Earth and Space News: August 2011

Wednesday, August 31, 2011

Herschel Crater Hosts Eight Satellites in South Central Lunar Near Side

Summary: Herschel Crater hosts eight satellites in the south central lunar near side, south-southwest of Sinus Medii, the point where Earth appears overhead.

Detail shows Herschel Crater system in south central lunar near side; U.S. Air Force Lunar Chart Ptolemaeus LAC 77, 1st edition May 1963; published by U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center for U.S. Air Force and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Herschel Crater hosts eight satellites in the south central lunar near side, south-southwest of Sinus Medii (Bay of the Center), the small lunar mare that marks the intersection of the moon’s equator and prime meridian.

Herschel Crater is located in the lunar highlands that form Sinus Medii’s southern border. The highlands, known as terrae (singular: terra), roughen the landscape between Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility) and Mare Nectaris (Sea of Nectar) to the east and Mare Cognitum (Sea That Has Become Known) and Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds) to the west.

The small lunar impact crater has a center latitude of minus 5.69 degrees south and a center longitude of minus 2.09 degrees west, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Herschel Crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 5.04 degrees south and minus 6.33 degrees south, respectively. The well-defined crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch to minus 1.33 degrees west and minus 2.73 degrees west, respectively. Herschel Crater’s diameter spans 39.09 kilometers.

The bright, terraced crater parents eight satellite craters. The parent’s west side claims seven satellites. One is located on Herschel’s east side.

Herschel N lies to the northeast of its parent. It is centered at minus 5.22 degrees south latitude and minus 1.09 degrees west longitude. N’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach minus 4.98 degrees south and minus 5.46 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 0.85 degrees west and minus 1.33 degrees west, respectively. N has a diameter of 14.41 kilometers.

Herschel C is the northernmost of its parent’s eight satellites. Positioned to the west-northwest, C is centered at minus 5.01 degrees south latitude and minus 3.18 degrees west longitude. It marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 4.85 degrees south and minus 5.17 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes are registered at minus 3.02 degrees west and minus 3.35 degrees west, respectively. C has a diameter of 9.89 kilometers.

Herschel D lies to the west-northwest of its parent and to the southwest of satellite C. It is centered at minus 5.32 degrees south latitude and minus 3.99 degrees west longitude. C obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 5 degrees south and minus 5.64 degrees south, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 3.67 degrees west and minus 4.31 degrees west, respectively. With a diameter of 19.24 kilometers, D is the largest of its parent’s eight satellites.

Herschel X nestles against its parent’s northwestern wall. It is positioned southeast of C and east of D. Herschel X is centered at minus 5.36 degrees south latitude and minus 2.72 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are trimmed at minus 5.32 degrees south and minus 5.41 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes slim to minus 2.67 degrees west and minus 2.76 degrees west, respectively. With a petite diameter of 2.72 kilometers, X is the smallest of its parent’s eight satellites.

Herschel F lies to the west of its parent. As the westernmost of Herschel Crater’s eight satellites, F is centered at minus 5.79 degrees south latitude and minus 4.39 degrees west longitude. It claims meager northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 5.69 degrees south and minus 5.89 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are trimmed at minus 4.39 degrees west and minus 4.48 degrees west, respectively. F has a diameter of 5.84 kilometers.

Herschel J is positioned west-southwest of its parent and slightly southeast of Herschel F. It is centered at minus 6.42 degrees south latitude and minus 4.28 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at minus 6.34 degrees south and minus 6.5 degrees south. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 4.2 degrees west and minus 4.36 degrees west, respectively. J has a diameter of 4.85 kilometers.

Herschel H lies west-southwest of its parent and slightly northeast of Herschel J. It is centered at minus 6.31 degrees south latitude and minus 3.45 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes only reach to minus 6.23 degrees south and minus 6.38 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 3.37 degrees west and minus 3.53 degrees west, respectively. H has a diameter of 4.7 kilometers.

Herschel G is attached to its parent’s south-southwest rim. The satellite separates its parent from “. . . the rocky margin of Ptolemaeus . . .” (page 92), as described by Victorian British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) in his 1895 lunar survey, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features. Large Ptolemaeus Crater, with a diameter of 153.67 kilometers, flares near Hershel G’s south-southeastern rim.

