Earth and Space News: February 2013

Wednesday, February 27, 2013

Cassini-Huygens Mission Map Identifies 12 Titanean Mountains

Summary: A Cassini-Huygens mission map identifies 12 Titanean mountains via data collected by the spacecraft’s Visual Mapping Spectrometer and Radar Mapper.

A Cassini-Huygens mission map identifies 12 Titanean mountains from data collected by the spacecraft’s Visual Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and its Radar Mapper.

The NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Image and Video Library and the NASA JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) Photojournal websites added the map to their image galleries on Dec. 12, 2012. The map of Saturnian moon Titan marks the locations of 12 mountains officially named by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) between Dec. 5, 2011, and Nov. 13, 2012.

The IAU’s Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature website, maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey’s Astrogeology Science Center, details the convention for naming Titanean mountains (Latin: mons, “mountain;” montes, “mountains”). Titan’s mountains are named after mountains and peaks located in Middle-earth, the fictional setting in fantasies by English writer John Ronald Reuel “J.R.R.” Tolkien (Jan. 3, 1892-Sept. 2, 1973).

Angmar Montes are centered at minus 10 degrees south latitude, 221.9 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Angmar’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 9.5 degrees south and minus 10.5 degrees south, respectively. The Titanean geological formation’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 219.3 degrees west and 224.6 degrees west, respectively. Angmar Montes span 230 kilometers.

Dolmed Montes are centered at minus 11.6 degrees south latitude, 216.8 degrees west longitude. Dolmed’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at minus 8.05 degrees south and minus 14.6 degrees south, respectively. The Titanean geological structure registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 213.7 degrees west and 218 degrees west, respectively. Dolmed’s length covers 400 kilometers.

Doom Mons is centered at minus 14.65 degrees south latitude, 40.42 degrees west longitude. The Aztlan darklands region mountain marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 14 degrees south and minus 15.3 degrees south, respectively. The cryovolcanic construct, with its eponymous peak, records easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 40 degrees west and 41.13 degrees west, respectively. Doom’s length measures 63 kilometers.

Echoriath Montes are centered at minus 7.4 degrees south latitude, 213.8 degrees west longitude. The Titanean mountain range obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 6.2 degrees south and minus 8.8 degrees south, respectively. The Titanean geological formation’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes are found at 204.8 degrees west and 224.5 degrees west, respectively. Echoriath Montes stretch for 930 kilometers.

Erebor Mons is centered at minus 4.97 degrees south latitude, 36.23 degrees west longitude. The Quivira region mountain’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 4.3 south and minus 5.49 south, respectively. Erebor’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 35.68 degrees west and 36.67 degrees west, respectively. Erebor Mons has a length of 50 kilometers.

Gram Montes are centered at minus 9.9 degrees south latitude, 207.9 degrees west longitude. The northernmost and southernmost latitudes are recorded at minus 9.3 degrees south and minus 11 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes are reached at 205.5 degrees west and 211.2 degrees west, respectively. Gram Montes span 260 kilometers.

Irensaga Montes are centered at minus 5.68 degrees south latitude, 212.71 degrees west longitude. The Adiri region mountain range registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 5 degrees south and minus 6.65 degrees south, respectively. The mountain range’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 210.54 degrees west and 214.73 degrees west, respectively. Irensaga Montes span 194 kilometers.

Merlock Montes are centered at minus 8.9 degrees south latitude, 211.8 degrees west longitude. The Titanean geological formation marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 8.4 degrees south and minus 9.6 degrees south, respectively. The mountains record easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 209.8 degrees west and 214.2 degrees west, respectively. Merlock Montes cover 200 kilometers.

Mindolluin Montes are centered at minus 3.3 degrees south latitude, 208.96 degrees west longitude. The Adiri region mountain range’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach to minus 1.78 degrees south and minus 4.27 degrees south, respectively. Mindolluin’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 205.7 degrees west and 213.23 degrees west, respectively. Mindolluin Montes traverse 340 kilometers.

