Earth and Space News

Sunday, January 9, 2022

Best Management Practices Advance Urban Tree Care and Urban Wildlife

Summary: Best management practices advance urban tree care and urban wildlife, according to an article in the January 2022 Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

Expert members of the Hawaii state conservation community actualized tree care guidelines for highest-concern wildlife: Hawaiian hoary bats ('ōpe'ape'a in Hawaiian, Aeorestes semotus scientifically) and white fairy terns (manu-o-Kū in Hawaiian, Gygis alba sicientifically). The above-mentioned guidelines, unlike California best management practices, address protected areas, not disturbed landscapes where introduced, invasive wildlife species and tree care companies are interacting in the Hawaiian archipelago. Heidi Bornhorst, in her Campus Landscape blog, applauds education, laws and regulations about appropriate attention to large historic valuable trees such as white fairy tern-friendly bo (Ficus religiosa, kiawe (Prosopis pallida) and kukui (Aleurites moluccana) trees and attentive pruning for white fairy tern sustainability; Monday, July 14, 2014, 18:50:37, image of white fairy tern chick (Gygis alba), Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, by Eric Dale / USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service): ericdalecreative, Public Domain, via Flickr

Best management practices advance urban tree care and urban wildlife, according to an article by Corinne Bassett, Ryan Gilpin and Kara Donohue for the January 2022 issue of Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

The article Lessons Learned from Developing Best Management Practices for Urban Tree Care and Wildlife broaches urban forests as wildlife habitats for migratory and non-migratory populations. Constricting urban areas whose constricting canopies urban tree care prunes and removes and whose grounds, pests and utility vegetation urban tree care manages constrict wildlife populations. California wildlife best management practices, International Society of Arboriculture’s Western Chapter-trained wildlife trained arborists and Tree Care for Birds and Other Wildlife programs defuse wildlife-urban interfaces.

Professional silos edge community advocates, urban foresters and wildlife managers away from one another perhaps less than tree care industry disinterest challenging establishing urban wildlife protections.

Co-authors Bassett at University of British Columbia, Donohue at Southern California Edison and Gilpin at Nidus Consulting find tree care-free breeding seasons unfeasible for urban forestry.

California bird-breeding seasons go from February until September, a six- to seven-month timespan that gives urban tree care five to six months for yearly urban forestry. Academic, grey and peer-reviewed articles respectively handle mostly urban forestry’s arboricultural practice-helped or hindered habitat values, non-local guidelines severally and urban tree care-harried urban wildlife fewly. The Western Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture includes Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada, whose intricate ecological, ethical and legal landscapes involve state-specific wildlife regulations.

The federal legal landscape with its results-based laws against damaged, dead and disturbed wildlife jeopardizes best management practices judiciously joining urban tree care and urban wildlife.

The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act kindle no urban tree care activities-based fines and imprisonments.

The three co-authors lament several studies linking significant carbon emissions to tree care machinery and practices not leading urban tree care to lower industry-wide carbon footprints. The first-edition, 2018-released Tree Care for Birds & Other Wildlife: Best Management Practices in California mentions assessing breeding seasons, habitat values and tree care activities-sensitive wildlife. Navigating significantly different regulatory environments, ecologies and community value systems that Arizona, Hawaii and Nevada niche necessitates the new 2021 edition for Western Chapter member needs.

Endangered, threatened native bird species in protected areas occupy the Hawaiian state conservation community more than best management practices for urban tree care around urban wildlife.

State paucities of professional wildlife rehabilitators, whom California best management practices present as telephone calls away, prompt the three co-authors prioritizing National Wildlife Rehabilitators Association resources.

Cavities preserving Australian cavity-dwelling wildlife, United Kingdom’s Wildlife and Countryside Act 1781 and Wildlife/Danger Tree Assessorships for Canadian wildlife habitats quest urban wildlife-friendly urban tree care. Significantly different ecological, ethical, legal and value-system landscapes require, even as they resist regionally, nationally, internationally, best management practices regarding urban tree care and urban wildlife. Insufficient funding and studies on urban tree care activities squishing or sustaining urban wildlife suggest multidisciplinary, multiregional, multinational sharing and American National Standards Institute national standards.