Herschel G is centered at minus 6.5 degrees south latitude and minus 2.41 degrees west longitude. It registers northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 6.3 degrees south and minus 6.7 degrees south, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 2.2 degrees west and minus 2.61 degrees west. G’s diameter measures 12.25 kilometers.

The lunar Herschel Crater system honors German-British astronomer William Herschel (Nov. 15, 1738-Aug. 25, 1822). The IAU approved the parent crater’s name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, held Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17, in Paris, France. The system’s eight satellite designations were adopted in 2006, during the IAU’s XXVIth (26th) General Assembly, held Monday, Aug. 14, to Friday, Aug. 25, in Prague, Czech Republic.

The takeaways for Herschel Crater’s parentage of eight satellites in the south central lunar near side are that seven of the satellites cluster on their parent’s west side, one lone satellite lies to its parent’s east and the largest and smallest satellites, Herschel D and Herschel X, have respective diameters of 19.24 and 2.72 diameters.

Detail shows south central lunar near side Herschel Crater system; principal and seven of Herschel’s eight satellites are depicted; satellite Herschel X, on parent’s northwestern rim, is not identified; LAC (Lunar Aeronautical Chart) 77: NASA / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University), Public Domain, via U.S. Geological Survey / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Capelotti, P.J. (Peter Joseph). “12) Surveyor 2: Archaeology.” The Human Archaeology of Space: Lunar, Planetary and Interstellar Relics of Exploration: 55. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2010.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=98qFL5AYIjQC&pg=PA55

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Herschel.” The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 92-93. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/92

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Nov. 17, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2477

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9930

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9931

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9932

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9933

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9934

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel J.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9935

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel N.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9936

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel X.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9937

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Cognitum.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3670

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Nectaris.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3683

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Nubium.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3684

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

International Astronomical Union. “Ptolemaeus.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4860

International Astronomical Union. “Sinus Medii.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5567

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Crater Herschel Honors German-British Astronomer William Herschel." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/lunar-crater-herschel-honors-german.html

The Moon Wiki. “Herschel.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature > Lohrmann -- Herschel.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Herschel

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

NASA/GSFC/ASU. “LAC 77.” Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Feature > Herschel.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_77_wac.pdf

Nielsen, Victor. “The Lick Lunar Photographs.” The Observatory: A Monthly Review of Astronomy, vol. XVI, no. 206 (October 1893): 349-352.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA350

The Royal Society. “William Herschel.” The Royal Society > Science in the Making.
Available @ https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800987

Schmidt, Dr. J.F. Julius. Charte der Gebirge des Mondes Nach Eigenen Beobachtungen in den Jahren 1840-1874. Erläuterungsband. Berlin, Germany: Dietrich Reimer, 1878.

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris, France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. IAU Transactions: XXVI B Proceedings of the XXVIth General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Wilhelms, Don. The Geologic History of the Moon. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1348.
Available via Arizona State University Space Exploration Resources (SER) @ http://ser.sese.asu.edu/GHM/

Wlasuk, Peter T. “Herschel.” Observing the Moon: 96. Patrick Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2000.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=kxnnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

Lunar Crater Herschel Honors German-British Astronomer William Herschel

Summary: Lunar Crater Herschel honors German-British astronomer William Herschel, who discovered the planet Uranus on March 13, 1781.

Lunar Crater Herschel honors German-British astronomer William Herschel, whose astronomical accomplishments included his March 13, 1781, discovery of the planet Uranus.

Herschel Crater occupies the central region of the lunar near side’s southern and western hemispheres. The small, well-defined crater lies in the lunar highlands to the south-southwest of Sinus Medii (Bay of the Center), the small lunar mare named for its location at the intersection of the lunar equator and prime meridian. Sinus Medii has a center latitude of 1.63 degrees north and a center longitude of 1.03 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.

Herschel Crater is sited to the southeast of Mare Insularum and to the northeast of Mare Cognitum (Sea That Has Become Known) and Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds). Mare Cognitum registers a center latitude of minus 10.53 degrees south and a center longitude of minus 22.31 degrees west. Mare Nubium has a center latitude of minus 20.59 degrees south and a center longitude of minus 17.29 degrees west.