Mithrim Montes are centered at minus 2.16 degrees south latitude, 127.42 degrees west longitude. The Xanadu region mountain range obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 1.2 degrees south and minus 3.2 degrees south, respectively. The Titanean range registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 126 degrees west and 128.9 degrees west, respectively. Mithrim Montes cover 147 kilometers.

Rerir Montes are centered at minus 4.8 degrees south latitude, 212.1 degrees west longitude. The Titanean geological formation’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at minus 4.4 degrees south and minus 5.2 degrees south, respectively. Rerir’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes are found at 208.3 degrees west and 216.5 degrees west, respectively. Rerir Montes span 370 kilometers.

Taniquetil Montes are centered at minus 3.67 degrees south latitude, 213.26 degrees west longitude. The Adiri region mountain range records northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 2.9 degrees south and minus 4.16 degrees south, respectively. The range posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 211.84 degrees west and 214.77 degrees west, respectively. Taniquetil Montes traverse 130 kilometers.

On Dec. 5, 2011, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved names for six of the 12 mountainous Tolkien namesakes identified on the Cassini-Huygens mission map: Angmar, Dolmed, Echoriath, Gram, Merlock and Rerir. Doom, Erebor, Irensaga, Mindolluin, Mithrim and Taniquetil received official name approval on Nov. 13, 2012.

The takeaways for the Cassini-Huygens mission’s map identifying 12 Titanean mountains are that the 2012 map is based on data collected by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft’s Visual Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) and its Radar Mapper; that, according to International Astronomical Union (IAU) convention, mountains on Saturnian moon Titan are named after mountains and peaks in the works of English writer J.R.R. Tolkien; that six of the Titanean mountainous features received official name approval on Dec. 5, 2011; and that six names were approved on Nov. 13, 2012.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Cassini-Huygens mission map of Saturnian moon Titan identifies locations of 12 mountains named by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) between Dec. 5, 2011, and Nov. 13, 2012; NASA ID PIA16598; 2012-12-14; image credit NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona/USGS: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16598;
Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-PIA16598; via NASA JPL @ https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA16598

Saturn’s rings obscure part of largest Saturnian moon Titan (center-lower left) in image obtained April 28, 2006, by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft’s narrow-angle camera (NAC), at an approximate distance of 1.8 million kilometers (1.1 million miles) from Titan; NASA ID PIA08188; image addition date 2006-05-30; image credit NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA08188;
Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-PIA08188

For further information:

Barnes, Jason W.; Jani Radebaugh; Robert H. Brown; Steve Wall; Laurence Soderblom; Jonathan Lunine; Devon Burr; Christophe Sotin; Stephane Le Mouélic; Sebastien Rodriguez; Bonnie J. Buratti; Roger Clark; Kevin H. Baines; Ralf Jaumann; Phillip D. Nicholson; Randolph L. Kirk; Rosaly Lopes; Ralph D. Lorenz; Karl Mitchell; and Charles A. Wood. “Near-Infrared Spectral Mapping of Titan’s Mountains and Channels.” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 112, issue E11 (November 2007): E11006.
Available via The University of Arizona PIRL (Planetary Image Research Laboratory) @ https://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~jani/barnes-mtnschan-jgr07.pdf
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Brown, R.H.; K.H. Baines; G. Bellucci; J.-P. Bibring; B.J. Buratti; F. Capaccioni; P. Cerroni; R.N. Clark; A. Coradini; D.P. Cruikshank; P. Drossart; V. Formisano; R. Jaumann; Y. Langevin; D.L. Matson; T.B. McCord; V. Mennella; E. Miller; R.M. Nelson; P.D. Nicholson; B. Sicardy; and C. Sotin. “The Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) Investigation.” Space Science Reviews, vol. 115, issue 1-4 (November 2004): 111-168.
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ESA European Space Agency. “Titan -- From Discovery to Encounter.” European Space Agency Science and Technology > Conferences.
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International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Angmar Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn. Last updated April 28, 2014.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14892

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Categories (Themes) for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Documentation > Surface Feature Categories.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Dolmed Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14893

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Doom Mons.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15044

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Echoriath Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14894

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Erebor Mons.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15045

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Gram Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14895

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Irensaga Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15046

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Merlock Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14896

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mindolluin Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15047

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mithrim Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15049

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rerir Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14897

