Earth and Space News: Caesarion Sought to Refuge in India But Was Lured Away To Be Murdered

Summary: Caesarion sought to refuge in India but was lured away to be murdered in 30 BCE, as ordered by his first cousin once removed, Octavian.

colossal granodiorite head, 80 centimeters (31.49 inches) in height, discovered 1998 in Alexandria's Eastern Harbor by French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio and identified as likeness of Caesarion by British curator Sally-Ann Ashton; displayed at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for Cleopatra exhibit, "Unravel the Mystery," July 28, 2010; from Antiquities Museum of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt: Scott D. Welch (Sdwelch1031), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

Julius Caesar and Cleopatra's 17-year-old son, Caesarion, sought to refuge in India but was lured away to be murdered in August 30 BCE, as ordered by his first cousin once removed, Octavian, who became Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen) Augustus in January 27 BCE.

The year 47 BCE usually is given as the year of the birth of Ptolemy XV Caesar Philopator Philometor (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Καῖσαρ Φιλοπάτωρ Φιλομήτωρ, Ptolemaios Kaisar Philopator Philometor, "Ptolemy Caesar, Beloved of his Father, Beloved of his Mother"; 47-30 BCE), known as Caesarion (Ancient Greek: Καισαρίων, Kaisarion, "Little Caesar"). Julius Caesar lingered in Alexandria after successfully securing the Ptolemaic throne for Cleopatra VII Philopator (Ancient Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ, Kleopatra Philopator; ca. 69-Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE) and her brother Ptolemy XIV Philopator (ca. 59-44 BCE) in their power struggle with their siblings Arsinoe IV (ca. 68-41 BCE) and Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator (ca. 62 BCE-47 BCE). "Then, leaving Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt (a little later she had a son by him whom the Alexandrians called Caesarion), he set out for Syria," explained Greek biographer Plutarch (46 BCE-ca. 122 CE) in his biography of Julius Caesar in Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly known as Parallel Lives (vol. VII, XLIX, page 561).

Caesarion's father was born July 12 or 13, 100 BCE, in Rome's Subura neighborhood, as the third child and only son of Gaius Julius Caesar (ca. 140/135-85 BCE) and Aurelia Cotta (May 21, 120-July 31, 54 BCE). Julius Caesar's two older sisters were distinguished, by their birth order, as Julia maggiore (Julia the Elder; ca. 103-? BCE) and Julia minore (Julia the Younger; ca. 101-51 BCE).

Julia Minor married Marcus Atius Balbus (105-51 BC), an administrative official (Latin: praetor, "commander; leader; magistrate") from Ariccia, southeast of Rome in the Alban Hills (Albanus Mons) of the central west Italian peninsula's Latium region. Julia Minor mothered at least two daughters named Atia.

Atia maggiore (85-43 BCE) married as the second wife of Gaius Octavius (ca. 100-59 BCE), whose career included the governorship of the Roman Republic's province of Macedonia. They named their two children Octavia (ca. 69-11 BCE) and Gaius Octavius "Octavian" (Sep. 23, 63 BCE-Aug. 19, 14 CE).

As Julia Minor's daughter, Atia maggiore was the niece of her mother's brother, Julius Caesar. Atia maggiore and Caesarion, her maternal uncle's son with Cleopatra, were first cousins. Atia maggiore's children, Octavia and Octavian, related with Caesarion as first cousins once removed.

Sixteen years after Caesarion's birth and 13 years after Julius Caesar's March 15, 44 BCE, assassination, the Battle of Actium emphasized troubling futures for Cleopatra and Caesarion. Octavian waged the naval battle Sep. 2, 31 BCE, against Cleopatra and Mark Antony (Jan. 14, 83-Aug. 1, 30 BCE) in the Ionian Sea off west central Greece's coastal Acarnania region. Octavian followed this naval win with final victory Aug. 1, 30 BCE, after a monthlong siege of Alexandria.

Some time prior to her alleged suicide on ca. Aug. 10 or 12, 30 BCE, Cleopatra strategized safety for Caesarion. In his biography of Antony, Plutarch detailed Cleopatra's ultimately unsuccessful escape plan for Julius Caesar's son. "But Caesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra’s son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded him to go back, on the ground that Caesar invited him to take the kingdom. But while Caesar was deliberating on the matter, we are told that Areius said: -- 'Not a good thing were a Caesar too many.' LXXXII. As for Caesarion, then, he was afterwards put to death by Caesar, -- after the death of Cleopatra . . ." (Vol. IX, LXXXI-LXXXII, page 321).

Roman historian Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus (ca. 69-after 122 BCE) also placed Caesarion's killing in Alexandria. "Caesarion, too, whom Cleopatra fathered on Caesar, he overtook in his flight, brought back, and put to death," Suetonius narrated in his biography of Augustus in De Vita Caesarum (Life of the Caesars), commonly known as The Twelve Caesars (Book II: XVII, page 147).