British Victorian selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) described Herschel Crater as having “. . . a lofty wall rising nearly 10,000 feet above a somewhat dusky floor, which includes a prominent central mountain” (page 92) in his descriptive lunar survey, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. The central rise offsets the crater midpoint to the west.

The central rise actually comprises a complex of peaks, according to Peter T. Wlasuk, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (FRAS) and member of the American Astronomical Society’s Division for Planetary Sciences (AAS DPS) and of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), in his lunar guide, Observing the Moon, published in 2000. Wlasuk placed the complex at up to four peaks, with at least one possessing a central craterlet. He identified German selenographer Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt (Oct. 25, 1925-Feb. 7, 1884) as the discoverer of this feature (page 96).

Elger considered the well-defined lunar impact crater’s border: “Its bright border is clearly terraced both within and without . . .” (page 92). He observed the crater’s eastern wall’s inner slope terraces as “. . . being beautifully distinct even under a high light, and on the outer slope are some curious irregular depressions.”

The moon’s Herschel Crater is centered at minus 5.69 degrees south latitude and minus 2.09 degrees west longitude. The near side southern hemisphere crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 5.04 degrees south and minus 6.33 degrees south, respectively. The near side western hemisphere crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to minus 1.33 degrees west and minus 2.73 degrees west, respectively. Herschel Crater’s diameter measures 39.09 kilometers.

Elger situated the “typical ring-plain . . . just outside the N. border of Ptolemaeus . . .” Perched at Herschel Crater’s south-southeastern border, Herschel satellite G intervenes between its parent and Ptolemaeus. Ptolemaeus registers its center latitude at minus 9.16 degrees south and its center longitude at minus 1.84 degrees east.

Herschel Crater’s namesake is German-British astronomer William Herschel (Nov. 15, 1738-Aug. 25, 1822). The IAU approved the crater’s name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, held Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17, in Paris, France.

William Herschel was born as Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel in the Electorate of Hanover’s capital of Hannover in the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Lower Saxony state, northwestern Germany). He was one of 10 children born to Hanoverian Guard bandmaster and oboist Isaac Herschel (Jan. 14, 1707-March 22, 1767) and his wife, Anna Ilse Moritzen Herschel (1710 or 1713-Nov. 19, 1789). Two brothers and two sisters did not survive childhood.

In 1757, Friedrich Wilhelm relocated to England, where his name was anglicized as Frederick William. In England, he continued his musical interests in composition and performance. He also pursued new interests in astronomy and telescope design and construction. On March 13, 1781, William Herschel’s fame was assured with his discovery of the planet Uranus as a new object in Gemini the Twins constellation. His astronomical accomplishments also include discovering 2,500 nebulae, over 800 double or multiple star systems, two Saturnian moons (Enceladus, Mimas), two Uranian moons (Oberon, Titania) and infrared radiation.

The takeaways for lunar Crater Herschel, which honors German-British astronomer William Herschel, are that the lunar impact crater occupies a central location, in the vicinity of the intersection of the lunar equator and prime meridian at Sinus Medii (Bay of the Center), on the lunar near side, and that its namesake’s astronomical accomplishments included designing and constructing telescopes and discovering the planet Uranus, double and multiple star systems, four planetary moons (Saturn’s Enceladus and Mimas; Uranus’ Oberon and Titania) and infrared radiation.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Low oblique, southeast-looking view, taken Nov. 19, 1969, with Hasselblad camera by Apollo 12 spacecraft, shows near side’s southwestern lunar highlands, with Herschel Crater (center) and large Ptolemaeus Crater to the north (right) and Flammarion Crater to the southwest (left); NASA ID AS12-50-7431; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Project Apollo Archive (Apollo Image Gallery), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/21676573116/;
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AS12-50-7431_(21676573116).jpg;
No known copyright restrictions, via NARA (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) & DVIDS (Defense Visual Information Distribution Service) Public Domain Archive @ https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as12-50-7431-apollo-12-apollo-12-mission-image-view-of-crater-herschel-9f50c4;
Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-as12-50-07431;
No copyright asserted, via NASA History Apollo Flight Journal -- Apollo 12 @ https://www.nasa.gov/history/afj/ap12fj/photos/50-q.html (gallery index URL); No copyright asserted, via NASA History Apollo Flight Journal -- Apollo 12 @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/images/print/AS12/50/7431.jpg (image URL);
NASA Johnson (NASA Johnson), CC BY NC 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasa2explore/9605539393;

