Utility Tree Risk Asks About Target Strike, Then Tree Failure

Summary: Utility tree risk asks about target strike, then tree failure, according to Utility Tree Risk Categorization in the February 2024 issue of Arborist News.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Utility tree risk assessment, unlike general tree risk assessment accounting for tree-failure likelihood before target-strike likelihood and their consequences, accounts for target-strike likelihood before tree-failure likelihood and their consequences. It therefore, in the above image, addresses first the likelihood of distribution lines as utility-infrastructure targets in an ambiance affording branch and whole-tree failures; Monday, Aug. 29, 2011, 13:02, image by Lance Cpl. Martin R. Egnash shows "Electricians fix power outages aboard Marine Corps Air Station New River, N.C., Aug. 29 after Hurricane Irene hit the area Aug. 27, which left a path of destruction aboard the air station and coastal Carolina"; United States Marine Corps ID 110829-M-SB340-227: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Utility tree risk asks about target strike of utility infrastructure alone, then about tree failure, in normal-weather ambiances, according to Utility Tree Risk Categorization by John Goodfellow in Arborist News February 2024.

Utility industry vegetation manager John W. Goodfellow begins utility tree risk assessment (UTRA), non-utility assessment-unlike, with target strike in non-severe weather before tree or tree-part failure. UTRA-calculated conductor distance, likely-fall direction, overhead-line height, target protection and tree height cull high-likelihood impact of target-ward, unprotected fall and medium-likelihood impact of unanticipated, unbiased fall. Low-likelihood impact demands slight line-strike chance despite lean away from utility target even as very low-likelihood impact describes remote-chance fall-direction away, or long-distanced, from utility targets.

Defects, normal-condition anticipated loads, response-growth and structural conditions along with risk-assessor training, education and experience, site conditions and species-failure profiles entail a failure-likelihood, normal-weather time frame.

Time frames furnish failure likelihoods their rating context of typically 1 to 5 years, with longer timespans less reliable and 2- to 3-year predictions reasonably reliable.

Failure started or soon startable regardless time frames, expected within normal-weather or severe-weather, unexpected within normal or perhaps extreme-weather timespans generate imminent, probable, possible, improbable likelihoods. Imminent- versus probable-failure very low, low, medium, high target-strike potentials have respective unlikely, somewhat likely, likely, very likely and unlikely, unlikely, somewhat likely, likely combined-impact likelihoods. Possible versus improbable failure with very low, low, medium, high target-strike potentials imply respective unlikely, unlikely, unlikely, somewhat likely versus unlikely, unlikely, unlikely, unlikely combined-impact likelihoods.

Utility tree risk assessors judge injudicious joining in most UTRA branches under 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) in diameter even as small-branch fault pathways jeopardize energized-conductor power.

Direct consequences, keyed as severe, significant, minor or negligible, kindle physical damage to such overhead utility infrastructure as overhead transmission and distribution lines and their equipment.

Severe, significant, minor, negligible direct and indirect consequences respectively log lost poles, lost braces, blown single-phase fuses and energized primary- and secondary-distribution line-hanging branches or trees. Indirect consequences of target strike from tree, tree-part failure maintain outcomes manifesting from that tree, tree-part failure marring overhead-power systems or from mandatory clearance requirement violations. Extreme- versus high-rated utility tree risk notes imminent tree failure, highly-likely, severe-consequenced target strike versus likely-failed to very-likely failed, significant-consequenced strike to somewhat-likely, likely-failed, severe-consequenced strike.

Moderate- versus low-rated utility tree risk observes likely, very-likely tree failure, minor-consequenced target strike to somewhat-likely significant- or severe-consequenced versus unlikely-failed, negligible-consequenced strike to somewhat-likely, minor-consequenced.

Very-likely versus likely tree-failure, target-impact likelihoods with negligible, minor, significant, severe failure consequences respectively present low, moderate, high, extreme versus low, moderate, high, high risk ratings.

