Sanchi Topes

(300) dakshina, and the "left/' vcima. The west was called apara, "behind." Now Sariputra and Maha Mogalana were the principal followers of Buddha, and were usually styled his right and left hand disciples. Their ashes thus preserved after death the same positions to the right and left of Buddha which they had themselves occupied in life. 14.Sariputra was the son of the Brahman Tishya, and of the beautiful-eyed Sari or Sarika, who received her name from the resemblance of her eyes to those of a Saras or Cyrus bird. Sariputra, or son of Sari, is his most common name ; but he is also known by the patronymic of Upatishya. The Tibetans call him Sha-ri-hi-bu, or Sari's son. Tishya was the most learned of all the Brahmans at the court of Raja- griha. Sarika herself was a proficient in the four Vedas, and had overcome her brother in disputation. But her son excelled them both; and was much celebrated for his wisdom. His talents, which were attributed to his moral and religious merit in former births,* were so great, that Sakya himself proclaimed! that the " profoundly wise Sariputra was competent to spread abroad the wisdom of Buddha;" and his fellow-disciple Kachhayano declared that a excepting the Saviour of the world, there are no others in exist- tence whose wisdom is equal to one sixteenth part of the profundity of Sariputra."
(301) 15. According1 to the Japanese chronology, this wisest of the disciples of Buddha embraced a monastic life, four years after Sakya's attainment of Buddha- hood, that is in 584 B. c. He, and his fellow-student Maudgalyayana, had attended all the philosophical schools of the day without obtaining conviction, until they heard the preaching of Buddha, when they gave up all and followed him.
16.In a Mongolian wort translated from the Sanskrit, and entitled Uligerun dala'i (the Sea of Parables), we read,* " When Sabiputba learnt that Buddha was bent on entering nirvana, he experienced profound sorrow, and said to himself, f It is soon indeed, and contrary to all expectation, that the Tathagata hath resolved upon entering nirvana j who after him will be the protector and shield of souls and of beings enveloped in darkness V He then said to Buddha, 'It is impossible for me to witness the nirvana of Buddha.' Thrice he repeated these words, when Buddha replied, ' If thou believe thy time come, then do thy will, like all the Khutukhtu (in Sanskrit, Nirmmanhaya, incarnations), who enter the Nirvana of tranquillity/ Sariputra, having heard these words of Buddha, arranged his dress ; and, having a hundred times walked round Buddha, he repeated a great number of verses in praise of him. He then embraced the feet of the latter, placed them thrice upon his head, and joining the palms of his hands, said, ' I have been found worthy to ap-
(302) proach the gloriously accomplished Buddha/ He then worshipped Buddha, and proceeded with his servant^ the monk Yontij to Rajagriha, his native town. When arrived there, he said to Yonti, fGo into the town, into the suburbs, and to the palace of the king1, and to the houses of the high functionaries, and of such as give alms, and thus say to them: "The Kutukhtu Sariputra hath resolved upon en- tering nirvana— ^come and prostrate yourselves before him.'" The monk Yonti executed the orders of his master, went to the places indicated, and thus de- livered his message: ' The Kutukhtu SaripIjtRA hath arrived here ) if you Would visit him^ come with- out delay.' When the king Ajatasatra^ the dis- penser of alms, the great dignitaries, the officers of the army, and the heads of families, heard this an- nouncement, they were all filled With sorrow^ and with heavy hearts said, { Ah ! what will become of us when the second head of the law, the leadef of so many beings, the Kutukhtu SaRiputha shall have entered nirvana! Hurriedly they proceeded towards him, bowing down and saying, ' Kutukhtu! if thou becomest nirvana who shall be our protector,- and that of so many other beings?' Sariputra then addressed them the following words : ' Since all is perishable, the end of all is death. As ye, too, belong to this world of torment, ye, too, will ndt remain long; death Will come and terminate your career. But as you all, in consequence of meritorious works in a former existence, have had the happiness (303) of being; ton in tile World with Buddha, and that too in the human form, do you add other accumulative merits, and accomplish such works as Shall save you from Sansara.' When Sariputra had finished preaching thus to the bystanders the inexhaustible law, and had comforted their spirits with salutary medicaments, they bowed doWn before the Rutukhtu, and each returned to his home. After midnight, SaripuTUA sat in a perfectly erect position ; gathered all the faculties of his soul \ directed these upon one pointj and entered the first Dhytina. Thence he entered the second ; thence the third ; and from the third the four th* From the fourth he passed into the Saniddhi of the births of boundless celestial space ; then into the Samtidhi of the births of complete nihility. From this Samddhi he entered that of 1 neither thinking, nor not thinking f then into that of limitation ; and lastly into Nirvana.