Apollo 12 photo taken Nov. 19, 1969, by Command Module Yankee Clipper Pilot (CMP) Richard R. Gordon Jr. shows Ptolemaeus Crater (foreground) and Herschel Crater (center right), with Lunar Module (LM) Intrepid (background) in lunar landing configuration; NASA ID AS12-51-7507; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA): Project Apollo Archive (Apollo Image Gallery), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/21515062310;
No known copyright restrictions, via NARA (U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) & DVIDS (Defense Visual Information Distribution Service) Public Domain Archive @ https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as12-51-7507-apollo-12-apollo-12-mission-image-view-of-lm-craters-ptolemaeus-796d2c;
Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-as12-51-7507

For further information:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Stickney Crater Honors Phobos Discoverer Asaph Hall’s First Wife." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 3, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/07/stickney-crater-honors-phobos.html

The Moon Wiki. “Herschel.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature > Lohrmann -- Herschel.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Herschel

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

NASA/GSFC/ASU. “LAC 77.” Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Feature > Herschel.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_77_wac.pdf

The Royal Society. “William Herschel.” The Royal Society > Science in the Making.
Available @ https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800987

Schmidt, Dr. J.F. Julius. Charte der Gebirge des Mondes Nach Eigenen Beobachtungen in den Jahren 1840-1874. Erläuterungsband. Berlin, Germany: Dietrich Reimer, 1878.

Wednesday, August 17, 2011

Margaret Was Discovered Aug. 29, 2003, as Ninth Uranian Irregular Moon

Summary: Margaret was discovered Aug. 29, 2003, as the ninth Uranian irregular moon and as the only irregular with a prograde orbit.

Margaret was discovered Aug. 29, 2003, as the ninth Uranian irregular moon and as the only irregular satellite with a prograde orbit in the Uranian system.

Daniel W.E. Green, director of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT), announced the discovery of a new Uranian outer satellite candidate in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 8217, dated Oct. 9, 2003. He assigned the provisional designation of S/2003 U 3 to the candidate.

The announcement credited the Aug. 29, 2003, discovery to S.S. (Scott Sander) Sheppard and D.C. (David Clifford) Jewitt of the Institute of Astronomy (IfA) at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa (U.H. Mānoa) in Honolulu, O’ahu. The discovery images were obtained by the 8.2-meter (320-inch) Subaru Telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO) on the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawai’i.

On the same date that Sheppard and Jewitt discovered S/2003 U 3, they also detected another Uranian irregular satellite candidate. This irregular candidate was determined to be S/2001 U 2, which had been discovered Aug. 13, 2001, had been observed again Sept. 21 and then had eluded detection.

IAUC 8648, dated Dec. 29, 2005, reported the approval of a permanent designation and a permanent name for Uranian irregular satellite S/2003 U 3 by the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). The permanent designation of Uranus XXIII for S/2003 U 3 reflects the satellite’s status as the 23rd discovered Uranian satellite. S/2003 U 3 received the permanent name of Margaret in conformance with the convention of namesaking Uranian satellites after characters either in plays by Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616) or in “Rape of the Lock” by 18th-century English poet Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744).

Margaret’s discovery brought the tally of Uranian irregular satellites to nine. Until the Sept. 6, 1997, discoveries of Caliban (provisional designation S/1997 U 1; permanent designation Uranus XVI) and of Sycorax (provisional designation S/1997 U 2; Uranus XVII) as the first two Uranian irregular satellites, Uranus appeared to be the only one of the solar system’s giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) lacking in irregular satellites.

Irregular satellites are also known as distant satellites, irregular moons, irregular natural satellites or outer satellites. Irregular satellites occur at great distances from their primary bodies and exhibit eccentric orbits.

The second set of Uranian irregular satellites was discovered almost one year 10 and one-half months (one year 10 months 12 days) after the Sept. 6, 1997, discoveries of the Uranian system’s first two irregular satellites. Setebos (S/1999 U 1; Uranus XIX), Stephano (S/1999 U 2; Uranus XX) and Prospero (S/1999 U 3; Uranus XVIII) were discovered July 18, 1999, as the third, fourth and fifth discovered Uranian irregular satellites.