Contrastingly, Roman historian Lucius Cassius Dio (ca. 155-235 CE), known as Dio Cassius, considered Caesarion's demise as occurring during an in-flight ambush. ". . . Caesarion while fleeing to Ethiopia was overtaken on the road and murdered," he stated in Roman History (Ῥωμαϊκη Ἱστορία, Historia Romana), his historical compendium of ancient Rome, written in Greek (Dio's Roman History, Vol. VI, Book LI.15, page 43).

Questions remain concerning the how and the where of Caesarion's murder in August 30 BCE. That his first cousin once removed, Octavian, who, two years five months later, in January 27 BCE, became Princeps Civitatis (First Citizen) Augustus, ordered the murder is unquestioned.

depiction of Cleopatra (left) and her co-regent, heir and oldest son, Caesarion (right), west end of south wall, Temple of Hathor, Dendara Temple Complex, west bank of Nile, Upper Egypt; photo by French civil servant Félix Teynard (Jan. 14, 1817-Aug. 28, 1892) during 1851-1852 visit to Egypt to make photographic companion for Description de l'Égypte produced by Commission des Sciences et des Arts (Commission of the Sciences and Arts): Rowan, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

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Cleopatra VII @lifeofcleopatra. "I have sent Caesarion up the Nile, and off to India, Egypt can fall to ruins, my children's safety and future are my priority now." Twitter. Dec. 9, 2013.
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Dr Jo Ball @DrJEBall. "I think in Plutarch it says that he went to India, but then was lured back by false rumours that Octavian was going to let him have control of Egypt. There are probably many other accounts of what happened to Caesarion -- all of which probably with a sad ending!" Twitter. June 23, 2018.
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Lucius Cassius Dio. "While these negotiations were proceeding, the Arabians, instigated by Quintus Didius, the governor of Syria, burned the ships in the Arabian Gulf which had been built for the voyage to the Red Sea, and the peoples and princes without exception refused their assistance to Antony." Book LI.7, page 21. Dio's Roman History, vol. VI. With an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. On the Basis of the Version of Herbert Baldwin Forster, Ph.D. Loeb Classical Library LBL 175. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, MCMLV [1955].
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Perrin, Bernadotte, trans. "LXXXI. As for the children of Antony, Antyllus, his son by Fulvia, was betrayed by Theodorus his tutor and put to death; and after the soldiers had cut off his head, his tutor took away the exceeding precious stone which the boy wore about his neck and sewed it into his own girdle; and though he denied the deed, he was convicted of it and crucified. Cleopatra's children, together with their attendants, were kept under guard and had generous treatment. But Caesarion, who was said to be Cleopatra’s son by Julius Caesar, was sent by his mother, with much treasure, into India, by way of Ethiopia. There Rhodon, another tutor like Theodorus, persuaded him to go back on the ground that Caesar invited him to take the kingdom. But while Caesar was deliberating on the matter, we are told that Areius said: -- 'Not a good thing were a Caesar too many.'" Pages 318-321. Plutarch's Lives, vol. IX: Anthony, pages 138-333. In eleven volumes. Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1920. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, MCMLIX [1959].
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Perrin, Bernadotte, trans. "LXXXII. As for Caesarion, then, he was afterwards put to death by Caesar, -- after the death of Cleopatra . . ." Pages 320-321. Plutarch's Lives, vol. IX: Anthony, pages 138-333. In eleven volumes. Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1920. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, MCMLIX [1959].
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Perrin, Bernadotte, trans. "XLIX. . . . Then, leaving Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt (a little later she had a son by him whom the Alexandrians called Caesarion) . . ." Pages 560-561. Plutarch's Lives, vol. VII: Caesar, pages 441-609. In eleven volumes. Loeb Classical Library. First printed 1919. London: William Heinemann Ltd; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, MCMLXVII [1967].
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Rodolfo Jardón @_rjardon. "Replying to @StepheClifton27. Some say that Caesarion was hunted and killed in Phillae, the Island of the famous Isis Temple. Near the Nubian border. Others, that he escaped to India as you said. The consensus among historians is that he was killed, following Octavian's order." Twitter. Sep. 16, 2019, 6:34 PM, from Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Available @ https://twitter.com/_rjardon/status/1173727002278465537

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Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "1. Did you know that the success & “Golden Age” of the Roman Empire was primarily dependent on trade from India? It is estimated that by 1st c. CE, trade from India was financing almost 30% of the Roman Empire’s total income." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380140980752388

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "2. When Mark Antony was defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Queen Cleopatra prepared an escape to India with the treasure of the Ptolemais. She planned to escape accompanied by Caesarion, her son by Julius Caesar." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380144789196801

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "3. She had enough troops to guarantee the continuance of her royal court in the safety of India & made preparations to launch her ships into the Red Sea by dragging them across the Suez Isthmus. But the Nabataeans of Arabia were her old enemies." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380146664046594

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "4. The Nabataean King Malichus sent troops to ambush her army and allied himself with Octavian. Cleopatra’s ships were burned before they could be launched, ending her chance of escaping to India. With the fleet burnt, there was still one final hope for the Ptolemaic dynasty." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380150430535680

