Wiener Crater Honors American Mathematician Norbert Wiener

Summary: The lunar far side’s Wiener Crater honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener, whose contributions include extensively theorizing cybernetics.

Detail of oblique, westward view, obtained in 1967 by Lunar 5 mission, shows lunar far side's Wiener Crater; NASA ID 5124: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons

The lunar far side’s Wiener Crater honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener, who is credited with extensively theorizing cybernetics as a transdisciplinary study of communication and control in interrelationships among animals, humans and machines.

Wiener Crater is a lunar impact crater in the far side’s northwestern quadrant. The crater’s interior floor hosts a central peak structure comprising a cluster of small ridges. Small craterlets pock the interior floor.

Wiener Crater is centered at 40.9 degrees north latitude, 146.51 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 42.77 degrees north and 39.03 degrees north, respectively. The middle latitude crater records easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 148.99 degrees east and 144.04 degrees east, respectively. Wiener Crater’s diameter measures 113.39 kilometers.

Wiener Crater parents four satellites. Three satellites (F, K, Q) touch their parent. Wiener H associates with Wiener K.

Pawsey Crater is Wiener Crater’s nearest named, non-Wiener Crater system neighbor. The worn crater resides as Wiener Crater’s north-northwestern neighbor and buddies with its neighbor’s northern outer ramparts.

Pawsey is centered at 44.24 degrees south latitude, 145.29 degrees east longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 45.23 degrees north and 43.25 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 146.67 degrees east and 143.91 degrees east, respectively. Pawsey Crater has a diameter of 59.98 kilometers.

The Wiener Crater system honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener (Nov. 26, 1894-March 18, 1964). The International Astronomical Union approved Wiener as the primary crater’s official name in 1970 during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, held Friday, Aug. 14, to Thursday, Aug. 20, in Brighton, United Kingdom. Prior to its official naming, Wiener was designated as Crater 56. The system’s three satellites received their official designations in 2006.

In his biography of Norbert Wiener, published in the 1992 issue of the National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs, American mathematician and quantum mechanics theorist Irving Ezra Segal (Sept. 13, 1918-Aug. 30, 1998) recognized Wiener as one of the 20th century’s “most original mathematicians and influential scientists” (page 389). Segal acknowledged the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) professor’s unified approach, in which Wiener found applications for his mathematical investigations in other fields, such as biology and engineering.

Wiener’s formulation of cybernetics represented the pure and applied mathematical theorist’s ultimate synthesis of a multiplicity of disciplines, including biology, computer science, engineering, mathematics, neuroscience, philosophy, physiology, psychology and sociology. He introduced cybernetics as a neologism (Ancient Greek: νέος, néos, “new” + λόγος, lógos, “word”) in Cybernetics; Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, which he published via the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press in 1948.

In an article in the November 1948 issue of Scientific American, Wiener briefly explained the new field introduced in his 1948 publication. He derived his new English word from the Greek word for “steersman” (κῠβερνήτης, kubernḗtēs).

Wiener also noted the corruption of the Greek word into Latin as gubernator, translated into English as helmsman, pilot, leader or governor. He explained the lengthy use of governor as the designation for certain velocity control mechanisms and specifically referenced the “brilliant study,” entitled On Governors, published in 1868 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell (June 13, 1831-Nov. 5, 1879).

Wiener described the new field of cybernetics as a combination of the human context’s thinking with engineering’s control and communication. He identified the new field aims as discerning the functional commonalities in the human nervous system and automatic machines and theorizing, in entirety, control and communications in living organisms and machines.

Wiener traced the roots of his involvement in the new field to a collaboration during World War II (Sept 1, 1939-Sept. 2, 1945) with American computer pioneer Julian Himely Bigelow (March 19, 1913-Feb. 17, 2003) and Mexican physician Arturo Rosenblueth Stearns (Dec. 2, 1900-Sept. 20, 1970). The trio realized the importance of feedback in voluntary activities while theorizing a prediction outcome for the future position of a tracked airplane via a fire-control apparatus for anti-aircraft artillery. Their analyses revealed the criticality of applying the feedback principle to the gun’s and plane’s human operators as well as to the apparatus in order to achieve the problem’s solution.