The three co-authors turn to the International Society of Arboriculture to tackle international, universal best management practices that team wildlife-friendly urban tree care with urban wildlife.

Hawaiian hoary bats ('ōpe'ape'a in Hawaiian, Aeorestes semotus scientifically) appreciate kiawe (Prosopis pallida), kukui (Aleurites moluccana), niu (Cocos nucifera), ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha), pu hala (Pandanus tectorius) and pūkiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) tree stands. Additionally, avocado (Persea americana), cook (Araucaria columnaris) and Norfolk Island (Araucaria heterophylla) pine, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) and shower (Cassia javanica) tree stands and fern clumps attract them; Sep. 24, 2010, image of Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus): Frank Bonaccorso, USGS, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Bassett, Corinne G.; Ryan Gilpin; and Kara Donohue. January 2022. "Lessons Learned from Developing Best Management Practices for Urban Tree Care and Wildlife." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 48(1): 1-8.

Bornhorst, Heidi. 8 April 2014. "Manu o Kū or Fairy tern." the Campus Landscape.
Available @ https://uhmlandscape.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/manu-o-ku/

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 December 2021. "Integrated Vegetation Management Applies Balanced Control Methods." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/integrated-vegetation-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 November 2021. "Leafy, Woody Canopies and Diverse Species Augur Resilient Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/leafy-woody-canopies-and-diverse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 October 2021. "Careful Selection, Planting and Post-Planting Assist Tree Longevity." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/careful-selection-planting-and-post.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 September 2021. "Energy Gain and Water Use Abet Radial Growth of Irrigated Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/energy-gain-and-water-use-abet-radial.html." Earth and Space News. Saturday.

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 August 2021. "Soil Assessments Address Low or Affirm High Quality of Urban Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/soil-assessments-address-low-or-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2021. "Lindsey Purcell Aired Late Season Pruning Impacts as TreeStuff Webinar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/lindsey-purcell-aired-late-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 July 2021. "Soil, Roots, Leaves, Dormant Buds Affect Stressed Eucalypt Seedlings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/soil-roots-leaves-dormant-buds-affect.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 July 2021. "Nick Araya of TreeCareLA Addressed Palm Pruning as TreeStuff Webinar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/nick-araya-of-treecarela-addressed-palm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 June 2021. "Native Wood-Borers Alarm Ornamental Landscape and Urban Forest Natives." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/native-wood-borers-alarm-ornamental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 May 2021. "Structural Pruning of Callery Pear Adds Nothing to Branch Union Strength." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/structural-pruning-adds-no-branch-union.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2021. "Stationary Rope Systems (SRS) Annul Friction by Ascents and Redirects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/stationary-rope-systems-srs-annul.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 March 2021. "Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicides Axe Leaf Blotch and Pear Scab." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/inducing-agents-and-synthetic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2021. "Shem Kendrick Added Modern At-Home Bonsai to TreeStuff Webinar Series." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/shem-kendrick-added-modern-at-home.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2021. "Stationary Rope Systems (SRS) Allow Anchors, Ascent and Work Equipment." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/stationary-rope-systems-srs-allow.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2021. "Street and Park Tree Inventories Since 1902 Assess Trees in Ithaca, NY." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/street-and-park-tree-inventories-since.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 December 2020. "Tree Defect Identification During Tree Inspections Averts Tree Failure." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/tree-defect-identification-during-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 November 2020. "Reduction Pruning Utility Trees Affects CODIT and Epicormic Branches." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/reduction-pruning-utility-trees-affects.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Avert Adverse Events." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2020. "Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/root-stem-transition-zones-aim-loading.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Are Country-Specific." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2020. "Sensitivity Analyses Admit Ecosystem Disservice and Ecosystem Service." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sensitivity-analyses-admit-ecosystem.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2020. "Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/lignotubers-assure-arboricultural.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2020. "Included Bark Ages Safely With Fused, Entwining Natural Braces ." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/included-bark-ages-safely-with-fused.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 May 2020. "Trent Dicks Alerted TreeStuff Webinar Attendees to Spotted Lanternfly." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/trent-dicks-alerted-treestuff-webinar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 February 2020. "Boundary-Spanning Collective Action Assuages Wildfire Risk in the West." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/boundary-spanning-collective-action.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Friday, January 7, 2022