17."When Khourmousda, the king of the Gods, learnt of the Nirvdna of SariPTjtra, he came with several hundreds of thousands in his suite, bearing flowers^ perfumes, and other objects meet for sacrifice. They diffused themselves through the whole space of heaven ) their tears fell like rain ; they scattered their flowers so as to cover the earth, saying, ' Oh ! he whose wisdom was as the depth of the sea, who had passed through all the gates of knowledge, whose musical speech flowed sweetly as a running stream, who was perfect in the fulfilment of every duty, in self contemplation, in all wisdom— the sublime chief of
(304) the doctrine, the excellent Khutulthtu Sariputra — hath too hastily entered nirvana. Who shall suc- ceed the gloriously accomplished Buddha and Tatha- gata to spread ahroad the law?' All the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood, as soon as they were apprised of the nirvana of Sariputra, came, bearing- much oil, perfumes, flowers, and other things appro- priate for sacrifice. They wept loudly with accents of woe and sorrow, placing upon the ground the objects fit for the sacrifices. Khourmousda, the prince of the Gods, then commanded Vishwamitra to prepare a car of various precious materials for the body of Sariputra. When the car was finished, the corpse of Sariputra was placed thereon in a sitting position, and taken forth to a beautiful plain, all the while the JNagas, the Yakshas, the king, the commanders of the army, the officers, and the whole people, uttering cries of sorrow. There they raised a pile of chandana (sandal) wood. After moistening it with oil and butter, they placed upon it the body of Sariputra, and applied fire. Then all bowed down, and each went to his home. When the fire was completely extinguished, the priest Yonti collected from the ashes the sdrira of his master, and conveyed them, as well as his pot and ecclesiastical dress, to Buddha. He placed these things at the feet of Buddha, announcing, at the same time, the death of his master. When Ananda learnt this from the lips of Yonti, he was much grieved, and said to Buddha, 1 Oh, Buddha ! the first of our band has entered
(305) nirvana; to whom now shall we unbosom ourselves, and whom shall we regard as our protecting- sun?' Buddha replied, e Ananda ! although Sariputra hath entered nirvana, neither the charge of your duties, nor samddhi, nor understandings nor plenary redemption, nor the prajna of plenary redemption, nor the nature of occult properties, hath become so ; moreover, many generations ago Sariputra once be- came nirvana, because he could not endure to see me enter upon nirvana.' "
18.As the funeral pile was formed of chandana, or sandal, it seems highly probable that the two pieces of this fragrant wood, which we found along with Sariputra's relics, must have been taken from the pile. We know that a Tope was built over the charcoal with which Buddha's body was burned, and that the Moriyans of Pipphaliwano celebrated a fes- tival* in honour of their much-prized acquisition. From this account there would seem to be nothing improbable in supposing that fragments of sandal- wood from the funeral pyre of Sariputra should have been held in almost equal estimation.
19.Mogalana, or Maha Mogalana as he was usually called to distinguish him from others of the same name, was the son of the Brahman Mudgala. His proper name was Kalika or Kolita, but he was generally called by his patronymic Maudgal- yayana, or Mogalana. Csoma de Korosf calls
(306) him Mongalyana, that is one of Mongol extraction ; but his true Sanskrit name is Maudgalyayana.
20.The relics of these two famous disciples of Buddha would appear to have been almost as widely- scattered as those of Buddha himself : for we found another portion of their relics enshrined together in No. 2 Tope at Satdhara. We learn also from Fa Hian that at Mathura* there were Topes both of She-li-foe (or Sariputra) and of Mou-lian (or Mo- galana), while we know that the former died at Raja- griha, where a Tope was erected over his ashes which was still standing in 400 A. D. 21.It is not possible to fix the date of this Tope, more nearly than between 550 and 250 B. c. Sari- putra died a few years beforef Sakya's attainment of nirvana, in 543 b. o. It is therefore just possible that the Tope may have been built as early as 550 B. c. ; and if there was any proof that Buddhism had extended so far at this early period, I should have no hesitation in ascribing the Tope to the middle of the sixth century before our era. In the Tibetan Duha£ it is recorded that Katyayana, and five hundred other monks, were despatched by Sakya to convert the King of Ujain to Buddhism. This would seem to show that the religion of Sakya had been estab- lished as far as Ujain, even during his lifetime ; and that the omission of Ujain amongst the names of the
(307) celebrated cities which had witnessed various acts in the life of Buddha, is to be accounted for by the fact that the people of Ujain were converted by Katya- yana the disciple of Buddha, and were never visited by the Great Teacher himself. At the time of the Second Synod, in b. c. 443, the fraternity of Avanti (or Ujain) furnished no less than eighty orthodox Bhikshus to assist the holy Yaso in suppressing- the schisms of the community of Vaisali. As conversion must have preceded the establishment of fraternities and monasteries, the propagation of Buddhism throughout Ujain may be dated with certainty in 500 B. c, and with probability even as high as 550 B. c, during the lifetime of Sakya.
22.On the other hand, it seems to me more likely that the relics of Sariputra were all deposited in the Tope at Rajagriha ; and that they remained there undisturbed until the time of Asoka ; who, when he distributed the relics of Buddha over India, would most probably have done the same with the relics of Sariputra and of Maha Mogalana. I have already stated that the still existing gateway of this Tope is of the same date as those of the Great Tope, that is, the early part of the first century of our era. The railing I attribute to the age of Asoka, at which period I suppose it probable that this Tope was built, although it is quite possible that it may date as early as the middle of the sixth century before our era. The great Topes at Sanchi and at Satdhara were built principally of brick : and these I presume to beV (308) the oldest of the Bhilsa Topes, most of the others, which are of stone, were certainly of the age of Asoka.