Somewhat-likely versus unlikely tree-failure, target-impact likelihoods that queue negligible, minor, significant, severe failure consequences respectively qualify for low, low, moderate, moderate versus straight low risk ratings. Some trees reveal more than one failure-mode location or manner, whereby overall tree-risk rating recognizes the greatest-risk failure-mode, failure-target combination, even as no tree remains risk-free. Acceptable risk straddles defined, disproportionate-cost, disproportionate-effort, disproportionate-time thresholds set “as low as reasonably practical” (ALARP) by such factors as controlling-authority tolerance and utility vegetation manager budget.

Utility tree risk treats overhead-infrastructure utility-target type, target-strike likelihood, tree-failure location or way, failure-likelihood time frames, failure and impact likelihood, failure-mode and target consequences and ratings.

Utility tree risk assessment addresses such targets as conductors and distribution and transmission lines. It then adds tree-failure likelihood and the aggrieved consequences of the aforesaid interactions. Transmission lines, alike to distribution lines and alike to the early example in the above image, align potentially, problematically with area vegetation about to fail in part or in whole; Thursday, Feb. 15, 2007, 17:09, image of original pole for Europe's first 110 kV transmission line, built circa 1912 between Lauchhammer, Brandenburg state, and Riesa, Saxony, in the then-German Empire (Jan. 18, 1871-Nov. 9, 1918): Hans-Jürgen Schmidt, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Utility tree risk assessment, unlike general tree risk assessment accounting for tree-failure likelihood before target-strike likelihood and their consequences, accounts for target-strike likelihood before tree-failure likelihood and their consequences. It therefore, in the above image, addresses first the likelihood of distribution lines as utility-infrastructure targets in an ambiance affording branch and whole-tree failures; Monday, Aug. 29, 2011, 13:02, image by Lance Cpl. Martin R. Egnash shows "Electricians fix power outages aboard Marine Corps Air Station New River, N.C., Aug. 29 after Hurricane Irene hit the area Aug. 27, which left a path of destruction aboard the air station and coastal Carolina"; United States Marine Corps ID 110829-M-SB340-227: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-110829-M-SB340-227.jpg

Utility tree risk assessment addresses such targets as conductors and distribution and transmission lines. It then adds tree-failure likelihood and the aggrieved consequences of the aforesaid interactions. Transmission lines, alike to distribution lines and alike to the early example in the above image, align potentially, problematically with area vegetation about to fail in part or in whole; Thursday, Feb. 15, 2007, 17:09, image of original pole for Europe's first 110 kV transmission line, built circa 1912 between Lauchhammer, Brandenburg state, and Riesa, Saxony, in the then-German Empire (Jan. 18, 1871-Nov. 9, 1918): Hans-Jürgen Schmidt, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BTU_Cottbus_100_kV_Tragmast.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Goodfellow, John W. February 2024. "Utility Tree Risk Categorization." Arborist News 33(1): 10-15.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Tufted Puffins Add Wild February to Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024

Summary: Tufted puffins add wild February to Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024, whereby the National Audubon Society advances Arctic, near-Arctic American wildlife.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Tufted puffins affect golden-plumed, orange-billed, white-faced appearances as non-breeding adults; Wednesday, July 15, 2009, 11:40, image of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata), Tangik Island (Aleut: Tan'gax̂), Fox Islands group (Russian: Лисьи острова), eastern Aleutian Islands, Aleutians East Borough, southwestern Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR), southwestern Alaska: Steve Ebbert, USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Headquarters, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Tufted puffins add wild February to Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024, whereby the National Audubon Society advances Arctic, near-Arctic American wildlife who abide in or access Canada, Mexico and the United States.