Appreciating Sanskrit Aids in Appreciating Sanchi Buddhist Monuments

Summary: Appreciating ancient Sanskrit and modern Hindi aids in appreciating people and places associated with Sanchi Buddhist monuments in central India.

description of Sanchi Stupa No. 3 in Hindi; Sanchi Hill, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Feb. 21, 2013: Biswarp Gangul (Gangulybiswarup), CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Appreciating ancient Sanskrit and modern Hindi aids in appreciating people and places associated with Sanchi Buddhist monuments, and Andher, Bhojpur, Satdhara and Sonari Buddhist monuments, in central Madhya Pradesh state, central India.

Devi (from Sanskrit देवी, “goddess”) began the Sanchi sangha (from Sanskrit शान्ति, “calmness” and संघ, “multitude”) whose members built Buddhist (from Sanskrit बुद्ध, “awakened”) monuments there. Sangha members constructed stupa (from Sanskrit स्तूप, “[relic-holding] heap”) counterparts in nearby Andher (from Hindi अंधेर, “chaos”) and Bhojpur (from Hindi भोज्, “banquet” and पूर, “town”). They designated stupa relic-holders for nearby Satdhara (from Hindi सात, “seven” and धारा, “streams”) and Sonari (Suvarnari, from Sanskrit सुवर्ण, "golden" and अरि, “wheel”) Buddhist communities.

Raisen (from Sanskrit राजन्, “king” and वासिनी, “abiding”) District, Madhya Pradesh (from Sanskrit मध्य, “middle” and प्रदेश, “region”), India (from Sanskrit सिन्धु, “river”) embraced them all.

Wealthy merchant Dhaniram’s (from Hindi धनीराम, “pious”) kinship with Siddhartha Gautama (from Sanskrit सिद्धार्थ, “successful” and गौतम, “light [dispels] darkness”) fostered Devi following the 28th Buddha.

Kosala King Virudhaka (from Sanskrit गौतम, “beginning to sprout”) grumbled against Shakya Kshatriya (from Sanskrit शक्य, “doable” and क्षत्रिय, “warrior”) King Shuddodhana (from Sanskrit शुद्धोदन, “rice-grower”). Devi’s Vaishya (from Sanskrit वैश्य, “trader”) kin headed from Magadha (from Sanskrit मागध, “minstrel”) homelands of Siddhartha Gautama’s deceased mother, Queen Maya (from Sanskrit मय, “illusion”). Devi inhabited Vidisha (from Sanskrit विदिशा, “intermediate region”) with her father, mother and sister and Ujjayini (from Sanskrit जय, “victory”) with her husband and two children.

Daughter Sanghamitra (from Sanskrit संघ, “multitude” and मित्र, “ally”) and son Mahendra (from Sanskrit मह, “great” and इन्द्, “raindrop-possessing”) sometimes joined Devi at Sanchi Buddhist monuments.

Both children knew Devi’s Sanchi-kept Chetiyagiri (from Sanskrit चैत्य, “soul” and गृह, “house”) Vihara (from Sanskrit विहार, “walking[-hall]”) and Ashoka’s (from Sanskrit अशोक, “sorrow-free”) northeastward-kept monasteries.