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Taniquetil Montes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15050

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: Titan.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Saturn.
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Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA08188

Lavoie, Sue, site mgr. “PIA09856: Titan Slips Away.” NASA JPL Photojournal > Saturn. Image addition date 2008-03-12.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09856

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Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA09858

Lavoie, Sue, site mgr. “PIA14909: Titan Up Front.” NASA JPL Photojournal > Saturn. Image addition date 2011-12-22.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA14909

Lavoie, Sue, site mgr. “PIA14922: Colorful Colossuses and Changing Hues.” NASA JPL Photojournal > Saturn. Image addition date 2012-08-29.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA14922

Lavoie, Sue, site mgr. “PIA16598.” NASA JPL Photojournal > Saturn. Image addition date 2012-12-14.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16598

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Lopes, R.M.C.; R.L. Kirk; K.L. Mitchell; A. LeGall; J.W. Barnes; A. Hayes; J. Kargel; L. Wye; J. Radebaugh; E.R. Stofan; M.A. Janssen; C.D. Neish; S.D. Wall; C.A. Wood; J.I. Lunine; and M.J. Malaska. “Cryovolcanism on Titan: New Results From Cassini RADAR and VIMS.” JGR Reports, vol. 118, issue 3 (March 2013): 416-435.
Available via Wiley Online @ https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jgre.20062

Marriner, Derdriu. “Christiaan Huygens Discovered Saturnian Satellite Titan March 25, 1655.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 21, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/03/christiaan-huygens-discovered-saturnian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Huygens A Is Only Lettered Crater Associated With Lunar Mons Huygens.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 6, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/huygens-is-only-lettered-crater.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Lunar Mountain Mons Huygens Honors Dutch Astronomer Christiaan Huygens.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 30, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/03/lunar-mountain-mons-huygens-honors.html

Mitri, Giuseppe; Michael T. Bland; Adam P. Showman; Jani Radebaugh; Bryan Stiles; Rosaly M.C. Lopes; Jonathan I. Lunine; and Robert T. Pappalardo. “Mountains on Titan: Modeling and Observations.” JGR (Journal of Geophysical Research) Plants, vol. 115, issue E10 (October 2010): E10002.
Available @ https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2010JE003592

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Friday, February 22, 2013

Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee

Summary: Elementary's Possibility Two Feb. 21, 2013, offers Sherlock Holmes a bee that few observe outside Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations.

An Osmia avosetta's nest constructed of flower petals and mud: J.G. (Jerome G.) Rozen, No usage restrictions, via EurekAlert!

Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations, photographs and texts address behaviors and bodies that affirm, or not, the species' appearances in the Columbia Broadcasting System's Elementary series episode Possibility Two Feb. 21, 2013.

Director Seith Mann and writers Robert Doherty and Mark Goffman bring the bee in as Gerald Lydon's (Dennis Boutsikaris) bequest to Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller). Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) and Sherlock check Lydon's contracting genetically conveyed cerebral amyloid angiopathy, contrary to CAA-free family medical history, in the first season's 17th episode. Lydon delivers one Osmia avosetta in a carryout container with wood bottom, wood corners to glassed-in 12- by 12-inch (30.48- by 30.48-centimeter) sides and wood top.

The episode's camera angles expedite exposure to an insect's loose figure-eight flight pattern without elucidating body colors, shapes and sizes in Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations.

Osmia avosetta figures among the finds of the last five to 25 years in terms of fathoming the bee's existence in 1988 and behaviors in 2010.

Klaus Warncke (May 14, 1937-Jan. 2, 1993), entomologist, melittologist (bee specialist) and ornithologist from Neutrelitz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, gave descriptions and taxonomy for Osmia avosetta in 1988. Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations honor a bee that has the hallmarks of the Megachilinae subfamily of the Megachilidae family in the Hymenoptera order of insects. Big-lipped megachilin subfamily and megachilid family members innovate a structure identified as scopa ("broom") on the ventral (lower, under) surface of the abdomen for importing pollen.

Unlike Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations, other bee scientific drawings, photographs and texts juggle pollen into baskets and bristles on hind legs before journeying back home.