The takeaways for Wiener Crater, which honors American mathematician Norbert Wiener, are that the impact crater occupies the lunar far side’s northwestern quadrant; that Wiener Crater parents four satellites; and that the lunar crater’s namesake is credited with extensively theorizing cybernetics as the transdisciplinary study of communication and control in living organisms and machines.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Wiener Crater on the moon’s far side: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of oblique, westward view, obtained in 1967 by Lunar 5 mission, shows lunar far side's Wiener Crater; NASA ID 5124: James Stuby (Jstuby), Public Domain (CC0 1.0), via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Richardson_crater_AS14-71-9852.jpg

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Wiener Crater on the moon’s far side: U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_farside.pdf

For further information:

Ampère, André-Marie. “3. Cybernétique.” Essai Sur la Philosophie des Sciences, ou, Exposition Analytique d’Une Classification Naturelle de Toutes les Connaissances Humaines. Seconde Partie: 140-141. Paris [France]: Bachelier, 1843.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31970009258499?urlappend=%3Bseq=238

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Bowker, David E.; and J. Kenrick Hughes. “Photo No. IV-139-H1 Plate 84.” Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon. Prepared by Langley Research Center. NASA SP-206. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19730005152
Available via Universities Space Research Association’s (USRA) Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_orbiter/book/lopam.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Galison, Peter. “The Ontology of the Enemy: Norbert Wiener and the Cybernetic Vision.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 21, no. 1 (Autumn 1994): 228-266.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343893

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Pawsey.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4622

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6544

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13891

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13892

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13893

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Wiener Q.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13894

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Johnson, Barnabas D. “Skill in navigation [αρετης κυβερνητικης, aretes kybernetikes].” The Cybernetics of Society: The Governance of Self and Civilization.
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Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Maxwell Crater Honors Scottish Mathematical Physicist James Maxwell.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 13, 2012.
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Maxwell, James Clerk. “I. On Governors.” Proceedings of The Royal Society of London. From June 6, 1867, to June 18, 1868, inclusive. Vol. XVI (March 5, 1868): 270-283. London, England: Taylor and Francis, MDCCCLXVIII (1868).
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Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Wiener

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

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Rosenblueth, Arturo; Norbert Wiener; and Julian Bigelow. “Behavior, Purpose and Teleology.” Philosophy of Science, vol. 10, no. 1 (January 1943): 18-24.
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Segal, Irving Ezra. “Norbert Wiener November 26, 1894-March 18, 1964.” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs, vol. 61 (1992): 389-437.
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Wiener, Norbert. “Cybernetics.” Scientific American, vol. 179, no. 5 (November 1948): 14-19.
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Wiener, Norbert. Cybernetics; Or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1948.

Wiener, Norbert. The Human Use of Human Beings; Cybernetics and Society. Boston MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

Einstein A Crater Lies as Young Crater in the Center of Einstein Crater

Summary: Einstein A Crater lies as young crater in the center of Einstein Crater, a primary crater parenting three satellites on the lunar far side.

Image shows satellite Einstein A as a mid-interior floor occupant of its parent, Einstein Crater: courtesy NASA / Goddard, via NASA

Einstein A Crater lies as a young crater in the center of Einstein Crater, an impact-battered lunar impact crater credited with three satellites on the lunar far side.

Satellite Einstein A is situated in the center of its parent’s interior floor. Anglo-Australian astronomer David A. Allen described Einstein A in the 1966-1967 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association. He noted its position as a “. . . prominent central crater . . .” and described the primary crater’s interior satellite as a “. . . magnificent object . . .” (page 252).

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) profiled Einstein A and Einstein Crater for the space agency’s online mission pages on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). An image feature, “Einstein and Einstein A: A Study in Crater Morphology,” posted May 14, 2010, considered the satellite and its primary crater as revelatory of “. . . the relative age and shape of an impact crater.”

NASA described Einstein as “. . . a fairly large crater that spans 198 km across.” Age cannot be determined, however, from “. . . size alone . . .”

Einstein A’s placement “. . . squarely in the middle of the floor of Einstein” indicates the satellite’s youthfulness. Also, the “. . . frequency and distribution of impact craters overprinted on its rim and floor” inform a crater’s relative age. The smaller number of impacts sustained by younger craters allows for their retention of their “original morphology.”

