Selection, Timing and Application Assure Shrub and Tree Fertilization

Summary: Selection, timing and application assure shrub and tree fertilization, according to Arborist News December 2023 authors Brantley, Lilly, Smiley and Werner.

Complete fertilizers accept nitrogen, phosphorus as phosphoric acid and potassium as potash. They acclaim their analysis with three letters, always in NPK order, whose lowest analysis number divided into each number accounts for the fertilizer ratio. For instance 9 percent nitrogen, 3 percent phosphorus, 3 percent potassium account for the analysis 9-3-3 and the fertilizer ratio 3:1:1; image of "mineral complex fertilizer or lawn fertilizer": Dr. Eugen Lehle, http://bodenlabor.de, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Selection, timing and application assure shrub and tree fertilization, according to an article authored by Beth Brantley, Sharon Lilly, E. Thomas Smiley and Les Werner in the Arborist News for December 2023.

Complete fertilizers, with their total nitrogen, available phosphoric acid and soluble potash as nitrogen-, phosphorus-, potassium-macronutrient trio, boast inorganics or, carbon-boosted for soil food-web organisms, organics. Blood meal, bone meal, compost, manures and sewage sludge constitute natural, organic fertilizers versus urea-formaldehyde, methylene urea, isobutylidene diurea manufactured synthetically, solubilizing rapidly and nitrogen-releasing rapidly. Shrub- and tree-fertilizing demands controlled- or slow-release nitrogen fertilizers, water-insoluble nitrogen minimally 50 percent of total nitrogen, for longer root uptake, lower nitrogen-leaching and fertilizer/salt burn.

High salt-indexed sodium nitrate versus ammonium sulfate; diammonium, monoammonium, monopotassium phosphates; high-salted ammonium nitrate. potassium chloride; potassium nitrate; calcium nitrate; urea epitomize quickest- versus quick-release fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers achieve natural versus synthetic organic acknowledgements respectively with blood meal, bone meal, compost, manure and sewage sludge versus isobutylidene diurea, methylene urea and urea-formaldehyde. Cattle manure acquits itself typically as 1.5 percent nitrogen, 1 percent phosphorus, 1.5 percent potassium; medium-release; neutral pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed, at 3.5. Bone meal, as another natural organic fertilizer, acquits itself typically as 1-4 percent nitrogen, 22-30 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; slow-release; alkaline pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed 3.5. Sewage sludge, as yet another natural organic fertilizer, acquits itself typically as 2-5 percent nitrogen, 1-4 percent phosphorus, 0-0.5 percent potassium; slow-release; slightly acidic pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed at 1-3; image of cattle manure: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Phosphorus and potassium nutrients favor nutrient excesses, figured as eutrophication, respectively frustrate fresh waters and some mycorrhizal fungi and calcium, iron, magnesium, nitrogen and zinc uptake.

Fertilizer ratios, from the lowest-numbered nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium number, guard no phosphoric-acid and low soluble-potash ratios of 3:0:1 to 3:0:2 or, for palm trees, of 3:0:3 or 3:1:4. Respective treatments with dolomitic limestone, calcitic limestone, gypsum and either dolomitic limestone or magnesium sulfate handle calcium- and magnesium-deficient, calcium-deficient low-pH, calcium-deficient high-pH and magnesium-deficient soils. Alkaline, high-pH soils; soils naturally boron-, copper-, iron-, manganese- and zinc-poor; and sandy soils oftenest inspire xylem injections against boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc deficiencies.

Species-specific shrub and tree fertilization jubilates judicious selection, timing and application of high-soluble, leaf-uptakable, root-available iron- and magnesium-chelated foliar and soil and boron-, copper, zinc-salted applications.

Urea-formaldehyde acquits itself, despite its carbon atom, as a synthetic organic fertilizer because of its manufacturing process and its rapid nitrogen releases and solubilization. It typically actualizes as 38 percent nitrogen, 0 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; slow-release; acidic pH-leveled; and high salt-indexed, at 100. Isobutylidene diurea, as another synthetic natural fertilizer, typically actualizes as 31 percent nitrogen, 0 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; slow-release; acidic pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed, at 6. Methylene urea, as yet another synthetic natural fertilizer, typically actualizes as 40 percent nitrogen, 0 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; medium-release; acidic pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed, at 27; graphic of basic reaction of urea and formaldehyde in creating a urea-formaldehyde resin, followed by the condensation Janaehallinan, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Proper timing kindles knowing soil pH before shrub- and tree-planting even as proper application kindles high-pressure air-incorporated soil amendments or soil-injected solutions or surface-spread, soil-percolateable amendments.