The Chordata phylum and Aves class (from Greek χορδή, “guts” via Latin chorda, “[spinal] cord”; Latin avis, “bird”) member breeds in coastal Alaska and coastal Russia. The Charadriiformes order and Alcidae family (from Greek χαραδριός, “stone-curlew”; Latin -fōrmis, “-shaped”; Norse alka, “auk”; Greek -ειδής, “like”) member congregates summers off Pacific coastal Russia. The Fratercula cirrhata (from Latin frater -culus cirrus -ātus, “brother little curl -ed”) genus and species member dwells summers off Pacific coastal America, Alaska through California.

Summer months entail maximally 4-month breeding responsibilities, with shared 44-day incubating and 49-day parenting, that ensue from their annual mating seasons extending between April and August.

Tufted puffins appear during breeding summers in coastal and insular Alaska and eastern Russia. The Chordata phylum and Aves class (from Greek χορδή, “guts” via Latin chorda, “[spinal] cord”; Latin avis, “bird”) member appear during non-breeding winters in and under deep, open Pacific Ocean waters between coastal America, from Alaska from California, and eastern coastal Russia; Tuesday, Feb. 14, 2017, distribution map of tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), with red=extant (resident), orange=extant (breeding visitor), yellow=extant (winter visitor), adapted from BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World (2016) 2014. Fratercula cirrhata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2 @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694934/168852266: Karte NordNordWest, Lizenz Creative Commons by-sa-3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons

Tufted puffins, figured taxonomically by Peter Pallas (Sep. 22, 1741-Sep. 8, 1811) in 1769, favor winter flights to deep waters between Pacific coastal North and Russia.

Pacific coastal cliffs; grassy-sloped, offshore, rocky, treeless islands; and grassy-sloped, rocky shores of Canadian and Unitedstatesian America and of Russia guard tufted puffin fathers- and mothers-to-be. Monogamous, physically and sexually mature 3- to 4-plus-year-old tufted fathers- and mothers-to-be house their single-egg single brood in sometimes feather- and grass-lined, sometimes hollow unlined nests. Tufted puffins, sometimes identified commonly as crested puffins, install their nests in 2- to 6.5-foot- (0.61- to 1.98-meter-) long burrows in turf-ceiling soil on island tops.

Tufted puffins journey during wild February on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024 from chambered burrows or tunnels or rock-creviced cliffs or slopes to deep, open waters.

Tufted puffin fathers- and mothers-to-be, monogamously mated, apply themselves to the annual nest. The Charadriiformes order (from Greek χαραδριός, “stone-curlew [Burhinus oedicnemus]” via Latin charadrius, “plover”; Latin fōrma, “shape” via -fōrmis, “-shaped”) member congregates summers off Pacific coastal Russia arrange their nests as feather- and grass-lined or hollow unlined chambers in burrows or tunnels or in grassy-slope or rocky-cliff crevices; Friday, May 28, 2004, 14:43, image of tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) outside of burrow, Kuril Islands (Russian: Кури́льские острова́, Kuril'skiye ostrova), Sakhalin Oblast, Russian Far East: Eliezg, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Tufted puffin parents-to-be keep brown-white-, gray-purple-, gray-white-scrawled and spotted, dull-white, non-glossy, smooth, sub-elliptical to oval 72.84- by 1.93-inch (2- by 49-millimeter) eggs incubated for 1.5 months.

Semi-precocial (from Latin prae- coquō, “before I ripen” via praecox, “premature, ripe before its time, untimely”) hatchlings lodge sooty-black upper-sided, sooty-gray undersided long, silky, soft down. Tufted puffin parents monitor their nestlings, whose meals they manage with such small fish as capelin (Mallotus villosus), juvenile pollock (Pollachius pollachius) and sand lance (Ammodytidae). Tufted puffin nestlings as 38-, 38-plus-day-olds navigate nearby waters as 38-, 38-plus-day-olds who no longer need their nests even as they net flying skills as 49-day-olds.