The third set of Uranian irregular satellites was discovered almost two years one month (two years 26 days) after the detection of the second. Trinculo (S/2001 U 1; Uranus XXI), Ferdinand (S/2001 U 2; Uranus XXIV) and Francisco (S/2001 U 3; Uranus XXII) were discovered Aug. 13, 2001, as the Uranian system’s sixth, seventh and eighth discovered irregular satellites.

Margaret distinguishes itself from its fellow Uranian irregular satellites in its prograde orbit. Also known as a direct orbit, a prograde orbit moves in the same direction as that of its primary body’s spin. Margaret joins the Uranian system’s 18 regular satellites in tracing prograde orbits. Caliban, Ferdinand, Francisco, Setebos, Stephano, Sycorax and Trinculo exhibit retrograde motion, or opposite directional movement.

The takeaways from Margaret’s Aug. 29, 2003, discovery as the ninth Uranian irregular satellite are that Margaret, provisionally designated as S/2003 U 3, was detected via the 8.2-meter (320-inch) Subaru Telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO) on the summit of Mauna Kea on the Big Island of Hawai’i and that Margaret’s permanent designation as Uranus XXIII reflects the irregular satellite’s status as the 23rd discovered satellite in the Uranian system.

Discovery of Margaret (provisional designation S/2001 U 3; permanent designation Uranus XXIII) were made via the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO), Big Island of Hawai’i; Saturday, July 7, 2007: Hirohisat, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Discovery images of S/2003 U 3 (permanent name Margaret; permanent designation Uranus XXIII) show the newly found Uranian irregular satellite’s motion relative to background stars and galaxies: NASA Planetary Photojournal, via NASA Science Solar System Exploration @ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/uranus-moons/margaret/in-depth/; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_discovery.gif

Brozovic, M. (Marina); and R. (Robert) A. Jacobson. “The Orbits of the Outer Uranian Satellites.” The Astronomical Journal, vol. 137, no. 4 (March 4, 2009): 3834-3842.
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-6256/137/4/3834/pdf

Burns, Joseph A. “1. Some Background About Satellites.” Pages 1-38. In Joseph A. Burns and Mildred Shapley Matthews, eds. Satellites. Space Science Series. Tucson AZ: University of Arizona Press, Nov. 1, 1986.

Burns, Joseph A.; and Mildred Shapley Matthews, eds. Satellites. Space Science Series. Tucson AZ: University of Arizona Press, Nov. 1, 1986.

Grav, Tommy; and Matthew J. Holman. “Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 613 (Sept. 20, 2004): L77-L80.
Available @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/424997/pdf

Green, Daniel W.E. “S/2003 U 3.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 8217. Oct. 9, 2003.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08200/08217.html

Green, Daniel W.E. “Satellites of Uranus.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 8648. Dec. 29, 2005.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08600/08648.html

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Uranian System.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets

Johnston, William Robert. “List of IAU Preliminary Designations of Natural Satellites.” Johnston’s Archive > Astronomy and Space.
Available @ http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/moonlist.html

Kavelaars, J.J. (John J.); M. (Matthew) J. Holman; T. (Tommy) Grav; D. (Dan) Milisavljevic; W. (Wesley C.) Fraser; B.J. (Brett James) Gladman; J.-M. (Jean-Marc) Petit; P. (Philippe) Rousselot; O. (Olivier) Mousis; and P. (Philip) D. Nicholson. “The Discovery of Faint Irregular Satellites.” Icarus, vol. 169, issue 2 (June 2004): 474-481.
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103504000405?via%3Dihub

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Caliban and Sycorax Orbit With Respectively Low and High Eccentricity.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 20, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/caliban-and-sycorax-orbit-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Nine Irregular Uranian Moons Were Discovered Between 1997 and 2003.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 6, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/nine-irregular-uranian-moons-were.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Prospero, Setebos and Stephano Were Recovered May, June and August 2000.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 3, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/prospero-setebos-and-stephano-were.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Uranian Irregular Moons Caliban and Sycorax Were Discovered Sept. 6, 1997.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 13, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/uranian-irregular-moons-caliban-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Uranian Moons Prospero, Setebos and Stephano Were Discovered July 1999.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 27, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/07/uranian-moons-prospero-setebos-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “William Herschel Discovered First Two Uranian Moons on Jan. 11, 1787.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 12, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/01/william-herschel-discovered-first-two.html