(309) CHAPTER XXII. SONARI TOPES.
1.The little village of Sonari is situated on a low- spur of a sandstone hill, between the Betwa and Besali Rivers, six miles to the south-west of Sanchi, and about twenty-one miles to the north-east of Bhupal. The name is only the spoken form of Suvarnari, or the " golden wheel/' which is a symbol of Buddha as the Maha Chakravartti Baja. The traditions of the Buddhists say that when the age of man attains four thousand years, there appears a Xing of the Golden Wheel * " who is born in a royal family, and obtains supreme dignity on succeeding his father and being* baptized in the water of the four oceans. For fifteen days he bathes in perfumed water, and fasts- then ascends an elevated tower, surrounded by his minis- ters and courtiers. Suddenly there appears a golden wheel in the east, shedding a brilliant light, and advancing to the place where the King is standing. If the King would proceed towards the East, the
(310) 310 THE BHILSA TOPES.
wheel turns in that direction, and the King, accom- panied by his troops, follows. Before the wheel are four genii, who serve as guides. Wherever it stops, there does the King in like manner. The same thing takes place in the direction of the south, the west, and the north — wherever the wheel leads, the King follows; and where it halts, he does the same. In the four continents he directs the people to follow the ten right ways, that is to say, not to kill, not to steal, not to commit adultery, not to lie, not to be double tongued, not to calumniate, not to speak with elaborate refinement, not to abandon one's-self to lusts, not to entertain anger and hatred, and not to have immodest looks. He is called the King of the Golden Wheel, or the Holy King turning the wheel ; and he possesses the seven precious things, of which the first is ' the treasure of the Golden Wheel.' " This wheel has a thousand rays. The monarch who possesses it is called u the Holy King who causes the wheel to turn," because from the moment of his possessing it, the wheel turns and traverses the universe, according to the thoughts of the King. Other wheels of silver, copper, and iron, are also mentioned j but they are all nearly the same symbols of Buddha.
2.From this explanation of the name, it seems probable that Sonari once possessed a golden wheel, which must have been elevated on a pillar, as shownin so many of the Sanchi bas-reliefs. A pillar of this kind is described by Fa Hian, as still standing at (311) Shewei or Sravasti in Gudh, when he visited the place in 400 A. D.
"There are” says he, " two pavilions and two stone pillars on the pillar to the left, is executed the figure of a wheel - on that to the right is placed the figure of an ox." There is; however, no trace of a pillar now at Sonari; but the polished cylindrical shafts of these columns could be so readily converted into sugar-mills, that their entire disappearance offers no proof of their non-existence.
3.The Sonari Topes are situated on the top of the hill, about one mile to the south of the village.* To the north, east, and south of the Topes, the hill extends for some distance almost level, but to the westward it is broken into narrow ravines, which give rise to clear springs that once furnished the fraternity of Sonari with drinking water. The hill is covered with trees and low thorny jungul and the place is now as wild and desolate as it was once cheerful and flourishing when the hymn of praise was chanted by several thousand voices.
4.The Great Tope at Sonari is situated in the midst of a square court, 240 feet each side. In the southwest corner there is a solid square mass of masonry, from 12 to 15 feet in height, and 36 feet on each side. In the northeast corner there is a flight of steps, 4^ feet wide, leading to the top. The object of this building and of similar structures at Satdhara puzzled me very much, until I had seen the ruins at (312) Bhojpur, amongst which there is a very large building of the same description, but in a more perfect state. As this was undoubtedly a temple, I presume that the Sonari structure was only the basement or terrace of a Buddhist temple.
5.The Tope itself* is a solid hemisphere, 48 feet in diameter, of dry stones, without either cement or mud. This is raised above the terrace on a cylin- drical plinth 4 feet in height. The terrace itself is 5|- feet broad by 6^- feet in height. The Tope is nearly perfect, not more than 6 feet of its entire height having been lost. It was once surmounted by a square Buddhist railing, of which only a few frag- ments now remain. The pillars were rather less than 3 feet in height, with a section of 6^ inches face, by 6 inches side. There were three rails, each 8 inches deep by 3^ inches thick. The railing was all formed of white sand-stone, from the Udayagiri hill, while the Tope itself was built of the claret-coloured sand- stone of the Sonari hill. (See figs. 2 and 3, Plate XXIII.)
6.The base of the Tope was surrounded by a Buddhist railing, 4 feet 8 inches in height, of which nothing now remains but a few broken pillars, and two or three small fragments of coping. The pillars were 3 feet 8J inches in height, with a section of 9|- inches face by 8 inches side. There were three railings, each 15 inches long, 11 inches broad, and 3£ inches thick. The coping was different from that (313) of the Sanchi railings. It was 11^ inches in height, and the upper half had a projection of 2 inches on the outer face. The pillars were ornamented on the outer faces with medallions: of full and half lotus flowers, as shown in the fragment, Plate IX. This railing was erected in the same manner as those at Sanchi, by the gifts of many different individuals. Two of these simple records still remain (see Plate XXIII, figs. 8 and 9)
Fig. 8. - Ayapa&analiasa Atevas(ino) Dhama Gutasa Navakamanasa ddnam. "Gift of Dharma Gupta, the new man (». e., the regenerated) the pupil of Akyya Prasannaka." Fig. 9. - (A)yapamnakasa Atevasino Sagha Rakhitasa adnam. "Gift of Sangha Eakshita, the pupil of Aryya Prasannaka."