A comparison of the structures of Einstein A and Einstein Crater reveals Einstein A as “. . . a relatively young crater as compared to Einstein . . .” Smaller impacts over time have yielded a “somewhat degraded” reshaping of Einstein Crater’s original structure. Retention of its original structure attests to Einstein A’s relative youth with respect to its parent. Einstein A presents a raised rim and also exhibits an ejecta blanket.

David Allen’s paper in the 1966-1967 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association credited English amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore (March 4, 1923-Dec. 9, 2012) with the first sighting of Einstein Crater and central, interior satellite Einstein A. Sir Patrick first saw Einstein and Einstein A via a 3-inch (7.5-centimeter) refractor in 1939.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted Einstein as the primary crater’s official name in 1964. Approval was granted during the organization’s XIIth (12th) General Assembly, held in Hamburg, Germany, from Tuesday, Aug. 25, to Thursday, Sept. 3. The crater is named after German American physicist Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879-April 18, 1955). The designations of Einstein A, Einstein R and Einsten S for the Einstein Crater system’s three satellites were approved in 2006.

Prior to its official naming, the crater system was known as Caramuel. In a paper published in the 1964-1965 issue of the Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Sir Patrick noted confusing misnomers involving Einstein Crater. He attributed the name of Caramuel to Welsh-born astronomer and engineer Hugh Percy Wilkins (Dec. 4, 1896-Jan. 23, 1960). Wilkins, however, intended the name for “. . . a different formation” (page 142). Wilkins’ Caramuel actually has turned out to reference satellite Simpelius D, according to David Allen’s 1966-1967 paper (page 255).

Allen noted the paucity of “professional photographs” of Einstein Crater and Einstein A. He indicated, however, that Soviet lunar probe Zond 3 obtained photographs of the area. The large convex mound that hosts Einstein A stands out as “. . . one of the brightest spots in the region” (page 252).

Launched July 18, 1965, from southern Kazakhstan’s Baikonur Cosmodrome, Zond 3 made a lunar flyby on July 20. For 68 minutes, the spacecraft took 25 “very good quality” photographs of the lunar far side from distances of 11,570 to 9,960 kilometers, according to David R. Williams’ profile of Zond 3 on NASA’s National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) website.

The takeaways for Einstein A Crater as a young crater in the center of Einstein A are that the Einstein Crater system’s interior satellite reveals its youthfulness through retention of its original structure and its location in the middle of its parent’s interior floor; that English amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore is credited with Einstein Crater’s first sighting, which took place in 1939; and that photographs obtained July 1965 by Soviet lunar probe Zond 3 reveal the mound on which satellite Einstein A resides as one of the region’s brightest places.

“First Detailed View of Orientale Basin” shows Einstein Crater with interior satellite Einstein A as bullseye crater west of Oceanus Procellarum; photo obtained May 25, 1967, at 05:33:34 Greenwich Mean Time, by NASA-Boeing Lunar Orbiter IV, from altitude of 2,721 kilometers; The Boeing Company, Lunar Orbiter IV Photographic Mission Summary (1968), frontispiece: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Image shows satellite Einstein A as a mid-interior floor occupant of its parent, Einstein Crater: courtesy NASA / Goddard, via NASA @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100514-einstein.html

“First Detailed View of Orientale Basin” shows Einstein Crater with interior satellite Einstein A as bullseye crater west of Oceanus Procellarum; photo obtained May 25, 1967, at 05:33:34 Greenwich Mean Time, by NASA-Boeing Lunar Orbiter IV, from altitude of 2,721 kilometers; The Boeing Company, Lunar Orbiter IV Photographic Mission Summary (1968), frontispiece: Public Domain, via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680017342.pdf

For further information:

Allen, D. (David) A. “The Lunar Crater Caramuel.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 76, no. 4 (Session 1966-67): 248-255.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/JBAA./0076//0000248.000.html

Allen, D. (David) A.; and C.J. Andrews. “The Last Word on Einstein (Caramuel).” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 79, no. 4 (Session 1968-1969): 288-290.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969JBAA...79..288A
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1969JBAA...79..288A

The Boeing Company. Lunar Orbiter IV: Photographic Mission Summary. Prepared by The Boeing Company, Seattle, Wash., for Langley Research Center. NASA Contractor Report NASA CR-1054.Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, June 1968.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19680017342.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