Minor Planet Center. “Guide to Minor Body Astrometry.” Minor Planet Center > IAU > Information.
Available @ https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/info/Astrometry.html

Minor Planet Center. “S/2003 U 3.” Minor Planet Circular 50140. Nov. 9, 2003.
Available @ https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2003/MPC_20031109.pdf

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Munsell, Kirk, acting ed. “Find the Moon: New Satellites of Uranus Discovered in 2003.” NASA Solar System. Oct. 1, 2003.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20070802014025/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=1

Nemiroff, Robert; and Jerry Bonnell. “Irregular Moons Discovered Around Uranus.” NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD). Nov. 3, 1997.
Available @ https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971103.html

Rabinowitz, Harold; and Suzanne Vogel, eds. The Manual of Scientific Style: A Guide for Authors, Editors, and Researchers. First edition. Burlington MA; San Diego CA; London, UK: Academic Press, 2009.

Schmude, Richard, Jr. “Captured Objects.” Pages 58-59. “Chapter 1 The Uranus System.” Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and How to Observe Them: 1-59. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. New York NY: Springer Science + Business Media LLC, 2008.
Available via ePDF @ https://epdf.pub/uranus-neptune-and-pluto-and-how-to-observe-them-astronomers-observing-guides.html
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=47azIwooFqEC&pg=PA27

Shekhtman, Lonnie; and Jay Thompson. “Margaret: By the Numbers.” NASA Science Solar System Exploration > Moons > Uranus Moons.
Available @ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/uranus-moons/margaret/in-depth/

Sheppard, Scott S. “New Satellites of Uranus Discovered in 2003.” Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii.
Available via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20090116051648/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/uranus2003.html

Sheppard, Scott S.; David Jewitt; and Jan Kleyna. “An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness.” The Astronomical Journal, vol. 129, no. 1 (January 2005): 518-525.
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/426329/pdf

Williams, David R. (Richard), Dr. “Uranus Fact Sheet.” NASA GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) NSSDC (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive) > Solar System Exploration > Planetary Science > Uranus.
Available @ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html

Williams David R. (Richard), Dr. “Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet.” NASA GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) NSSDC (NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive) > Solar System Exploration > Planetary Science > Uranus.
Available @ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uraniansatfact.html

Saturday, August 13, 2011

Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species

Summary: William M. Fountain at the University of Kentucky and James R. Lempke of the State Botanic Garden of Kentucky accept natives and non-natives as successfully urbanized plant species.

closeup of flowers and foliage of trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), Desert Demonstration Garden, Las Vegas, Nevada; Lonicera sempervirens, which is native to the central and eastern United States, receives competition for important pollinators, such as the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), from non-native honeysuckle invasives such as bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica): Stan Shebs, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Cities ask a lot of all successfully urbanized plant species, according to Challenges for the Built Environment: When Native Species Meet Their Alien Relatives in the August 2011 issue of Arborist News.

William M. Fountain at the University of Kentucky and James R. Lempke of the State Botanic Garden of Kentucky break citified vegetation into two main groups. Groups of indigenous organisms, or natives, contain "any species (plant, animal, or microorganism) that was part of a natural community prior to the intervention of humans." They also describe all species that arrive unassisted by human activity, that migrate on their own or by natural efforts and that receive recent arrival status.

Native species such as black locust, native cane and poison ivy and recent arrivals such as armadillos and opossums also end up in the problematic group.

Any organism that is not originally from an area where it may or may not be currently living and reproducing fits into the group of non-natives.

Deliberate or unintentional movement into new locations by humans gives non-natives alien status and hybridized "mixtures of characteristics" from both parents when interbred with close-related natives. Aliens and non-natives hold exotic status when deemed "new, different, and appealing to humans" and escape status when they "reproduce from cultivated sources" as cultivated exotics. An invasive is the alien, exotic or non-native equivalent of the problematic native that affects the "web of life" and that encroaches on "currently occupied" habitats.

Aliens, escapes, exotics and invasives join ranks of naturalized non-natives and of successfully urbanized plant species by growing and reproducing in new locations without human assistance.