7.In No. 13 of the inscriptions from the great Tope at Sanchi, we have a record of a gift made by Abyya Prasannaka himself, who is there called a Bhikshu, or mendicant monk. As the name does not appear again amongst nearly three hundred inscriptions, it seems highly probable that the Bhikshu of the one record and the teacher of the others are the same person. This would fix the date of the Tope in the latter end of Asoka's reign, coeval with that of the neighbouring Tope, No. 2, which will presently be described.
8.A shaft was sunk down the centre of this Tope, and at a depth of little more than 5 feet a large slab was reached, which on being raised disclosed the relic-chamber strewn with fragments of stone boxes. The (314) fragments were carefully collected and afterwards put together, but no trace of bone or of other relic was discovered. The largest of the relic-boxes is a cylinder 4 inches in height and upwards of 8 inches i breadth, covered by a domed lid of the same fine sandstone having a rise of more than 2 inches. Inside this was a smaller stone box of the same description; but only 5 \ inches in diameter and 3| inches in total height. Inside this, again, there was a third stone box or casket only If inch in diameter, and of a different shape, being nearly spherical with a pinnacled top. Lastly, inside this there was a small crystal casket only seven-eighths of an inch in diameter. This little casket must once have enshrined some minute portion of bone, or perhaps a single tooth of the holy Buddha; but, after the most careful search of the chamber, no trace of any relic was discovered. As the relic-chamber was near the summit of the Tope, the probability is that the villagers had opened it long before, and that when the relic-boxes were broken the minute fragment of bone was dropped into the chamber, and after the lapse of years had become mingled with its kindred dust.
(315) CHAPTER XXIII. NO. 2 TOPE. - SONARI.
1.The second of the Sonari Topes* is situated north by west from the Great Tope at a distance of three hundred and fifteen feet. The bearing 103 deg. W., is so very nearly the same as that between Nos. I. and II. Topes at Sanchi, that I cannot help suspecting that there must have been some peculiar significance in this particular angle. The Sanchi angle is 109 deg\, and the mean between the two is 106 deg. At Sanchi the line is prolonged to the eastward to a lofty temple. At Sonari also it is extended in the same direction to No. 3 Tope which bears 102 E. from the Great Tope.
2.No.2 Tope is situated in an enclosure 165 feet square. It is a solid hemisphere of dry stone, 27^ feet in diameter, raised on a cylindrical plinth 4J feet in height. The terrace is 5 feet 8 inches broad, and 12 feet in height. This is gained by a double flight of steps each 20 feet long, which meet at a landing 6J feet long by 6 feet broad. No trace of railings or (316) THE BHILSA TOPES. pinnacles could be discovered; but the Tope is otherwise tolerably perfect, not more than 5\ feet having been lost.
3.A shaft was sunk down the centre of the Tope, which at 7 feet reached the slab forming' the lid of the relic-chamber. The chamber itself was 1^ foot in depth, and its bottom, where the relics were deposited, was on the same level as the base of the hemisphere.
4.In the chamber was found a large steatite vase profusely but coarsely ornamented with elephants and horses, and indescribable winged animals of rude execution. The vase was covered by a plain lid, secured by lac. Inside this vase were found five relic-caskets, each containing portions of human bone, with an inscription recording the name of the person whose relics were enshrined therein.
5.No.1 Relic-casket is a round flat box of crystal, 2 inches in diameter, and sixtenths of an inch in height. As the crystal was too hard a substance to be inscribed, the name and title of the holy man were carved on a small piece of stone three quarters of an inch long and only half an inch broad. The inscription, which is engraved on both sides, is one of the most interesting of these discoveries: Sapurisasa Goti- i c -sa Dadabhisdputasa Sava Hemavata $ \ -ra d&y&dasa. "(Relics) of the emancipated Gotiputra, the brother of religion amongst the Dardabhisdras of the Heniawanta." As a full explanation of this legend has been given in my account of the different religious missions (317) despatched by Asoka to different countries bordering upon India, nothing more need be added in this place.
6.No.2 Relic-casket is of a dark mottled steatite, nearly hemispherical in shape, with a flat bottom and pinnacled top, similar to the smallest of the stone caskets found in No. 1 Tope. The inscription is engraved on the outside of the lid. Sapurisasa Majhimasa Kodiniputasa. "(Relics) of the emancipated Majhima, the son of Kodini'.' Majhima is the Sanskrit Madhyama and Kodini isperhaps the vernacular form of Kohudinya, which is the name of one of the eighty principal disciples of Buddha. In No. 2 Tope at Sanchi the relics of a second, or of the same Majhima were found, but in the inscription the patronymic is omitted. As therelics of Kasyapagotra were found in both Topes, it seems probable that the two Majhimas were the same person, who was placed at the head of the Hemawanta Mission after the meeting of the Third Synod in B.C. 241. His father Kodini was probably a descendant of the great Kohudinya the companion of Buddha. 7.No.3 Relic-casket is similar in shape and size to No. 2, and is of the same dark-coloured and mottled steatite. The inscription, engraved around the outside of the lid, is Sapurisasa Kotiputasa K&sapa Ootasa Sava Hemavat&chariyasa. "(Relics) of the emancipated son of Koti, Kasyapagotra, the missionary to the whole Hemawanta." (318) The relics of Kasyapa were also found in No. 2 Tope at Sanchi with the same inscription recording his mission to the Hemawanta, hut omitting* the patronymic.