Lime amendments launch higher, more alkaline soil-pH levels even as sulfuric acid logs lower, more acidic soil-pH levels so rapidly that tree roots and turf languish. A salt index manifests relative salinity, whose measure at or above 50 menaces salt-fertilized shrubs and trees with fertilizer and salt burn marring root-system water uptake. Deciduous temperate hardwoods need fertilizer uptake with spring-early summer root-growth peaks and fall soil-temperature ranges between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit (10 and 16 degrees Celsius).

Optimal selection, timing and application for quick- versus slow-release shrub and tree fertilization respectively occasion activest root-growing season versus any drought-, frozen soil-, heavy rain-free times.

Red maple (Acer rubrum) adapts only to the more acidic soils. It admits only calcitic limestone treatments for calcium deficiencies, dolomitic limestone for calcium and magnesium deficiencies and dolomitic limestone or magnesium sulfate for magnesium deficiencies; "Acer rubrum Red flowring Maple," with leaves, male flowers (1), female flowers (2) and samaras (3), illustrated by French botanical artist Pancrace Bessa (Jan. 1, 1772-June 11, 1846), in François-André Michaux, Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, tome II (M.D.CCC.XII [1792]), plate 14, opposite page 210: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Prescribe fertilizers with low salt indices below 50 and with slow-release, water-insoluble nitrogen above 50 percent for nitrogen- and phosphorus-injecting recent transplants or nutrient-incorporating their soils.

Foliar spray and trunk injections directly into xylem queue among fertilizer applications questable after soil-surface or soil-subsurface applications queue impractically or ineffectively or for immediate results. Rain-free forecasts replace broadcast-spread, dry-product applications with drenching-spray nozzles, flooding-spray tips or water-breaker nozzles realizing 0.25- to 0.5-inch (0.6- to 1.3-centimeter) minimum water soil-infiltrating fertilizer applications. Four- to 8-inch- (10- to 20-centimeter-) deep drilling holes and injection sites respectively service older, seldom-used subsurface drill-hole fertilizer-application techniques and commercial arboriculture-commonest, subsurface liquid-injection methods.

Thoughtful selection, timing and application of shrub and tree fertilization trigger injecting after full-leaf expansion commercially available dry-fertilizer implants, low-volume liquid microinjections and high-volume liquid macroinjections.

Only rare cases advise foliar-spray and soil applications over trunk injections. Foliar-spray applications, from products with foliar-application product labels, most commonly affect iron-deficient ericaceous (from Greek ἐρείκη, “heath [Erica arborea]” via Latin erīca -āceae, “heather-resembling”) and iron-, nitrogen- and zinc-deficient plants. They affirm rapid-response treatments, but only for that growing season. They likewise affirm thorough coverage, with highest nutrient absorption by thin cuticles and thin and young leaves during humid, overcast weather. The four authors of the article Selection, Timing and Application of Tree and Shrub Fertilization alert their audience to aligning themselves with manufacturer and university-extension recommendations. The latter source in areas such as those around Radford University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Virginia Western Community College nevertheless allowed, through their allying with Virginia Tech Master Gardener advice, 21st-century applications of such less amiable amendments as those of the unfriendly organic rotenone and the unfriendly synthetic malathion; image of "spraying pesticides on bananas in the 1980s" on the Big Island, Hawai'i: Scot Nelson (Plant pests and diseases), Public Domain, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Complete fertilizers accept nitrogen, phosphorus as phosphoric acid and potassium as potash. They acclaim their analysis with three letters, always in NPK order, whose lowest analysis number divided into each number accounts for the fertilizer ratio. For instance 9 percent nitrogen, 3 percent phosphorus, 3 percent potassium account for the analysis 9-3-3 and the fertilizer ratio 3:1:1; image of "mineral complex fertilizer or lawn fertilizer": Dr. Eugen Lehle, http://bodenlabor.de, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mineraldünger.jpg

Organic fertilizers achieve natural versus synthetic organic acknowledgements respectively with blood meal, bone meal, compost, manure and sewage sludge versus isobutylidene diurea, methylene urea and urea-formaldehyde. Cattle manure acquits itself typically as 1.5 percent nitrogen, 1 percent phosphorus, 1.5 percent potassium; medium-release; neutral pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed, at 3.5. Bone meal, as another natural organic fertilizer, acquits itself typically as 1-4 percent nitrogen, 22-30 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; slow-release; alkaline pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed 3.5. Sewage sludge, as yet another natural organic fertilizer, acquits itself typically as 2-5 percent nitrogen, 1-4 percent phosphorus, 0-0.5 percent potassium; slow-release; slightly acidic pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed at 1-3; image of cattle manure: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cattlemanure.jpg