Rapid-flying, strong-winged tufted puffins occur as dark-faced, non-breeding, yellow-billed adults whose heads offer no golden, long plumes in wild February for Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024.

Tufted puffins are physically and sexually immature juveniles until they are 3 to 4 years old; juvenile tufted puffin, Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas, 1769), under synonym of Sagmatorrhina Lathami Bonaparte 1851 (Charles Lucien, Prince Bonaparte, "On the Largest Known Species of Phaleridine Bird," Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part XIX [1851: 201-202], Aves Plate XLIV, opposite page 201) illustrated by natural history illustrator Joseph Wolf (Jan. 22, 1820-April 20, 1899): Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Breeding tufted puffins possess orange bills; white faces; large, rounded heads; golden-plumed backs of heads and napes; dark under- and upper-parts; and orange feet and legs.

Mature tufted puffins, as largest puffin species, quarter 15-inch- (38-centimeter-) long, 27-ounce (775-gram) bodies with 25-inch (64-centimeter) wingspans and rounded wings during their maximally 30-year lifespans. Arctic and red foxes, bald eagles, eagle and snowy owls, gulls, peregrine falcons, ravens and sharks versus trophy-collecting humans respectively rank as natural enemies and predators. Tufted puffins sound guttural, low, moaning growls, purrs and wails and, as deep-water divers, swim underwater with their feet and tail spread and their wings part-open.

Wild February on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2024 teams tufted puffins with seawater habitats, from which they travel to their birthing burrow in their birthing colony.

Tufted puffins assemble into summer-breeding and winter-nonbreeding colonies; image of tufted puffins, with a couple of puffin-related murres (center; black with white underparts), Bogoslof Island (Aleut: Aĝasaaĝux̂), also known as Agasagook Island, southwestern Alaska, southern edge of Bering Sea: Judy Alderson/USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Tufted puffins affect golden-plumed, orange-billed, white-faced appearances as non-breeding adults; Wednesday, July 15, 2009, 11:40, image of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata), Tangik Island (Aleut: Tan'gax̂), Fox Islands group (Russian: Лисьи острова), eastern Aleutian Islands, Aleutians East Borough, southwestern Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR), southwestern Alaska: Steve Ebbert, USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Headquarters, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tufted_puffins_(9192590883).jpg; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Headquarters (USFWS Headquarters), CC BY 2.0, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwshq/9192590883/

Tufted puffins appear during breeding summers in coastal and insular Alaska and eastern Russia. The Chordata phylum and Aves class (from Greek χορδή, “guts” via Latin chorda, “[spinal] cord”; Latin avis, “bird”) member appear during non-breeding winters in and under deep, open Pacific Ocean waters between coastal America, from Alaska from California, and eastern coastal Russia; Tuesday, Feb. 14, 2017, distribution map of tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata), with red=extant (resident), orange=extant (breeding visitor), yellow=extant (winter visitor), adapted from BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World (2016) 2014. Fratercula cirrhata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2 @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694934/168852266: Karte NordNordWest, Lizenz Creative Commons by-sa-3.0 de, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fratercula_cirrhata_distribution_map.svg

Tufted puffin fathers- and mothers-to-be, monogamously mated, apply themselves to the annual nest. The Charadriiformes order (from Greek χαραδριός, “stone-curlew [Burhinus oedicnemus]” via Latin charadrius, “plover”; Latin fōrma, “shape” via -fōrmis, “-shaped”) member congregates summers off Pacific coastal Russia arrange their nests as feather- and grass-lined or hollow unlined chambers in burrows or tunnels or in grassy-slope or rocky-cliff crevices; Friday, May 28, 2004, 14:43, image of tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) outside of burrow, Kuril Islands (Russian: Кури́льские острова́, Kuril'skiye ostrova), Sakhalin Oblast, Russian Far East: Eliezg, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TuftedPuffinBurrow.jpg