Scientists know of megachilin subfamily and megachilid family members as carders of animal-hair and plant-fiber nests, masons of leafy soil-dug nests and resin bees of tree-sap.

All megachilins and megachilids live on nectar and pollen and let loose lots of pollen through swimming-like motions in the reproductive structures of their floral hosts. They maintain Hymenoptera insect order membership through "married" (Ὑμήν [Hymen, "marriage song"]) fore- and hind-wings hooked together in flight and membraneous (ῠ̔μήν, hymen) wings (πτερόν, pterón). Osmia avosetta adults nestle among megachilin and megachilid hymenopterans as leafcutter and mason bees with membraneous fore- and hind-wings merged in flight and plant-made, soil-located nests.

Scientific research, not Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations and photographs or Elementary guest occurrences, observe the leaf-cutting mason bees operating actively two months in a year.

Researchers in Iran and Turkey simultaneously perceived same-patterned performances and published the performed patterns in American Museum of Natural History's Novitates no. 3680 March 24, 2010.

Osmia avosetta females queued petals into grounded nests before researchers Jerome Rozen, Jr., Hikmet Özbek, John Ascher, Claudio Sedivy, Christophe Praz, Alireza Monfared and Andreas Müller. The ground-nesting, secretive, solitary species refrains from social life cycles in above-ground colonies and hives and requires one- to two-chamber underground tunnels for their pre-adult stages. Osmia avosetta females shape shallow subterranean cells to shelter larvae, store larval food and seal with mud in-between folded-over sainfoin (Onobrychis) or sweet-vetch (Hedysarum) flower petals.

Sherlock treasures his Osmia avosetta even though Osmia avosetta natural history illustrations trend toward tunnel-friendly soils topped by flowering, leafy plants that never typify Holmes's brownstone.

In CBS Elementary's Possibility Two (season 1 episode 17), wealthy philanthropist Gerald Lydon sends an "exquisite" Osmia avosetta solitary mason bee as enticement for Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) to solve the mystery of his induced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), normally a hereditary disease, while Sherlock keeps sending Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) to hone her detective skills by looking beyond a dry cleaners' banal routine: Elementary @ ElementaryCBS, via Facebook Feb. 20, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

An Osmia avosetta's nest constructed of flower petals and mud: J.G. (Jerome G.) Rozen, No usage restrictions, via EurekAlert! @ https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/22126.php?from=159847

American Museum of Natural History. 4 May 2010. "Bees That Nest in Petals." EurekAlert!
Available via EurekAlert! @ https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-05/amon-btn050410.php

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London England: George Newsnes Ltd., 1892.
Available via Project Gutenberg @ http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1661?msg=welcome_stranger

Elementary @ ElementaryCBS. 20 February 2013. "Missed last night's all new episode of Elementary?" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663.14686.151013691690417/225325270925925/

Kraus, M.; and Blank, S.M. 30 December 1994. "Dr. Klaus Warncke (*14.5.1937†2.1.1993) Nachruf und Bibliographie." Linzer Biologische Beiträge 26/2: 649-663.
Available @ http://www.zobodat.at/biografien/Warncke_Klaus.pdf

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Phillips, Kristin Elise. "Bees That Nest in Petals." American Museum of Natural History > Our Research > Science News.
Available via AMNH @ https://www.amnh.org/our-research/science-news/2010/bees-that-nest-in-petals/

"Possibility Two." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 21, 2013.

Rozen, Jerome G., Jr.; Özbek, Hikment; Ascher, John S.; Sedivy, Claudio; Praz, Christophe J.; Monfared, Alireza; Müller, Andreas. 24 March 2010. "Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae, Megachilinae, Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees." American Museum Novitates, no. 3680. New York NY: American Museum of Natural History.
Available @ http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6043

Warncke, Klaus. 1988. "Die Bienengattung Osmia Panzer, 1806, ihre Systematik in der Westpaläarktis und ihre Verbreitung in her Türkei. 2. und 3. Die Untergattungen Tergosmia und Exosmia." Entomofauna, band 9, heft 20 (30 oktober 1988): 389-403. Linz, Austria: Maximilian Schwarz.
Available via Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum ZOBODAT (ZOologisch - BOtanische - DATenbank) @ http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/ENT_0009_0389-0403.pdf

Wednesday, February 20, 2013

G. Bond Crater Parents Five Satellites Near Southern Lacus Somniorum

Summary: G. Bond Crater parents five satellites near southern Lacus Somniorum in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 27 shows the G. Bond Crater system’s primary crater and satellites G and K as southern neighbors of Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams) in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

B. Bond Crater parents five satellites near southern Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams) and eastern Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity) in the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant.