Urea-formaldehyde acquits itself, despite its carbon atom, as a synthetic organic fertilizer because of its manufacturing process and its rapid nitrogen releases and solubilization. It typically actualizes as 38 percent nitrogen, 0 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; slow-release; acidic pH-leveled; and high salt-indexed, at 100. Isobutylidene diurea, as another synthetic natural fertilizer, typically actualizes as 31 percent nitrogen, 0 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; slow-release; acidic pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed, at 6. Methylene urea, as yet another synthetic natural fertilizer, typically actualizes as 40 percent nitrogen, 0 percent phosphorus, 0 percent potassium; medium-release; acidic pH-leveled; and low salt-indexed, at 27; graphic of basic reaction of urea and formaldehyde in creating a urea-formaldehyde resin, followed by the condensation Janaehallinan, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urea_formaldehyde.jpg

Red maple (Acer rubrum) adapts only to the more acidic soils. It admits only calcitic limestone treatments for calcium deficiencies, dolomitic limestone for calcium and magnesium deficiencies and dolomitic limestone or magnesium sulfate for magnesium deficiencies; "Acer rubrum Red flowring Maple," with leaves, male flowers (1), female flowers (2) and samaras (3), illustrated by French botanical artist Pancrace Bessa (Jan. 1, 1772-June 11, 1846), in François-André Michaux, Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amérique septentrionale, tome II (M.D.CCC.XII [1792]), plate 14, opposite page 210: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/8720673718/; Copyright Status: Not provided, contact Holding Institution to verify copyright status, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27130247; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Histoire_des_arbres_forestiers_de_l'Amérique_septentrionale_(Pl._14)_(8720673718).jpg

Only rare cases advise foliar-spray and soil applications over trunk injections. Foliar-spray applications, from products with foliar-application product labels, most commonly affect iron-deficient ericaceous (from Greek ἐρείκη, “heath [Erica arborea]” via Latin erīca -āceae, “heather-resembling”) and iron-, nitrogen- and zinc-deficient plants. They affirm rapid-response treatments, but only for that growing season. They likewise affirm thorough coverage, with highest nutrient absorption by thin cuticles and thin and young leaves during humid, overcast weather. The four authors of the article Selection, Timing and Application of Tree and Shrub Fertilization alert their audience to aligning themselves with manufacturer and university-extension recommendations. The latter source in areas such as those around Radford University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Virginia Western Community College nevertheless allowed, through their allying with Virginia Tech Master Gardener advice, 21st-century applications of such less amiable amendments as those of the unfriendly organic rotenone and the unfriendly synthetic malathion; image of "spraying pesticides on bananas in the 1980s" on the Big Island, Hawai'i: Scot Nelson (Plant pests and diseases), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/scotnelson/; Public Domain (CC0 1.0 Universal), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spraying_pesticides_on_bananas_in_the_1980s.jpg

For further information:

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Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/06/cabling-and-bracing-support-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 May 2022. "Biochar Soil Amendments Advance Soil Quality and Tree Survival." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/02/sonic-tomography-adds-internal-defects.html

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Marriner, Derdriu. 9 January 2022. "Best Management Practices Advance Urban Tree Care and Urban Wildlife." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 29 August 2021. "Soil Assessments Address Low or Affirm High Quality of Urban Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/08/soil-assessments-address-low-or-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 August 2021. "Lindsey Purcell Aired Late Season Pruning Impacts as TreeStuff Webinar." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 25 July 2021. "Soil, Roots, Leaves, Dormant Buds Affect Stressed Eucalypt Seedlings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/07/nick-araya-of-treecarela-addressed-palm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 June 2021. "Native Wood-Borers Alarm Ornamental Landscape and Urban Forest Natives." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/native-wood-borers-alarm-ornamental.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/structural-pruning-adds-no-branch-union.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 April 2021. "Stationary Rope Systems (SRS) Annul Friction by Ascents and Redirects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/stationary-rope-systems-srs-annul.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 March 2021. "Inducing Agents and Synthetic Fungicides Axe Leaf Blotch and Pear Scab." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/inducing-agents-and-synthetic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 March 2021. "Shem Kendrick Added Modern At-Home Bonsai to TreeStuff Webinar Series." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/shem-kendrick-added-modern-at-home.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/street-and-park-tree-inventories-since.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 December 2020. "Tree Defect Identification During Tree Inspections Averts Tree Failure." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/tree-defect-identification-during-tree.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/11/reduction-pruning-utility-trees-affects.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Avert Adverse Events." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/10/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 September 2020. "Root-Stem Transition Zones Aim Loading Forces Through Roots and Soils." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/09/root-stem-transition-zones-aim-loading.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Standards Are Country-Specific." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/08/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 July 2020. "Sensitivity Analyses Admit Ecosystem Disservice and Ecosystem Service." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/07/sensitivity-analyses-admit-ecosystem.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 June 2020. "Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
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Marriner, Derdriu. 29 February 2020. "Boundary-Spanning Collective Action Assuages Wildfire Risk in the West." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/boundary-spanning-collective-action.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.htmlMarriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Smiley, E. Thomas; Les Werner; Sharon J. Lilly; and Beth Brantley. December 2023. "Selection, Timing, and Application of Tree and Shrub Fertilization." Arborist News 32(6):10-16.