Jenner, Lynn, page ed. “Einstein and Einstein A: A Study in Crater Morphology.” NASA > Missions > Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) > Multimedia. May 14, 2010.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100514-einstein.html

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Malin, David. “Obituary: David Allen (1946-1994).” The Observatory, vol. 114, no. 1122 (October 1994): 250-252.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994Obs...114..250M
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1994Obs...114..250M

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Honors German American Physicist Albert Einstein.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-honors-german-american.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Parents Three Satellites On Near Side’s Western Limb.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 13, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-parents-three.html

Moore, Patrick. “The Lunar Crater Caramuel.” Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol. 75, no. 3 (Session 1964-65): 140-144.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/JBAA./0075//0000142.000.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Paganini 24 Caprices Affix Blame on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again

Summary: The Paganini 24 Caprices allow a consulting detective to ascertain whom to arrest as a ladykiller on Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again March 14, 2013.

pencil portrait of violinist Niccolò Paganini, drawn in 1819 by French neoclassical painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (Aug. 29, 1780-Jan. 14, 1867); Louvre Museum, Paris, France: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The Paganini 24 Caprices affirm a violinist's abilities even as they assert his astuteness about a ladykiller on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Déjà Vu All Over Again March 14, 2013.

Director Jerry Levine and writer Brian Rodenbeck bring into the first season's 18th episode a busker who breaks off in mid-performance before a subway platform audience. Season One's second episode, While You Were Sleeping, Oct. 4, 2012, concludes with Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) closing cases and celebrating with classical violin compositions. Sherlock displays musical and deductive discernment through Johann Sebastian Bach's (March 31, 1685-July 28, 1750) Chaconne and Niccolò Paganini's (Oct. 27, 1782-May 27, 1840) 24 Caprices.

The Bach Chaconne and the Paganini 24 Caprices respectively expose Sherlock's expertise in effecting exquisitely exact performances and evidencing an eidetic memory of the original manuscripts.

The "bowing, fingering, double-stop trills" furnish Sherlock with the fiddled piece, as the Paganini 11th caprice, before Vivian Tully (Penny McNamee) falls from the subway platform.

Sherlock grasps, from recorded images that Anson Samuels (Jim True-Frost) gives him, that Thaddeus (Andre Royo) "stops halfway through the andante, doesn't even touch the presto." Niccolò Paganini's (from Greek νίκη, "victory" and λαός, "people" and Italian paganini, "little pagans") original manuscript herds the Paganini 24 Caprices into three equal-time, unequal-size parts. The original Paganini Opus 1 manuscript identifies Parts I, II and II as respectively including caprices 1 through 6, 7 through 12 and 13 through 24.

The 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices (from Italian capriccio, "fright") joins physical evidence against a ladykiller whose journey over subway platforms jars Thaddeus' musical judgment.

Each one of the Paganini 24 Caprices for Solo Violin (from Italian 24 Capricci per violino solo) kindles knowledge of virtuoso (from Latin virtuōsus, "skillful") techniques.

The Paganini 24 Caprices list two numbers for violin solos in C major: capriccio no 11 in do maggiore and capriccio no 18 in do maggiore. Caprice no 18 in C major memorializes the master violinist whose father, a poor Genoese shopkeeper, managed his son's mastering the mandolin and other stringed instruments. Perhaps childhood poverty nudged the master bassoonist, cellist, guitarist, mandolinist, violinist and violist toward nursing his four gut-made strings all the way to the last G-string.

Only the 18th, not the 11th, of the Paganini 24 Caprices offered opportunities for operating with four, then three, then two, then one old, overworn strings.

The 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices presents .70-gauge E-strings twisted 45 degrees, .88-gauge A-strings and .116-gauge D-strings twisted 80 degrees and A-strings silver-wired as G-strings.

The 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices queues up all four strings onto its quintessentially quieter andante (literally "going [slowly]") and quicker presto (literally "nimble") sections. Flexibly long fingers, large hands and supple joints realize the 11th's notation and tempo ("time") ranges and the 18th's running through three of four worn-out strings. The 11th snails or, never swifter than the 18th's corrente ("running") and allegro ("joyous") sections, speeds through left-handed plucking and right-handed bowing all or several strings.