8.No.4 Relic-casket is similar to Nos. 2 and 3. The inscription engraved on the top of the lid is Sapurisasa Kosikiputasa." (Relics) of the emancipated Kosikiputha." Another portion of Kosiki's relics was found in No.2 Tope at Sanchi.
9.No.5 Relic-casket is of black steatite, and is shaped somewhat like a pear. The outside is ornamented by a succession of triangles, alternately plain and crossed. The inscription occupies the plain triangles on the lower half of the casket. Sapurisa(sa) Alabagirasa." (Relics) of the emancipated Alabagiba." Allakappo or Alawi was one of the eight cities which obtained a portion of Buddha's relics, and perhaps the name of Alabagira may have been derived from the city. Relics of Apagira were found in No. 2 Tope at Sanchi; and I suspect that the two names are the same; the letter ^J Z, having been inadvertently omitted in the Sanchi inscription.
10.The erection of this Tope, which contained the relics of no less than four of the Buddhist teachers whose ashes had already been discovered in No. 2 Tope at Sanchi, must evidently be referred to the (319) same period, towards the end of the third century before our era, by which time all the eminent missionaries employed by Asoka for the propagation of his religion must have closed their earthly career.
OTHER TOPES AT SONARI. 11.The remaining Topes at Sonari are all of small dimensions. The most perfect were Nos. S, 5, and 8; but even these had been opened before, and on the removal of a little rubbish in No. 3; the broken chamber was discovered quite empty. Nos. 4; 6, and 7, were mere circular foundations. No. 3 has a diameter of 15^ feet, with a present height of 6 feet. The bottom of the chamber is 3 feet above the ground. No. 5 is a nearly perfect little Tope. It is 14 feet 4 inches in diameter at base with a height of 9 feet. The upper diameter is 10 feet 4 inches. The terrace is 2\ feet in breadth, and 1^ foot in height. Its whole height could not have been more than 12|- feet. No. 8 is very much ruined. It has a diameter of 12|- feet, with a terrace 3 feet broad and 3 feet high.
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Ancient tree forum from 1480 tree roots still being recorded at 23 m
Internal decay assessment tomography map decay with n oninvasive methods
Governance celebrating inspirational women in trade associations 2024 powerlist
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Sustainable use of timber
Communication
Tree lady talks 114 episodes 35000 plus downloads 50 plus countries reached
Essex quality review panel
The future must be green let’s work together
QUESTIONS Kimberley plan with what do with downed kew trees mulched for gardens, kids trail for cecily; additional water water reservoirs watering kew reservoirs for cecily; farmland and private-land trees for louise; for Sharon how stay positive in construction; golf-course tree louise; Cecily surrounded by farms so land-based studies, Sharon tree climber and tree surgeon inspirational arboriculture; tree-related books Cecily plant glossary hank beentje, louise if women rose rooted Sharon blackie, Sharon principles of tree hazard assessment and management (by David Longfellow?) well over 250 live youtube within week 243 pm
Advances in our understanding of the dynamic forces applied to a tree during removal operations: results and techniques to mitigate risk of failure Mar 19, 2024 12:00 PM Central Time 819 3619 2298 This presentation outlines results from recent experiments focused on exploring concepts in both physics and tree biomechanics and how we can incorporate these to improve safety for those working in the arboriculture setting. These studies specifically examined the distribution of force through the tree during dismantling options, and questions if biomechanical models developed on wind and gravitational inputs into tree crown architecture would map to removal operations. Our results have direct implications for working arborists, and help to develop mitigation measures to reduce loading (stress/strain) in the stem Matt Follett TreeFund Webinar Series Extension Alabama A&M & Auburn Universities
Paul Putman TREE Fund and Tour des Trees 25-mile ride CT Arboretum 125 anniversary of ISA until 8/30 Support TREE Fund your way on your timeride run walk swim your own Tour des Trees, virtually Your tax-deductible donation to TREE Fund
Heath Hupke name, certification number to ISA, SAF
Matt Follett PhD candidate biomechanics Safe Arborist Techniques Fund SATF#19-604R applicant but main research interests trees, wind, pruning main interests
Climbing arborist 25-plus years on rope strong interest practical science of arboriculture tree mechanics candidate
La chaire sur le controle de la croissance des arbres
Projects de recherche 6 axes de recherche stabilite biomecanique des arbres Matt Follett
Axe 2 controle precoce de la cime des arbres troisieme etape deviation des deux branches maitresses approache par tueurage et elagage
Axe 3 application du LiDAR terrestre suivi de la croissance
3 chapter discussion blocks vs rigging rings effect of friction at upper rigging point, maintaining damping in negative rigging effect of retention of limbs below upper rigging point, notch type
Chapter 1 blocks or rigging rings
Who what why traditional rigging blocks at upper anchor point cause multiplication effect on said anchor point rigging rings and thimbles popular with belief introduced friction mitigates multiplication factor but does it Matt Follett MSc Bastien La
Project design in-line Force meter Linear transducer (strain) Accelerometer Rising rate inclined plane produces similar deceleration as ground-persons increasing grip
Repeatable test need controlled way to let piece run, rising rate similar to how ground person would bring piece to stop