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "5. Cleopatra’s son Caesarion was almost an adult. He was going to inherit Egypt’s Ptolemaic throne & was the only biological heir of Julius Caesar. This made him a serious threat to Octavian who was the grand-nephew of Caesar & adopted heir after Caesar’s death." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380153920114688

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "6. As a desperate last resort, Cleopatra tried to send Caesarion to safety in India far from Roman authority and Octavian. She arranged for him to sail to India accompanied by a staff of royal advisors carrying large treasures from the Ptolemaic treasury." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380155954360321

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "7. Cleopatra hoped that her son could seek asylum in India & one day return to avenge her by leading a military rebellion against Octavian. After Marc Antony’s death, Cleopatra chose to die from the bite of a venomous snake rather than endure the humiliation planned by Octavian." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380159024590850

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "8. While Caesarion waited at the port of Berenice for the seasonal trade winds , he was tricked by his tutor Rhodon, who was bribed by Octavian. Caesarian returned back to Alexandria & was executed on the grounds that ‘too many Caesars are not a good thing’." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380162870767619

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "9. Octavian, the new Emperor’s next ambition was to invade Arabia. So Aelius Gallus the Roman governor of Egypt was ordered to restore shipyards at the northern Red Sea port of Arsine. He was given the task of building 80 triremes and 130 troop-transports to conquer Arabia." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380166297559044

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "10. Roman ships were sent to destroy the Sabaean city-port of Eudaimon Arabia (Aden). This raid had immediate consequences for international trade when Indian merchant ships who used to trade with Arabia, arrived at the port to discover it ransacked and its merchandise removed." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380170617647106

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "11. They had no choice but to sail on & meet their trade contacts at Egypt. This opened up Rome’s access to Indian goods via Egypt. The Romans could now send many more ships to India to get merchandise for their Empire." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380174904283142

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "12. The Greek geographer Strabo, an associate of Aelius Gallus, accompanied the governor on an official tour along the Nile River. The group travelled past the city of Coptos where Strabo heard a report that over 100 Roman ships were sailing direct from Egypt to India every year." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380178779836417

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "13. He reported: 'When Gallus was the prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him along the Nile River as far as Syene and the frontiers of Aethiopia. I learned that as many as 120 vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to India.' This was more than 6 times the ships sent by Egyptians." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380183179587587

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "14. The world changed when Rome annexed Egypt and gained access to the Red Sea shipping-lanes that led into the Indian Ocean. Within a decade, Roman ships sailing to India had inundated the Mediterranean markets with goods from India." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380188225392640

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "15. These imports included products such as incense, spices, ivory, wigs, dried flowers, gemstones and silks. The Roman Empire imposed a quarter-rate import tax known as the tetarte on these commodities and as trade increased, the tax generated huge new revenues for Rome." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380193799618561

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "16. At its height, the Roman Empire had 300,000 professional soldiers to defend its vulnerable frontiers and maintain order amongst subject nations. This army depended upon the finance that was obtained from taxes imposed on international business." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380198132346884

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "17. India added huge value to Roman gold & silver resources, which were shipped as bullion to purchase Indian goods which Romans resold at great profit along with the income from customs duties. This paid for the Roman army in expanding & defending the empire." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380201982697473

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "18. Roman access to Chinese & other Asian goods was made possible primarily by Indian merchants. Although Rome did import several Chinese goods such as Silk & porcelain, Indian products were at least 10 times more in demand than the Chinese goods." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380201982697473

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "19. By the 1st c. CE, yearly imports to Rome via the Indian Ocean were more than 1,000 MM sesterces (today’s $3 Billion) which raised 250 MM sesterces in tax revenue for the Roman government. By 1st c. CE, trade from India financed almost 30% of the Roman Empire’s income." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380208433532931

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "20. India was the most prosperous & significant world power in ancient times. The huge role that trade from India played in the success of the Roman Empire is relatively unknown. It was the 'Sone ki Chidiya' that fueled the 'Golden Age' of the Roman Empire." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380210954268675

Savitri Mumukshu -- सावित्री मुमुक्षु @MumukshuSavitri. "References Raoul McLaughlin. 'The Roman Empire & the Indian Ocean' Cambridge Ancient History, volume 11 Hopkins, ‘The Political Economy of the Roman Empire’ Greene, Archaeology of the Roman Economy." Twitter. Sep. 10, 2021.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MumukshuSavitri/status/1436380212300705796

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Available via Google Books @ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Globalizing_Indian_Thought/L4dUEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=globalizing+indian+thought+insights+from+indian+knowledge+caesarion&pg=PA27

Woodcock, George. "VIII The Valiant-Eyed Yavanas." Pages 128, 142. The Greeks in India. Chapter VIII: 128-148. London: Faber and Faber, 1966.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142817/page/n1/mode/1up

Woodcock, George. "Chapter 4 The Age of the Cheras." Page 80. Kerala: A Portrait of the Malabar Coast, Part II Between Myth and History, Chapter 4: 73-134. London: Faber and Faber, 1967.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111796/page/n71/mode/1up

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Thursday, August 25, 2022

Caesarion Sought to Refuge in India But Was Lured Away To Be Murdered

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