Perhaps the 11th of the Paganini 24 Caprices thins subway-platform tips less than the 18th, whose traditional treatment trims all but one tired string on stage.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) separately investigate cases that end up being solved as one case in CBS Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again (season 1 episode 18): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook March 12, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

pencil portrait of violinist Niccolò Paganini, drawn in 1819 by French neoclassical painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (Aug. 29, 1780-Jan. 14, 1867); Louvre Museum, Paris, France: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NiccoloPaganini.jpeg

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) separately investigate cases that end up being solved as one case in CBS Elementary's Déjà Vu All Over Again (season 1 episode 18): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook March 12, 2013, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/231371710321281

For further information:

"Déjà Vu All Over Again." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, March 14, 2013.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 12 March 2013. “Watson's branching out but how will she solve this mystery from behind bars? Watch Clip: http://bit.ly/ZFHzAM.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/231371710321281

Ewen, David, comp. and ed. 1966. "Niccolò Paganini 1782-1840." Great Composers 1300-1900: 280-282. New York NY: The H.W. Wilson Company.

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2013. "New England Cottontails Perhaps Adapt to Hats on Elementary's Details." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/new-england-cottontails-perhaps-adapt.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 February 2013. "Bennu Herons Perhaps Avert Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/bennu-herons-perhaps-avert-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2013. "Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/frankincense-tree-essential-oils-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2013. "Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-red-whiskered-bulbuls-smuggled-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Visser, Esther. "The Strings of Paganini: Essay on the Use of Gut Strings in the Early Romantic Era - An Interview with Mimmo Peruffo." Formation Superieure Abbay aux Dames, 2005-2007.
Available @ https://www.esthervisser.com/resources/The-Strings-of-Paganini.pdf

"While You Were Sleeping." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures, Oct. 4, 2012.

Einstein Crater Parents Three Satellites On Near Side’s Western Limb

Summary: Einstein Crater parents three satellites on the near side’s western limb as a northwest quadrant occupant lying west of western Oceanus Procellarum.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 37 shows Einstein Crater with interior satellite, Einstein A (lower left corner); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Einstein Crater parents three satellites on the near side’s western limb, in the northwestern quadrant terrain lying west of western Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms).

The north equatorial latitude crater is centered at 16.6 degrees north latitude, minus 88.65 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 19.6 degrees north and 13.61 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach minus 85.54 west and minus 91.77 degrees west, respectively. Einstein Crater’s diameter measures 181.47 kilometers.

Einstein Crater parents three satellites in its location between the lunar near side’s sprawling Oceanus Procellarum and its western limb. The Einstein Crater system comprises one interior satellite and two western satellites.

Einstein A occupies the center of its parent’s interior floor. The young satellite displays a central peak and terraced walls.

Einstein A is centered at 16.69 degrees north latitude, minus 88.25 degrees west longitude. The Einstein Crater system’s central satellite records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 17.52 degrees north and 15.86 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 87.38 degrees west and minus 89.12 degrees west, respectively. Einstein A’s diameter measures 50.48 kilometers.

Einstein A’s diameter qualifies it as the largest of the Einstein Crater system’s three satellites. A’s diameter of 50.48 kilometers approximates 28 percent of its parent’s 181.47-kilometer diameter.

Einstein R and Einstein S occur as the Einstein Crater system’s two western satellites. They lie to the southwest of Einstein A.

Einstein R resides to the south-southwest of Einstein S. Einstein R’s placement qualifies it as the most southerly and most westerly of the Einstein Crater system’s three satellites.

Einstein R is centered at 13.83 degrees north latitude, minus 91.88 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 14.15 degrees north and 13.5 degrees north, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 91.54 degrees west and minus 92.21 degrees west, respectively. Einstein R has a diameter of 19.84 kilometers.

Einstein S is centered at 15.1 degrees north latitude, minus 91.67 degrees west longitude. It finds northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 15.42 degrees north and 14.78 degrees north, respectively. It marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 91.33 degrees west and minus 92 degrees west, respectively. Einstein S has a diameter of 19.63 kilometers.

Einstein S’s diameter measures 0.21 kilometers less than Einstein R’s 19.84-kilometer diameter. Einstein S qualifies as the smallest of the Einstein Crater system’s three satellites and, indeed, as the Einstein Crater system’s smallest participant.