Sensors strain or stress gauges which measure elongation of marginal fibres are well developed Expensive Commercial compo
These V? robust, weatherproof and function and combined both sensing types in same package, The linear
Lasers? Short test using pull and release event on 40cm diameter poplar, lasers spaced at 2 m intervals 1, 3, 5m above ground level
Project site live but declining ash Fraxinus due to EAB, 45cm DSH, 7.5m to notch and back-cut, some decay at base
Rigging gear 9/16” Stable braid new used one day to break in, X-Rigging
Each drop used plywood hinge to align piece and ensure consistent flight path
Then piece hoisted back up, each device tested 3 times, distance between hinge and anchor point ranged from 32-36cm
Results data capture at 50hz, top graph is strain gauge note in mm each grid line .01mm, lower graph is load at portawrap in Kg of force
If falling piece impacted stem would see big harmonic motion, using data from accelerometer in falling piece can see this impact, in this case piece loading lead end of rope with about 6 G (1080 Kg, 13 G spike when impacts stem but this is not into rope see
Arborist block 1 peak 0.01193806 large ring 1
Results lasers? Large impact loads moved lasers (need better)
In slow motion see initial strain then piece impacts stem
Basal laser, top laser
Clarify next fwew slides green lead rope yellow porta rope red anchor point rising ate inclined plane produces similar deceleration as ground-persons increasing grip in-line force meter
Porta rope yellow basic peak Portawrap load compared, all rings routinely saw approximately one-half load compared to block at Portawrap
Anchor point red two together, using accelerometer data can effectively calculate load on rope between upper anchor and falling piece, then combine Portawrap load with accel data to get approximation of anchor load
Initial strain peak 1/3 reduction in stress on stem?
Discussion lead rope green, gear progressed but still need healthy dose of reality for energy transfer in system, rely on experience to know what feels better in tree but have no experience riding piece down (I hope) so can not anticipate that, for all good of Safebloc there non-significant difference between lead rope load with block arb block double ring large ring safebloc rigging point
Conclusions added friction of rigging rings appears reduce stress on supporting stem in negative rigging scenario if piece allowed to run, best way manage load on lead line still to manage mass x distance equation
Chapter 2 maintaining damping in tree during rigging operations repeated test running rope scenario similar sensing apparatus question what amount of lower lateral limbs
Help avoid this
However not clear if reduces peak stress, does it simply damp system with stem still seeing same extent of bending big tall poplar 2005
Damping spatz et al 2007 james et al 2006 each limb damping spatz small douglas fir frequency decay time damping james main trunk branches own frequency domain
Back to Windsor park another ash tree, 30 cm DSH, 14 meters tall, total mass 854 kg, systematically remova limbs, work way up tree, repeatedly dropping same “top”
Remove small
Each remaining limb accelerometer placed at periphery, triggered
Main stem also had accelerometer installed, as did falling piece once again protected in drilled hole, piece of elm Ulmus pumila used
As wellas reliable strain gauges and load cell mounted at base
Ready to start experiment, device used align tall slender piece, ensure consistent flight path
Each scenario repeated 3 times, next limb in series then removed, repeated drops again
One minor incident safety note, misclipped sling caused lowering line become disconnected from sled, safety umbrella not load rated, no data harmed yes that’s my computer flying through air Thankfully found stand alone screen and data saved
Excrpt of allometry data top part 108 mass kg, limb 6 18, repeat piece 50
Results original top, full tree with pseudo top test piece strain almost 50 percent more?
Full tree, 5 limbs, 2 limbs, 1 limb, stem only strain mm portawrap load kg, time in seconds
Each scenario 3 successful tests with full tree having four, average strain within box, significant difference between one limb remaining and stem only p less than 0.001, see 20% reduction in strain leaving one limb, 35 reduction leaving 2 limbs
As stem strain goes up portawrap load goes down clearly putting more energy in stem neither created or destroyed, strain put into tree less energy into rope
Peak ash in montreal, try avoid climbing, still using damping practices
Mass x distance equation mass weight of object, distance of fall DoF how far falls 2x center of mass to anchor point distance, initial center of mass, anchor point, resultant center of mass, 100 kg 0.5 m approx. 500 joules
E=mgh m150 kg g 9.8m/s2 h6.5, estimate at portawrap 450kg, M=FL m=900 kg x 17m M=15,500nm; E=mgh m160 kg g 9.8m/s2 h3.5 E=5500J, estimate at portawrap 350kg M=FL m700 kg x 12 m M=84—nm More data same results
Discussion
Chapter 3 the new one still in progress notch type
Project credits Kim Bannon UQAM, Nicolas Picard Simply Trees, Matthew Beatt
Why the single stem focus? Direct and in
Why western hemlock regionally known for sketchiness, ra
Western hemlock looper moth Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa drought heat
Why falling cuts (notches)? Relevant research short supply, arborist opi
So what are we going to do examine force
Basic experimental dsign spatial sensor acceleromter/gyroscope, lin
Notch types birds mouth humbolt open face
Site Vancouver
Prep time
Terrain/site challenges
Pluck test provides know strain for given force input during pull, provides tree damping properties after release
Pluck test rope load strain x rope load y=171.