Tufted puffins are physically and sexually immature juveniles until they are 3 to 4 years old; juvenile tufted puffin, Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas, 1769), under synonym of Sagmatorrhina Lathami Bonaparte 1851 (Charles Lucien, Prince Bonaparte, "On the Largest Known Species of Phaleridine Bird," Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part XIX [1851: 201-202], Aves Plate XLIV, opposite page 201) illustrated by natural history illustrator Joseph Wolf (Jan. 22, 1820-April 20, 1899): Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12859306; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sagmatorrhina_Lathami-Wolf_PZSL1851.png; CC BY NC 3.0, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/lietuvostsrmoksl50liet/page/n657/mode/1up

Tufted puffins assemble into summer-breeding and winter-nonbreeding colonies; image of tufted puffins, with a couple of puffin-related murres (center; black with white underparts), Bogoslof Island (Aleut: Aĝasaaĝux̂), also known as Agasagook Island, southwestern Alaska, southern edge of Bering Sea: Judy Alderson/USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_Tufted_Puffins_(and_a_couple_of_Murres)_on_Bogoslof_Island_by_Judy_Alderson_USFWS.jpg; Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, via Facebook Sep. 25, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/AlaskaMaritimeNationalWildlifeRefuge/photos/a.460515650636016/2044255845595314/

For further information:

Baicich, Paul J.; and Colin J. O. Harrison. 2005. "Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata)." Page 174. Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Second edition. Princeton NJ; and Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England: Princeton University Press.

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2023. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 Assigns Snowy Owls to December Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/12/audubon-arctic-wall-calendar-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2023. "Spectacled Eiders Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 December Birds." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/12/spectacled-eiders-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2023. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 Adds Mount Katmai to Wild November." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/11/audubon-arctic-wall-calendar-2022-adds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 October 2023. "Caribou Abound as Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 October Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/10/caribou-abound-as-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2023. "Red-Necked Phalaropes, Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 October Birds." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/10/red-necked-phalaropes-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 September 2023. "Brown Bears Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 September Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/brown-bears-are-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 September 2023. "Polar Bears Act as Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 September Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/polar-bears-act-as-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 August 2023. "Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 Augurs King Eiders as August Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/audubon-arctic-wall-calendar-2022.html#google_vignette

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 August 2023. "Savannah Sparrows Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 August Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/savannah-sparrows-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2023. "Kenai Peninsula Awes, As Wild July, Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/07/kenai-peninsula-awes-as-wild-july.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2023. "Buff-Breasted Sandpipers, Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 June Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/buff-breasted-sandpipers-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 June 2023. "Rock Ptarmigans Act as June Birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/06/rock-ptarmigans-act-as-june-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2023. "Moose Appear as May Animals on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/05/moose-appear-as-may-animals-on-audubon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 April 2023. "Brooks Range Acts as Wild April on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/brooks-range-acts-as-wild-april-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 April 2023. "Arctic Terns Are April Birds on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/04/arctic-terns-are-april-birds-on-audubon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2023. "Western Sandpipers Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 March Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/western-sandpipers-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2023. "Baffin Island Wolves Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 Wild March." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/03/baffin-island-wolves-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2023. "Musk Ox, Muskox Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar February 2022 Animals." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/musk-ox-muskox-are-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 February 2023. "Red-Throated Loons Are Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023 February Birds." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/red-throated-loons-are-audubon-arctic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 January 2023. "Mallard Ducks Aced Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2022 as January Birds." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/mallard-ducks-aced-audubon-arctic-wall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2023. "Red Foxes Are January Wildlife on Audubon Arctic Wall Calendar 2023." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/01/red-foxes-are-january-wildlife-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 December 2022. "Dark-Eyed Juncos Are December Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/12/dark-eyed-juncos-are-december-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 November 2022. "Eared Grebes Are November Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/eared-grebes-are-november-birds-on-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2022. "Barred Owls Are October Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/10/barred-owls-are-october-birds-on-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 September 2022. "Brown Pelicans Are September Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/09/brown-pelicans-are-september-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 August 2022. "Allen’s Hummingbirds Are August Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/08/allens-hummingbirds-are-august-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2022. "Reddish Egrets Are July Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/reddish-egrets-are-july-birds-on-2022.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2022. "American Oystercatchers Are June Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/american-oystercatchers-are-june-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2022. "Rose-Breasted Grosbeaks Are May Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/05/rose-breasted-grosbeaks-are-may-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 April 2022. "Crested Caracaras Appear as April Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/04/crested-caracaras-appear-as-april-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2022. "Cerulean Warblers Are March Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/03/cerulean-warblers-are-march-birds-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2022. "Northern Bobwhites Are February Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/northern-bobwhites-are-february-birds.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2022. "Florida Scrub-Jays Are January Birds on the 2022 Audubon Calendar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/01/florida-scrub-jays-are-january-birds-on.html