Third Mauryan (from Sanskrit मोर, “peacock [clan emblem]”) Emperor Ashoka let them both live in Pataliputra (from Sanskrit पाटलि, “trumpet-flower [Bignonia suaveolens]” and पुत्र, “son”) Vihara. Sanghamitra married Vitashoka’s (from Sanskrit वीत, “departed” and शोक, “sorrow”) son and Mauryan Emperor Bindusara’s (from Sanskrit बिन्दु, “[goat-blood-]drop” and सार, “strong”) and Empress Subhadrangi’s grandson. Bhikshuni (from Sanskrit भिक्षुणी, “mendicant”), then Arhat Sanghamitra Theri (from Sanskrit थेरी, “elder”) nestled into Sri Lanka (from Sanskrit श्री, “holy” and लङ्का, “island”) with Mahendra.

Sumana (from Sanskrit सुमन, “handsome”), arhat Aggibrahmi’s (from Sanskrit अर्हत्, “worship-worthy”; and अग्नि, “fire” and ब्राह्मि, “holy”) and Sanghamitra’s son, perhaps never occupied Sanchi Buddhist monuments.

Sumana presented himself as shramana (from Sanskrit श्रमण, “ascetic”) novice monk to Mahendra, bhikshu, arhat, thera (from Sanskrit भिक्षु, “mendicant”; अर्हत्, “worship-worthy”; थेरी, “elder”) like Aggibrahmi.

Sri Lankan monasteries quartered Arhat Mahendra Thera, maternal cousin Bhanduka and thera companions Bhadrashala, Itthiya, Shambala and Uttiya as well as Arhat Sanghamitra Theri and Sumana. Sanchi Buddhists respected Devi residing in Chetiyagiri Vihara as Vidisha-Mahadevi Shakyakumari (from Sanskrit विदिशा, “intermediate region”; महा, “great” and वी, “goddess”; शक्य, “capable” and कुमारी, “princess”). Ashoka slaughtered rivals such as Prince Shushima (from Sanskrit सुसीमा, “good boundary”), whose son Nigrodha (from Sanskrit न्यग्रोध, “downward-growing [banyan tree roots]”) shared Devi’s Buddhist strength.

Nigrodha and Sanchi Buddhist monuments, unlike Queens Karuvaki, Padmavati, Asandhimitra and Tishyaraksha, turned Ashoka toward, not from, Maharani (from Sanskrit महा, "great" and रानी, "queen") Devi.

The identification of the two letters of danam, meaning "gift, donation," (highlighted at right) in Sanchi inscription allowed decipherment of Brahmi script in 1837 by English scholar James Prinsep (Aug. 20, 1799-April 22, 1840); Sanchi Hill, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Nov. 1, 2016: ArnoldBetten, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

description of Sanchi Stupa No. 3 in Hindi; Sanchi Hill, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh, central India; Feb. 21, 2013: Biswarp Gangul (Gangulybiswarup), CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Description_-_Stupa_3_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4528.JPG