Atmospheric and soil moisture and temperature levels and food chains keep many non-natives from naturalizing, out-competing natives and sustaining populations "problematic to humans or native species."

Climbing, coiling rapid growth lets kudzu smother and suppress native plants, from ground-level to tree canopy, on "hundreds of thousands of acres" in the United States. Leafing out from early spring through late autumn and releasing allelopathic chemicals make it possible for bush honeysuckle and tree of heaven to outgrow native competitors. Local pathogens and pests need time to "adapt to being able to consume" recent non-native arrivals and to redefine with native species tolerable predation and victimization.

Built environments offer non-native species naturalization as successfully urbanized plant species since altered soils, changed hydrology, drying winds and reflected light compromise many native life cycles.

The absence of "the diseases and insects that have traditionally kept populations under control" prompts non-native species capable of reproducing rapidly to grow "with wild abandon." Restrained controls and unrestrained growth qualify as reinforcements of generalizations that "all non-natives are always bad" and contradictions of stereotypes that "All natives are always good."

Arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards recognize as survivors of "altered urban and suburban environments" natives and non-natives from flood plains and inhospitable climates. Human stresses shorten life cycles for even successfully urbanized plant species except when best management practices, plant and site compatibility and plant health care are prioritized.

What does not kill immunity from, resistance to or tolerance of pathogens, pests and poisons toughens companion-planted, species-diverse native and non-native plants in stress-prone built environments.

closeup of Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tartarica), an Old World native shrub that joins other Old World successfully urbanized honeysuckle invasives, such as bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), in competing with New World native honeysuckles for important New World pollinators, such as ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilocus colubris): Algirdas, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Fountain, William M.; and Lempke, James R. August 2011. "Challenges for the Built Environment: When Native Species Meet Their Alien Relatives." Arborist News 20(4): 12-17.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

International Society of Arboriculture. 2005. Glossary of Arboricultural Terms. Champaign IL: International Society of Arboriculture.

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Waliczek, Tina Marie; Jayne M. Zajicek, eds. 2015. Urban Horticulture. Boca Raton FL: Taylor & Francis.

Wednesday, August 10, 2011

Trinculo, Ferdinand and Francisco Were Discovered Aug. 13, 2001

Summary: Trinculo, Ferdinand and Francisco were discovered Aug. 13, 2001, as the sixth, seventh and eighth irregular satellites of Uranus.

Discoveries of S/2001 U 1, S/2001 U 2 and S/2001 U 3 were made via the 4-meter Victor M. Blanco Telescope (right) at northern Chile’s Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory; Saturday, July 24, 2004, 11:56: David walker at English Wikipedia, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Trinculo, Ferdinand and Francisco were discovered Aug. 13, 2001, as the sixth, seventh and eighth irregular satellites in the Uranian system.

The discoveries of S/2001 U 1, S/2001 U 2 and S/2001 U 3 were made Aug. 13, 2001, with the 4-meter Victor M. Blanco Telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in northern Chile. The complex of astronomical telescopes and instruments is part of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO), the national center for ground-based nighttime astronomy in the United States.

Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden, director of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT), announced the discovery of S/2001 U 1 in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 7980, dated Sept. 30, 2002. He credited the irregular satellite’s detection to M. (Matthew) Holman of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) in Cambridge, Massachusetts; J.J. (John J. “JJ”) Kavelaars of Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in Saanich, British Columbia, Canada; and D. (Dan) Milisavljevic of McMaster University of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Daniel W.E. Green, Marsden’s successor as CBAT director, announced the discovery of S/2001 U 2 in IAUC 8213, dated Oct. 1, 2003. The announcement identified the satellite candidate’s discoverers as teams headed by Matthew Holman of Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) and Brett Gladman of Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA) in Nice, France. The discovery teams made an additional observation of S/2001 U 2 on Sept. 21, 2001, via Palomar Observatory’s 5.1-meter 200-inch) Hale Telescope in San Diego County, southwestern California.

IAUC 8213 reported that the satellite eluded detection, however, until Brian Marsden’s Sept. 24, 2003, identification of S/2001 U 2 with a satellite candidate observed in 2003 by S.S. (Scott Sander) Sheppard. Sheppard’s observation occurred via images obtained Aug. 29 and Aug. 30, 2003, by Sheppard and D.C. (David Clifford) Jewitt via the Subaru 8.2-meter (320-inch) reflector telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO) on the Big Island of Hawai’i.