Brian Gallagher Adds Graphic Art to The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse

Summary: Brian Gallagher adds graphic art to The Winter Ghosts, historical fiction novel by Kate Mosse about Good Christians in 14th-century southwestern France.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Graphic art by Brian Gallagher for the chapter Stories of Remembrance and Loss acknowledges how war-time actions by the Royal Sussex Regiment, with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense ("Ashamed be who evil there thinks"), affect central character Frederick Watson emotionally and psychologically in The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse; Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2019, 14:12, image of "Colour-faded emblem on the Drill Hall built 1914," Down Road, Bexhill-On-Sea, Rother District, East Sussex, South East England: Alexis Markwick (Dr-Mx), Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal, via Wikimedia Commons

Brian Gallagher adds graphic art to The Winter Ghosts, historical fiction novel by Kate Mosse about Good Christians, acknowledged as Albigensians and Cathars (from Greek καθαροί, “pure ones”), in 14th-century southwest France.

The novel based in and near the French Pyrenees (from Greek Πῡρήνη, “fruit-stone” to Latin Pȳrēnaeī to French Pyrénées) begins with a map bearing Cathar-befriending birthplaces. The chapter La Rue des Pénitents Gris (“The street of the gray repentants”) configures the Saurat bookstore where central character Frederick Watson comprehends a cryptic communication. The chapter Tarascon-sur-Ariège depicts the Austin driven by Frederick Watson to an on-street parking space just before where one village road divides into a Y-delineated intersection.

The chapter The Storm Hits exposes that Austin endangered by a mountain-road blizzard and entombing Frederick Watson until the latter exits for Nulle village December 26.

The chapter The Path Through the Woods furnishes frighteningly dark trees, many with roots heaving maple- (Acer spp-) like, over which Frederick Watson somehow never falls.

The chapter The Village of Nulle guards Place de l’Église (“Square of the church”), with its tabac (tobacconist) with a steepled building and two winter-bare trees. The chapter Chez les Galy (“At the Galy[‘s, from Occitan gal, "rooster"]") has a bedroom whose blanketed bed heats Frederick Watson from his horrible-weather, mountain hike. The chapter The Man in the Mirror invokes the inn clock, whose indication of 10:00 p.m. informs Frederick Watson of his Saint-Étienne (“Saint Stephen [Day]”) invitation.

The chapter La Fête de Saint-Étienne (“The feast of St. Stephen”) joins imaged chapters jubilating graphic art with words in The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse.

The chapter Stories of Remembrance and Loss keepsakes the Royal Sussex Regiment emblem with Honi soit qui mal y pense (“Ashamed be who thinks evil there”).

The chapter Under Attack leads Frederick Watson, with Fabrissa, to the town-hall door to the tunnel lying under Ostal (from Latin hospitāle, “inn” to Occitan ostal). The chapter The Yellow Cross manifests the tunnel that mounts ever steadily to its meeting with the outside world whose monitors murder those with second yellow crosses. The chapter Exodus niches a bridge near a mountain village in which nestles a lone church steeple even as Cathar-nurtured villagers need non-partisanly spirit-nourishing nooks elsewhere.