Bowl-shaped G. Bond Crater is centered at 32.39 degrees north latitude, 36.32 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. It finds northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 32.7 degrees north and 32.07 degrees north, respectively. The northern hemisphere crater marks easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 36.69 degrees east and 35.95 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond Crater has a diameter of 19.05 kilometers.

The primary crater parents five satellites. Three of the G. Bond Crater system’s five satellites have easterly placements with respect to their parent. Two satellites lie to the southwest of their parent.

G. Bond A, G. Bond G and G. Bond K occur as their parent’s three eastern satellites. Lacus Somniorum lies as a near northern neighbor to G. Bond Crater and its three eastern satellites.

G. Bond lies near southeastern Lacus Somniorum. The dark, basaltic plain is centered at 37.56 degrees north latitude, 30.8 degrees east longitude. The lunar mare’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach 41.5 degrees north and 33.22 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch 39.15 degrees east and 22.04 degrees east, respectively. Lacus Somniorium’s length measures 424.76 kilometers.

G. Bond A resides to the southeast of its parent and to the south of G. Bond G. Satellite A lies to the southwest of G. Bond K.

G. Bond A is centered at 31.58 degrees north latitude, 36.87 degrees east longitude. It confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 31.74 degrees north and 31.43 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are obtained at 37.05 degrees east and 36.69 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond A crater has a diameter of 9.19 kilometers.

G. Bond G is the northernmost component of the G. Bond Crater system. G. Bond G lies, in close proximity, to the east-northeast of its parent.

G. Bond G is centered at 32.74 degrees north latitude, 37.25 degrees east longitude. It records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 33.19 degrees north and 32.29 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 37.78 degrees east and 36.71 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond G’s diameter measures 27.32 kilometers.

G. Bond K lies to the east of its parent and to the southeast of satellite G. Satellite K’s placement qualifies it as the most easterly component of the G. Bond Crater system.

G. Bond K is centered at 32.14 degrees north latitude, 38.33 degrees east longitude. It obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 32.35 degrees north and 31.94 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 38.57 degrees east and 38.09 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond K has a diameter of 12.47 kilometers.

G. Bond B and G. Bond C group, in a north-south alignment, to the southwest of their parent. They are the G. Bond Crater system’s only components lying to the west of the system’s rille (German: rille, “groove”), Rima G. Bond.

G. Bond B lies to the north of G. Bond C. G. Bond C’s placement to the south of northern neighbor G. Bond B qualifies it as the G. Bond Crater system’s most southerly component.

G. Bond B is centered at 29.95 degrees north latitude, 34.67 degrees east longitude. It establishes northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 30.48 degrees north and 29.41 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 35.28 degrees east and 34.05 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond B’s diameter spans 29.95 kilometers.

G. Bond C is centered at 28.29 degrees north latitude, 34.75 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 29.05 degrees north and 27.52 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 35.63 degrees east and 33.88 degrees east, respectively. G. Bond C’s diameter spans 46.65 kilometers.

G. Bond G Crater’s diameter of 46.65 kilometers qualifies it as the largest of the G. Bond Crater system’s five satellites and, indeed, as the largest component of the G. Bond Crater system. Parental G. Bond Crater’s diameter of 19.05 kilometers approximates 40.8 percent of G. Bond G’s diameter.

G. Bond Crater’s two southwestern satellites lie to the east of northeastern Mare Serenitatis. The dark, circular lunar mare is centered at 27.29 degrees north latitude, 18.36 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 37.81 degrees north and 16.13 degrees north, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 29.92 degrees east and 6.59 degrees east, respectively. Mare Serenitatis has a diameter of 674.28 kilometers.