The diameters of Einstein R and of Einstein S approximate 39.3 percent and 39 percent, respectively, of Einstein A’s diameter of 50.48 kilometers. Einstein R’s and Einstein S’s diameters approximate 10.93 percent and 10.82 percent, respectively, of their parent crater’s 181.47-kilometer diameter.

As western limb occupants, the Einstein Crater system depends upon favorable libration for visibility, albeit rather undetailed, by Earth-based observers. Libration references the changing amount of surface visibility for Earth-based observers. Libration expands surface visibility to about 59 percent for Earth-based observers.

Latitudinal libration, longitudinal libration and diurnal libration comprise the three mechanisms occasioning changes in perspective for Earth-based observers. The changes in perspective allow for visibility of a small portion of the lunar far side.

The lunar axis of rotation tilts about 6.5 degrees with respect to an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the plane of the lunar orbit around Earth. This slight inclination affects latitudinal libration.

The moon traces an elliptical path in its orbit around Earth. The eccentricity, or deviation from a perfect circle, of the lunar orbit around Earth occasions longitudinal libration.

Small daily oscillations due to Earth’s rotation account for diurnal libration. These daily variations influence the viewpoint of Earth-based moon watchers.

The takeaways for Einstein Crater’s parentage of three satellites on the near side’s western limb are that the Einstein Crater system comprises one central satellite, Einstein A, which occupies the center of its parent’s interior floor, and two western satellites, Einstein R and Einstein S; that the Einstein Crater system’s largest and smallest satellites are Einstein A and Einstein S, respectively; and that the Einstein Crater system’s location along the near side’s western limb links the system’s visibility to Earth-based observers to libration.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 72 shows Einstein Crater with two western satellites, Einstein R and Einstein S; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 37 shows Einstein Crater with interior satellite, Einstein A (lower left corner); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_37_wac.pdf

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Charts (LAC) 72 shows Einstein Crater with two western satellites, Einstein R and Einstein S; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_72_wac.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Dunbar, Brian, page ed. “Moon.” Internet Archive Wayback Machine > World Book at NASA.
Available @ https://web.archive.org/web/20130703162844/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/moon_worldbook.html

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Einstein.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Einstein A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8907

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Einstein R.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8908

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Einstein S.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8909

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Jenner, Lynn, page ed. “Einstein and Einstein A: A Study in Crater Morphology.” NASA > Missions > Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) > Multimedia. May 14, 2010.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lola-20100514-einstein.html

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.<

Marriner, Derdriu. “Einstein Crater Honors German American Physicist Albert Einstein.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/03/einstein-crater-honors-german-american.html

The Moon Wiki. “Einstein.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > E Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Einstein

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

Wilhelms, Don E.; John F. McCauley; and Newell J. Trask. The Geologic History of the Moon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp1348

American Belted Kingfisher Habitats: Blue-Slate Body, Burrow, White Egg

Summary: North American belted kingfisher habitats seasonally north and south of, year-round in, the United States have blue-slate bodies, burrows and white eggs.

belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) in York River State Park, Virginia Peninsula, southeastern Virginia; Wednesday, June 27, 2012: Virginia State Parks (vastateparksstaff), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

North American belted kingfisher habitats activate cultivators through Alcedinidae family insect- and snake-controlling appetites and naturalists through distribution ranges seasonally in Canada, Caribbean America and Mexico and year-round in the United States.

The belted kingfisher bears its common name because of a dark breast-band and one white neck-collar and the scientific name Megaceryle alcyon (big mythical bird-like kingfisher). Agro-industry, construction, drought, floods, pollution, predation, recreation, tourism and urbanization challenge belted kingfishers, described in 1758 by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1787). Monogamous mating and shared responsibilities for burrowing nests, incubating eggs, locating prey and tending nestlings draw belted kingfishers from solitary into coupled and familial life cycles.

Mysterious lifespans expect brackish, fresh or marine, calm, clean, clear, smooth waters no deeper than 23.62 inches (60 centimeters), encircled by exposed earth and open woodlands.

March through July facilitate brooding one 5- to 14-egg clutch, followed by another if the first fails, 1 to 3 feet (30.48 to 91.44 centimeters) underground.