Green announced the discovery of S/2001 U 3 in IAUC 8216, dated Oct. 7, 2003. Detection of the satellite candidate was credited to Holman, Gladman and their collaborators.

IAUC 8177, dated Aug. 8, 2003, reported the approval of a permanent designation and a permanent name for irregular satellite S/2001 U 1 by the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). The satellite’s permanent designation of Uranus XXI reflects its status as the 21st discovered Uranian satellite. The irregular’s permanent name of Trinculo conforms with the convention of naming Uranian satellites after characters in plays by Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616) or in “Rape of the Lock” by 18th-century English poet Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744). Trinculo, the jester of the King of Naples in “The Tempest,” inspired the satellite’s permanent name.

IAUC 8648, dated Dec. 29, 2005, reported the approval of a permanent designation and a permanent name for irregular satellite S/2001 U 3 by the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature. The permanent designation of Uranus XXII for S/2001 U 3 reflects the satellite’s position as the 22nd discovered Uranian satellite. S/2001 U 3 has the permanent name of Francisco after a lord in the suite of Alonso, King of Naples, in “The Tempest.”

IAUC 8648 also reported that the IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature had approved a permanent designation and permanent name for irregular satellite S/2001 U 2. The permanent designation of Uranus XXIV for S/2001 U 2 reflects the satellite’s position as the 24th discovered Uranian satellite. S/2001 U 2 has the permanent name of Ferdinand after the son of Alonso, King of Naples, in “The Tempest.”

The takeaways from the Aug. 13, 2001, discoveries of Trinculo, Ferdinand and Francisco as the sixth, seventh and eighth Uranian irregular satellites are that the discoveries were made via the 4-meter Victor M. Blanco Telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in northern Chile and that Trinculo (S/2001 U 1), Francisco (S/2001 U 3) and Ferdinand (S/2001 U 2) have respective permanent designations of Uranus XXI, Uranus XXII and Uranus XXIV that reflect their positions as the 21st, 22nd and 24th discovered Uranian satellites.

After its Aug. 13, 2001, discovery, Ferdinand (S/2001 U 2) was independently rediscovered via the Subaru Telescope at Mauna Kea Observatories (MKO), Big Island of Hawai’I; Friday, June 15, 2007, 12:25: Denys, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Burns, Joseph A.; and Mildred Shapley Matthews, eds. Satellites. Space Science Series. Tucson AZ: University of Arizona Press, Nov. 1, 1986.

Green, Daniel W.E. “S/2001 U 1.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 7980. Sept. 30, 2002.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/07900/07980.html

Green, Daniel W.E. “S/2001 U 2 and S/2002 N 4.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 8213. Oct. 1, 2003.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08200/08213.html

Green, Daniel W.E. “S/2001 U 3.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 8216. Oct. 7, 2003.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08200/08216.html

Green, Daniel W.E. “Satellites of Uranus.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 8648. Dec. 29, 2005.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/08600/08648.html

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. ““Uranian System.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets

Johnston, William Robert. “List of IAU Preliminary Designations of Natural Satellites.” Johnston’s Archive > Astronomy and Space.
Available @ http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/moonlist.html

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marsden, Brian G. “S/2001 U 1.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular (MPEC) 2002-564. Issued Sept. 30, 2002.
Available @ https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/mpec/K02/K02S64.html

Marsden, Brian G. “S/2001 U 2.” Minor Planet Electronic Circuit (MPEC) 2003-S105. Issued Sept. 30, 2003.
Available @ https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K03/K03SA5.html

Marsden, Brian G. “S/2001 U 3.” Minor Planet Electronic Circular (MPEC) 2003-T29. Issued Oct. 6, 2003.
Available @ https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/mpec/K03/K03T29.html

Minor Planet Center. “Guide to Minor Body Astrometry.” Minor Planet Center > IAU > Information.
Available @ https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/info/Astrometry.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Nemiroff, Robert; and Jerry Bonnell. “Irregular Moons Discovered Around Uranus.” NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD). Nov. 3, 1997.
Available @ https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap971103.html