The takeaways for G. Bond Crater, which parents five satellites near southern Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams), are that the G. Bond Crater system occupies the lunar near side’s northeastern quadrant; that parent G. Bond Crater and its three eastern satellites (A, G, K) nestle near Lacus Somniorum while the system’s two southwestern satellites reside to the east of northeastern Mare Serenitatis; that the G. Bond Crater system’s most northerly, easterly and southerly placements are claimed by G, K and C, respectively; and that G. Bond C qualifies as the crater system’s largest component, with a diameter that dwarfs that of its parent by 27.6 kilometers.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 43 shows the G. Bond Crater system’s southeastern satellite, G. Bond A, and southwestern satellites, G. Bond B and G. Bond C; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2046

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9276

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9277

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/11354

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9279

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “G. Bond K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9280

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lacus Somniorum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3217

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Serenitatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3686

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rima G. Bond.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
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Sunday, February 17, 2013

New England Cottontails Perhaps Adapt to Hats on Elementary's Details

Summary: A consulting detective on Elementary's Details Feb. 14, 2013, perhaps angles New England cottontails out of hats to arrive at astute crime-solving.

New England cottontails advance to first or second place as animals perhaps appearing out of hats to achieve almost magical crime-solving on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Details Feb. 14, 2013.

Elementary director Sanaa Hamri and writers Robert Doherty, Jeffrey Paul King and Jason Tracey briefly broach crime-solving as magical business in the first season's 16th episode. A drive-by shooter crosses Detective Marcus Bell's (Jon Michael Hill) path between 10:00 and 10:30 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (3:00 and 3:30 a.m. Universal Coordinated Time). Curtis Bradshaw (Anwan Glover) displays a four-year dislike for Detective Bell, drives a blue 1968 Chevy Biscayne like in drive-by descriptions and dies the following night.

Eleventh Precinct Police Captain Tommy Gregson (Aidan Quinn) endures media efforts to elaborate a "'killer cops' angle" of police executing Bradshaw for endeavoring to eliminate Bell.

Captain Gregson flares up at Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller), "If you're thinking about pulling a rabbit out of the hat, get to it, would you?"

Chin and groin gland-generated scents and low-pitched growls, grunts and purrs versus foot-thumping and high-pitched squeals guide New England cottontails toward versus from breeding, feeding get-togethers. Breeding seasons maximally between January and September herald nest-building 72 hours before delivery of three to four three- to eight-member yearly litters nursed five minutes daily. New England cottontails, identified by Outram Bangs (Jan. 12, 1863-Sept. 22, 1932), inhabit 3.94- to 5.91-inch- (100- to 150-millimeter-) dimensioned fur- and grass-capped and lined nests.

New England cottontails journey through three- to 12-year lifespans as 27- to 30-day embryos, 2.91-inch (73.8-millimeter) newborns, sighted four-day-olds, weaned 16-day-olds and black-washed, black-eyespotted, gray-cheeked juveniles.

Pink- to red-buff New England cottontails know as mature dental formulas two-incisor, three-premolar and three-molar upper and one-incisor, two-premolar and three-molar lower left and right jaws.

Physically and sexually mature one-plus-year-old male New England cottontails log 26.67- to 34.04-ounce (756- to 965-gram) weights and 15.19- to 16.34-inch (386- to 415-millimeter) head-body lengths. They manifest 3.51- to 3.82-inch (89- to 97-millimeter) long legs for hopping, jumping, leaping, running and swimming and 0.87- to 2.24-inch- (22- to 57-millimeter-) long tails. Physically and sexually mature one-plus-year-old female New England cottontails net 28.29- to 36.61-ounce (802- to 1,038-gram) weights and 15.24- to 16.93-inch (387- to 430-millimeter) head-body lengths.

Physically and sexually mature one-plus-year-old female New England cottontails obtain 3.42- to 3.78-inch (87- to 96-millimeter) leg and 1.18- to 2.56-inch (30- to 65-millimeter) tail lengths.

New England cottontails prefer cold-weather bark, needles and twigs and warm-weather clovers, fruits, grasses, seeds and succulents within 0.25- to 25.95-acre (0.1- to 10.5-hectare) home ranges.

