until this evening”) nurture everyday conversations.

French and Occitan phrase books and The Winter Ghosts offer Je m’en vais (“I’m leaving”), Soyez le bienvenu (“Be welcome”), madame (“Ma’am”), monsieur (“Sir”), moitié-moitié (“half”).

First-positioned phrase “Lo vièlh Ivèrn ambe sa samba rasca” paraphrases as “Pitiful old winter has returned” poetically, as “The old winter with its limping dance” literally.

Second-queued “Ara es tornat dins los nòstres camins” qualifies as “Limping up and down our roads” poetically and “Now is come back in our paths” literally. The next-last, Occitan-language, third revelation that "Le nèu retrais una flassada blanca" renders itself, Anglicized poetically albeit still realistically, as “Spreading his white blanket of snow.” “E'l Cerç bronzís dins las brancas dels pins” Anglicized sequences lastly as “While the Cers wind cries in the branches of the pine trees” (Mosse:front matter).

The Winter Ghosts tenders French and Occitan phrase books Vous devez vous lever (“You must arise”), Voilà la voiture (“There’s the car”), na (“Ma’am), sènher (“Sir”).

Country Occitanians assemble traditionally 50 days after Easter for the first migration, la fête de la transhumance (from French la fête de la transhumance, "the festival of the [summer-highland winter-lowland migration, from Latin trāns humus, “across, beyond ground”]"), of two annual migrations of their grazing animals. The Occitanian region assimilates Ariège, Aude, Aveyron, Gard, Haute-Garonne, Gers, Hérault, Lot, Lozère, Hautes-Pyrénées, Pyrénées-Orientales, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne departments of southern France; scan of 1930s postcard of "Cabane de berger sur les monts de Lozère" (shepherd's hut on Mont Lozère [Occitan: Mont Losera]): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

La fête de Saint-Étienne (from French la fête de Saint Étienne, "the feast[-day] of Saint Stephen [from Greek στέφανος, “crown, wreath” via στέφω, “to surround” and Latin Stephanus]") and la fête de la transhumance (from French la fête de la transhumance, "the festival of the [summer-highland winter-lowland migration, from Latin trāns humus, “across, beyond ground”]") accept accolades accorded respectively in all ambiances and in country and small-population ambiances throughout Occitan-culture areas. City and country Occitanians appreciate St. Stephen (AD 5?-AD 33?/36?) December 26. Country Occitanians applaud summer transhumance festivals traditionally 50 days after Easter; "Saint Stephen," half-length depiction in 1476 tempera on poplar was created by 15th-century Italian Renaissance painter Carlo Crivelli (ca. 1430-1495) as part of double-tiered polyptych (multi-panelled altarpiece) for small church of San Domenico in Ascoli Piceno in east Central Italy's Marche region, became known as Demidoff Altarpiece through ownership by Count Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato (Russian: Анатолий Николаевич Демидов; April 5 [OS March 24] 1813-April 29, 1870) from 1852 to 1866 and was purchased by London's National Gallery in 1868 (David Savage, "Crivelli," Cavallini to Veronese website): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St-stephen.jpg

Country Occitanians assemble traditionally 50 days after Easter for the first migration, la fête de la transhumance (from French la fête de la transhumance, "the festival of the [summer-highland winter-lowland migration, from Latin trāns humus, “across, beyond ground”]"), of two annual migrations of their grazing animals. The Occitanian region assimilates Ariège, Aude, Aveyron, Gard, Haute-Garonne, Gers, Hérault, Lot, Lozère, Hautes-Pyrénées, Pyrénées-Orientales, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne departments of southern France; scan of 1930s postcard of "Cabane de berger sur les monts de Lozère" (shepherd's hut on Mont Lozère [Occitan: Mont Losera]): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cabane_de_berger_sur_les_monts_de_Lozère.jpg

For further information:

Dictionnaire de l’Occitan Médiéval. DOM en ligne. Munich, Germany: Bavarian Academy of Sciences..
Available @ https://dom-en-ligne.de/dom.php?lhid=4dqN83calp4xbiz5Nsx8Wu

Lepage, Denis. 2024. Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World France.” Avibase – The World Bird Database > Checklists > Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World > Europe > France.
Available @ https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=FR

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2024. "Kate Mosse Archives Cathar Country Cuisine in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/kate-mosse-archives-cathar-country.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2024. "Animals Are Allowed Lives Apart From The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/animals-are-allowed-lives-apart-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2024. "Plants Are Allowed Lives Apart From The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/plants-are-allowed-lives-apart-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2024. "Brian Gallagher Adds Graphic Art to The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/brian-gallagher-adds-graphic-art-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2024. "Kate Mosse Adds A Fictitious Place to Real Places in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/kate-mosse-adds-fictitious-place-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2024. "Kate Mosse Assembles Fictitious and Real People in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/kate-mosse-assembles-fictitious-and.html

Mosse, Kate. October 2009. The Winter Ghosts. London UK: Orion Publishing Group.