The chapter At the Break of Day offers gray-green forests snow-peaked Roc de Sédour under a big, risen sun in The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse.

The chapter The Breillac Brothers presents a blackbird (Turdus merula) poised on a flower-, foliage-, fruit-less branch even as Frederick Watson possibilitizes a robin (Erithacus rubecula).

The chapter An Idea Takes Hold queues the Baedeker (“travel-guide maker”) tourist book with its map quartering Miglos (from Occitan Miglòs, “[temple-god] Mercury”) and Nulle (“nobody”). The chapter The Cave Discovered reveals the mountain plateau and ridge, near gray-green trees and with the entrance still retained despite six centuries of rough weather. The chapter Bones and Shadows and Dust shelters the coarse-woven, rough-textured parchment that Frederick Watson shows to Librairie Saurat (“bookstore smoke”) staff specialized in Occitan script.

Graphic art by Brian Gallagher for the chapter Return to La Rue des Pénitents Gris transmits Saurat bookstore interiors in The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse.

Graphic art by Brian Gallagher affirms, for the chapters Tarascon-sur-Ariège and The Storm Hits, how automobiling in a yellow Austin Seven November and December 1928 agrees with the mountain-air agenda to which his doctor alerts central character Frederick Watson to alleviate personal and professional anxieties. The years 1920 to 1939 announce automobile production of the Austin Seven; Sunday, Feb. 15, 2009, 12:00, image of yellow 1928 Austin 7 at Classic Car Show, Trentham Gardens, Trentham Estate, village of Trentham, southern Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, West Midlands, west central England: 111 Emergency from New Zealand, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Graphic art by Brian Gallagher for the chapter Stories of Remembrance and Loss acknowledges how war-time actions by the Royal Sussex Regiment, with the motto Honi soit qui mal y pense ("Ashamed be who evil there thinks"), affect central character Frederick Watson emotionally and psychologically in The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse; Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2019, 14:12, image of "Colour-faded emblem on the Drill Hall built 1914," Down Road, Bexhill-On-Sea, Rother District, East Sussex, South East England: Alexis Markwick (Dr-Mx), Public Domain CC0 1.0 Universal, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Sussex_Regiment_emblem,_Drill_Hall,_Down_Road,_Bexhill.jpg

Graphic art by Brian Gallagher affirms, for the chapters Tarascon-sur-Ariège and The Storm Hits, how automobiling in a yellow Austin Seven November and December 1928 agrees with the mountain-air agenda to which his doctor alerts central character Frederick Watson to alleviate personal and professional anxieties. The years 1920 to 1939 announce automobile production of the Austin Seven; Sunday, Feb. 15, 2009, 12:00, image of yellow 1928 Austin 7 at Classic Car Show, Trentham Gardens, Trentham Estate, village of Trentham, southern Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, West Midlands, west central England: 111 Emergency from New Zealand, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Classic_Car_Day_-_Trentham_-_15_Feb_2009_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency_(53).jpg

For further information:

Dictionnaire de l’Occitan Médiéval. DOM en ligne. Munich, Germany: Bavarian Academy of Sciences..
Available @ https://dom-en-ligne.de/dom.php?lhid=4dqN83calp4xbiz5Nsx8Wu

Lepage, Denis. 2024. Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World France.” Avibase – The World Bird Database > Checklists > Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World > Europe > France.
Available @ https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=FR

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2024. "Kate Mosse Adds A Fictitious Place to Real Places in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/kate-mosse-adds-fictitious-place-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2024. "Kate Mosse Assembles Fictitious and Real People in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/kate-mosse-assembles-fictitious-and.html

Mosse, Kate. October 2009. The Winter Ghosts. London UK: Orion Publishing Group.