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Marriner, Derdriu. 31 December 2021. "Unknown Ashes Perhaps Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Sonari." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-ashes-perhaps-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 December 2021. "Unknown Ashes Maybe Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Satdhara." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-ashes-maybe-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2021. "Unknown Bones in Bhojpur Maybe are Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2021. "Unknown Relics in Bhojpur Maybe Are Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-relics-in-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 December 2021. "Unknown Bones at Bhojpur Maybe Are Known to Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/12/unknown-bones-at-bhojpur-maybe-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 November 2021. "Unknown Bones Maybe Known at Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-bones-maybe-known-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2021. "Unknown Ashes Maybe Known to Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-ashes-maybe-known-to-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 November 2021. "Unknown Ashes Perhaps Known in Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Are at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/unknown-ashes-perhaps-known-in-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 November 2021. "Kusum Lac Trees Perhaps Anciently Aided Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/kusum-lac-trees-perhaps-anciently-aided.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 October 2021. "Palas Flame-of-the-Forest Trees Assisted Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/palas-flame-of-forest-trees-assisted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 October 2021. "Ber Indian Plum Trees Anciently Assisted Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/ber-indian-plum-trees-anciently.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2021. "Tasar Silk Perhaps Anciently Adorned Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/tasar-silk-perhaps-anciently-adorned.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2021. "Tasar Silkworms Perhaps Assembled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/tasar-silkworms-perhaps-assembled.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 October 2021. "Lac Scale Insects Archived Bone Relics in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 24 September 2021. "Kaundinya Aided Buddhist Beginnings and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Accommodated Kaundinyaputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 September 2021. "Gotiputra Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Sonari and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/gotiputra-relics-awed-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 September 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Alabagira Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/09/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Assembled Kaushikiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari_01344963409.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 August 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari Accommodated Madhyama Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2021. "Kasyapa Gotra Relics Abided in Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sonari." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/kasyapa-gotra-relics-abided-in-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 August 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Sonari and Bhojpur If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/buddha-relics-awed-sonari-and-bhojpur.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 July 2021. "Buddha Relics Awed Bhojpur and Sonari If Not Sanchi Buddhist Monuments." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddha-relics-awed-bhojpur-and-sonari.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Upahitaka Relics From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no_0682265518.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2021. "Sanchi Buddhist Monuments Admitted No Patitya Allusions From Bhojpur." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/sanchi-buddhist-monuments-admitted-no.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 July 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Archived Haritiputra Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/buddhist-monuments-at-sanchi-and-andher.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 July 2021. "John Marshall Added Khirni Trees Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/john-marshall-added-khirni-trees-around.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 June 2021. "Mango Trees Appeal to Kakanava Koels and Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/mango-trees-appeal-to-kakanava-koels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2021. "Teak Trees Attracted Kakanava Crows to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/teak-trees-attracted-kakanava-crows-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2021. "Kakanava Crows, Koels and Trees Antedated Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/kakanava-crows-koels-and-trees.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 June 2021. "Asian Koels, Like Crows, Actuated the Ancient Name Kakanava for Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/asian-koels-like-crows-actuated-ancient.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 May 2021. "Indian Jungle Crows Abided Amply at Sanchi, Anciently Named Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-jungle-crows-abided-amply-at.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 May 2021. "Indian Crows Abounded There So Sanchi Answered to the Name Kakanava." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/indian-crows-abounded-there-so-sanchi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 May 2021. "Kakanava Prabhasana Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/kakanava-prabhasana-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 May 2021. "Vachiputra Relics Age Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and at Andher." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/vachiputra-relics-age-buddhist.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 April 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Andher Age Maudgalaputra Tishya Relics." Earth and Space News. Friday
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Marriner, Derdriu. 23 April 2021. "Satdhara Relics Awed Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, Colombo and Yangon." Earth and Space News. Friday
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Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2021. "Kaba Aye and Sanchi Hill Admit Walking Meditations of Thich Nhat Hanh." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2021. "Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society Admit Thich Nhat Hanh Walking Meditations." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 2 April 2021. "Indra’s Net Avails Kaba Aye Pagoda of Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 March 2021. "Indra’s Net Admits Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Maha Bodhi Society." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 19 March 2021. "Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi and Sadthara Archived Disciple Bones." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2021. "Chetiyagiri Vihara Adds Auspiciousness to Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 5 March 2021. "Maudgalyayana Aims Psychic Powers at Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 February 2021. "Shariputra Abides Auspiciously Amid Buddhist Monuments on Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are Oldest Buddhist World Heritage Site." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2021. "Sanchi Hill Buddhist Monuments Are World Heritage Site 14 in India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 5 February 2021. "Ashoka Aided Buddha, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill and Sri Lanka." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 29 January 2021. "Sanghamitra, Like Ashoka, Admired Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 22 January 2021. "Mahendra Adored Buddha and Perhaps Buddhist monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 15 January 2021. "Devi Adoring Buddha Accounts for Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi, India." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 8 January 2021. "Wild Animal Families Abounded Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi Hill." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 1 January 2021. "Raisen Teak Forests Once Angled Around Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi." Earth and Space News. Friday.
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