Then we three tops
Wood mass
Here’s some data
Some descriptives we did ok on consistency back cut depth notch depth stem diameter
Ou trees stable base spatial sensor, upper
Results strain in direction of notch fall
Results tree 12
Results length of piece initial push back kg/f
Results length of piece just humbolt initial push back
Results push back forward force type of notch 13 c
Perceived push back real thing first major motion of stem in opposite direction of falling piece,
Secondary results some basic modeling
5m=25kg of back force 55 lbs, 50 k forward force 110, 1500nm rotational torque 1100 ft/lbs
Below halfway point effect of lever arm (length of stem) diminishes 5m=25kback force 55 lbs, 50 k forward 110, 1500nm torque 1100 ft/lbs
City of north Vancouver
157 pm presentation ended
Q1 What type rigging lines used during test Stable grade consistent not lot of stretch limited variance
Q2 personal opinion recommendation safer rigging systems reins? Not good with stretch blocks better reins negative block winch
Q3 height and spread usable reduce length reduce lever reduce load further down
Q4 chapter 3 notch to reduce treetop movement open 90degree notch lets piece fall continuously potential into kinetic energy opener notch more forwardbending moment smaller notch less energy input from falling piece but still need to check trajectory
203pm end questions next webinar may?
521-734-387 UMass Extension Amherst UMass Extension Urban Forestry Today R3/21/24 noon-1pmET They’re Coming: The Disease & Insect Pests of the 2024 Growing Season Brian Eshenaur NYS IPM Program Cornell University
Invasive pests of concern 2024
spotted lanternfly invasive planthopper native to asia, feeds on 100-plus plant species us, preferred host tree of heaven ailanthus altissima, black walnut willow red maple grapes not conifers
introduced to nr esp pa in pelletized brooks county pa
spotted lanternfly reported distribution eastern us updated 1/16/2024
life cycle egg laying sep-dec, eggs oct-june, hatch and first instar may-june, second instar June-july, third instar June-july, fourth instar jul-sep red, adults jul-dec
spotted lanternflies exploding across ny and nj they’re spotted lanternfly make its way to the Hudson valley, ny post sex-crazed lanternfly invasion
slf on snl sat night live
spotted don’t bite, don’t sting, aren’t structural pests, survive indoors 2 days, not problem most trees but ailanthus dieback, die yr after yr
dead vineyard pa due to spotted feeding
like feed on grape vine as trees senesce lose leaves because grape vines still leaves, sugars
spotted feed on 100-plus species but strongly prefers tree of heaven with access to tree of heaven lays 7 times number eggs, begin laying eggs wks earlier
egg masses often first appear sep 20 equinox, associated with daylight?
Egg masses check belongings when traveling, scrape egg masses into bag to destroy
Egg hatching gray to quickly white-spotted black
First to third instar 1/8 inch to ¾ inch long
Fourth instar ¾ inch long
Adults 1 inch long
How many spotted see on tree trunk red maple sometimes camouflaged more protrusion than color
How slf feed feeds on plant sap through piercing-sucking mouthpart, excretes honeydew (sugar water) as feeds because need proteins
Swarm feeding no chewing fruit leaves drizzle honeydew
Honey dew and sooty mold sep-oct tree canopy honeybees yellowjackets like, slippery, unattractive
How moving around 4 mph, clumsy fliers most due to hitchhikers, human activity, anything out of quarantine zone for all life stages, adults in, egg mass laid hatched
Slf invasive species doesn’t bite sting but economic impact nys agriculture nys ipm outreach & education
Slf Lycorma delicatula
Mgmt. tools and tactics traps destroy
Traps for monitoring than for catching, circle trap nymphs adults climbing up caught in bags, sticky trap sticky inside, yellow bands with screens vs prey eating slf by bug barrier, new for egg mass capture because protected surface made of shingles
First tool stop spead
Insecticides all stages, pesticide products labeled, inse
Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana eric Clifton batkoa major
Top 5 bird predators chicken, cardinal, catbird, blue jay, tufted titmouse top 5 arthropod predators paying mantis, yellow jacket, orbweaver spider, wheel bug
Fish bass, goldfish, African cichlid, bluegill sunfish, green sunfish, koi, m osquito fish, sunfish, trout
Reptiles amphibians frog toad garter snake brownsnake
Mammals dogs cats squirrel
BOX TREE MOTH boxwoods resist deer feeding
Box tree moth damage several generations 1 growing season
Early infestations in canopy interior
Btm native e asia, Europe 2006, near Toronto 2018, wny 2021 only known host na boxwood
Nys ag mkts appears moths flown or blown into area from anada 8/18/21 fly 5 mi on own
Ne distribution btm 2024 ny counties with infestations cayuga erie genesee Monroe Niagara orleans Oswego wayne MA cape cod area MI OH
Michigan and ohio btm damage sw oh
Btm first damage caterpillars moth short time
Life cycle cydalima perspectalis about 45 days females clusters 5-30 eggs, eggs hatch 5 days, caterpillars 7 larval instars 2 wks, caterpillars pupate after another 2 wks, pupa emerge as adult moths 1 wk later
Egg mass under leaves not recognizable but tiny there 3 days
Caterpillars feed lower-leaf tissue so little discoloration but upper-side intact so look for frass droppings webbing
Foliage to stems to death in 1 season because shrub can’t put out new foliage
Overlapping generations because not all synchronized
Hibernaculum
Btm cydalima perspectalis cornell ipm exotic insect fact sheet
Repeated insecticide applications
Boxwood blight knowledge center btm
Alternatives to boxwood 6 possible substitutes such as bayberry dwarf hinoki cypress inkberry holly sky pencil holly
BEECH LEAF DISEASE American and European beeches
Lake county oh on lake erie shore first seen 2012 dieback natives
Nematodes litylenchus crenatae subsp mccannii
Raised area, different colorations because nematodes difficult cross leaf veins
Leaf beech disease nematode lityenchus crenatae subsp mccanii bauchan and li ngdbl
5 mos progression bld symptoms no increase number bands over growing season may 13-nov 15
Healthy vs diseased leaf cross-section carta et all, in press
By 2019 from county to states to Canada dec 2023
Dark areas with nematode inside leaves best when looking from below light coming through
Stunted leathery necrotic leaves
Thinning canopy to dieback
How stop?