New England cottontails qualify as bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), raptor (Falconiformes) and weasel (Mustela) prey and as eastern cottontail and whitetail (Odocoileus virginianus) rivals. They require blueberry (Vaccinium), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and rhododendrons reigning over dense thickets, regenerating forests, scrubby fields, shrubby wetlands and tangled brush under 25 years old. The Leporidae (from Latin lepus, "hare" and Greek -ειδής, "resemblance") family member survives natively in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York and Rhode Island.

Absent versus present black-fringed front-ear edges and jagged versus smooth-lined frontonasal skull sutures tell whether eastern (Sylvilagus floridanus) or New England cottontails trek through Sherlock's hat.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) and Captain Thomas "Tommy" Gregson (Aidan Quinn) are concerned about carefully proving Detective Marcus Bell's innocence as a prime suspect in the murder of a recently paroled drug lord in CBS Elementary's Details (season 1 episode 16): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook Feb. 15, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis) shortly after release by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists into southern coastal Maine's Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), via U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Northeast Region @ https://usfwsnortheast.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/harvesting-homes-for-wildlife-at-rachel-carson-national-wildlife-refuge/

Bangs, Outram. 19 December 1895. "Lepus sylvaticus transitionalis subsp. nov." Page 405. In: "The Geographical Distribution of the Eastern Races of the Cotton-Tail (Lepus sylvaticus Bach.) With a Description of a New Subspecies, and With Notes on the Distribution of the Northern Hare (Lepus americanus Erxl.) in the East." Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. XXVI: 404-414.
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Available @ https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sylvilagus_transitionalis/

DerdriuMarriner. 14 January 2014. "Rabbit-Proof Perennials That Naturally Keep Peter Rabbit Out of the Garden." Wizzley > Plants and Gardening > Gardens.
Available @ https://wizzley.com/rabbit-proof-perennials/

"Details." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, Feb. 14, 2013. Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Elementary @CBSElementary. 15 February 2013. “Sherlock investigates what he believes will be an open-and-shut case after Detective Bell is attacked, watch the full episode now! http://bit.ly/QVc6ap.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/223854461073006

Fergus, Charles. 3 January 2014. "Harvesting Homes for Wildlife at Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge." U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Northeast Region Blog.
Available @ https://usfwsnortheast.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/harvesting-homes-for-wildlife-at-rachel-carson-national-wildlife-refuge/

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 February 2013. "Bennu Herons Perhaps Avert Elementary's A Giant Gun Filled with Drugs." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/bennu-herons-perhaps-avert-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2013. "Frankincense Tree Essential Oils Affirm Elementary's The Deductionist." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/frankincense-tree-essential-oils-affirm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2013. "Are Red-Whiskered Bulbuls Smuggled from Vietnam on Elementary's M?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-red-whiskered-bulbuls-smuggled-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2013. "Are Snowdrop Flowers Why Yogurt Appears on Elementary's Dirty Laundry?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 December 2012. "Barako Coffee Allays Ailments on Elementary's You Do It To Yourself." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 December 2012. "Liberian Coffee Perhaps Averts Addiction on Elementary's The Long Fuse." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 November 2012. "Are Juices From Trifoliate Oranges on Elementary's One Way to Get Off?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/are-juices-from-trifoliate-oranges-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 November 2012. "Saltmeadow Cordgrass Adheres to a Body on Elementary's Flight Risk." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/saltmeadow-cordgrass-adheres-to-body-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 3 November 2012. "Anisakis Worms That Adulterate Sushi Are Not Elementary's Lesser Evils." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/11/anisakis-worms-that-adulterate-sushi.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2012. "Elementary's The Rat Race Accesses Vanilla Latte from Vanilla Orchids." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/elementarys-rat-race-accesses-vanilla.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 October 2012. "Why Are Lemon Presses for Lemons on Elementary's Child Predator?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 October 2012. "Bach Chaconne Absorbs Anguish on Elementary's While You Were Sleeping." Earth and Space News. Monday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"New England Cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis." U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service > Northeast Region > August 2006.
Available @ https://www.fws.gov/northeast/pdf/necotton.fs.pdf