Parents-to-be gut 3- to 15-foot- (0.91- to 4.57-meter-) long, 3.5- to 4-inch- (8.89- to 10.16-centimeter-) wide, 3- to 3.5-inch- (7.62- to 8.89-centimeter-) high burrows into banks. Curved or uncurved, upward-sloping burrows honed within 21 days have 6- to 7-inch- (15.24- to 17.78-centimeter-) high, 10- to 12-inch- (25.4- to 30.48-centimeter-) diameter egg chambers. Parents-to-be initiate 22- to 24-day incubations of glossy, 1.18- to 1.46-inch (30- to 37-millimeter) by 0.98- to 1.14-inch (25- to 29-millimeter), smooth, somewhat elliptical, white eggs.

Falcons, hawks, mink, people, raccoons, skunks and snakes jeopardize North American belted kingfisher habitats seasonally north and south of, and year-round within, the United States' borders.

Helpless, naked hatchlings without beak-opening gape flanges know black bills, feather-filled sheaths, pink mouths and red skin while they keep eyes closed the first two weeks.

Fathers on day duty from nearby roosting burrows and mothers on night duty in egg chambers and nest hollows look after nestlings 30 to 35 days. Nestlings manage feather quills within the first week and feathers from broken sheaths as 17- to 18-day-olds and move away from nests as 30- to 35-day-olds. Adults need amphibians, berries, insects, mice and reptiles and bluegill, carp, crayfish, croakers, flounder, goldfish, minnows, mussels, needlefish, perch, pike, salmon, sculpins, sticklebacks, suckers and trout.

North American belted kingfisher habitats up to 8,202.1 feet (2,500 meters) above sea level offer winter-coldest temperatures at minus 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 31.66 degrees Celsius).

Headfirst dives into fish-filled riffle edges and maximum 0.62-mile (one-kilometer) fishing offshore, 4.97-mile (eight-kilometer) forages from nests and 0.06-mile (990.54-meter) hovers promote belted kingfisher life cycles.

One dark breast-band, one blue breast-band with one chestnut belly-band and one blue breast-band respectively quicken double-crested juvenile, prominent-crested mature female and shaggy-crested mature male identifications. Blue- and white-barred tails, blue-gray large heads, blue-slate upper-parts, dark eyes, dark, long, powerful, thick bills and white collars reveal adult, chestnut-flanked females and white-bellied males. Two- to three-beat glides on 18.89- to 22.84-inch (48- to 58-centimeter) wingspans suggest 5.29- to 6.17-ounce (150- to 175-grams), 11.02- to 13.78-inch (28- to 35-centimeter) adults.

North American belted kingfisher habitats tender harsh, mechanical rattles during flights or disturbances or from perches, screams during breeding or threats and trill-like warbles during breeding.

illustration of eggs of belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) under scientific synonym of Ceryle alcyon; Illustrations of the Nests and Eggs of Birds of Ohio, Plate XLVII, figure 2, opp. page 158: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) in York River State Park, Virginia Peninsula, southeastern Virginia; Wednesday, June 27, 2012: Virginia State Parks (vastateparksstaff), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/vastateparksstaff/7514841530/

illustration of eggs of belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) under scientific synonym of Ceryle alcyon; Illustrations of the Nests and Eggs of Birds of Ohio, Plate XLVII, figure 2, opp. page 158: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34908273

For further information:

Baicich, Paul J.; and Harrison, Colin J.O. Nests, Eggs, and Nestlings of North American Birds. Second edition. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2005.

Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volumes 8-11, Birds I-IV, edited by Michael Hutchins, Jerome A. Jackson, Walter J. Bock and Donna Olendorf. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2002.

Jones, Howard. 1886. Illustrations of the Nests and Eggs of Birds of Ohio. Illustrations by Mrs. N.E. Jones. Vol. II. Circleville OH: s.n. (sine nomine).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34908243

Linnaeus, Carl. 1758. "4. Vultur aura." Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis, Tomus I, Editio Decima, Reformata: 86-87. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726991

Peterson, Alan P., M.D. "Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte) 1828." Zoonomen: Zoological Nomenclature Resource > Birds of the World -- Current Valid Scientific Avian Names > Coraciiformes > Alcedinidae > Megaceryle.
Available @ http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/cora.html