Bld 2024 nursery stock, younger trees die quicker, survive cold climates; control acephate? Emamectin benzoate? Potassium
Journal environmental horticulture 3/14/2024 exploring novel management methods
Bld 2024 fluopyram? Vector management? (not acephate emamectim next)
Questions vectors insects birds, where from, how move states, how spread within tree, how stop looks different from japan
ELM ZIGZAG SAWFLY aproceros leucopoda hymenoptera ezs or ezzs, exclusively elm, young larvae zigzag pattern feeding gallery leaves
Timeline Europe 2003 s Quebec 2020 va 2021 st Lawrence co ny 2022 2023
Distribution nys 8/14/2023
Life stage ID 4 generations yearly Canada, 6 gen yr Europe overwinter cocoons adults 7-8mm long shiny black bodies dark brown wings yellow legs 1 wk; larvae 2 mm hatch grown to 10-11 mm over 2-3 wks befoe pupating one cocoon type loosespun netlike elm
Impact defoliation significant all elms Siberian native foret
Ezs all elms susceptible less commona dutch elm disease elm relative popular street tree zelkova not susceptible multiple generations yr defoliate
Management most healthy recover sporadic defoliation so mgmt. not always necessary low level natural biocontrol already exists insecticides effective beauvaria bassiana labeling key
1249pm QUESTIONS systemics btm moth no, stomach poisons caterpillar;
slf kills by overwhelming grape vines dk but removing sugars so cells wont’s winter rupture overwintering;
ailanthus proactive remove? Reserves to regrow if cut down so injure trunk herbicide during growing season kills or repeated mowing shoots regrowing;
hardwoods, planting new trees such as maples, urban plantings slf, need not avoid maple sugar maple more resistant, red maple dieback not kill;
contaminate maple-sugar production? But sugar maple low priority feeding late in yr before tree tapped;
beech natural resistance to bld? Native more susceptible than European so no?;
beech bark disease correlation bld? No correlation, healthy and weakened get, another microbe? Bacteria involved;
zigzag sawfly cold hardiness range exposure? Canada northern ny so expected wide range;
bt for boxwoods? Yes most effective when caterpillars small benign insects not feeding on foliage, repeat applications, overlapping;
natural resistance zelkova
Dexter locke phd usda fs summer tree summit f5/30/24 tree canopy, environmental justice & urban forestry ended before 108 pm
Foliar tissue addresses Acer heat tolerance when planning urban Maples, according to Percival and Percival in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2024.
Foliar tissue addresses Acer heat tolerance when planning urban Maples, in Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Foliar Tissue of Acer Genotypes by Percival and Percival in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry March 2024.
Urban tree species before the 21st century benefited from few thermal tolerance studies even as we nowadays broach foliar photosynthetic function as thermal tolerance limits downward-beckoned. Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) communicates photosynthetic electron transport chains’ direct-, indirect-caused chill-, freeze-, heat-, salinity-compromised photosystem II components even as chlorophyll variable:maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm) configures heat tolerance. July-August studies drew five each of Acer pseudoplatanus (‘Negenia’, Spaethii’), Acer platanoides (‘Royal Red’, ‘Princeton Gold’, ‘Emerald Queen’, ‘Drummondii’), Acer campestre, Acer campestre (‘Louisa Red Shine’).
Five tree-sourced 50 leaf disks endured four-hour, heat-stressful 44 degrees Celsius (111.2 degrees Fahrenheit), 72-hour Fv/Fm chlorophyll fluorescence-, Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) leaf chlorophyll content-examining.
Growing-season timing of heat stress always featured fewer damages in July, fuller damages in August 2022 for Acer campestre, Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus leaf photosynthetic systems.
July and August heat stress respectively generated Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Negenia’ with -2.25 percent-reduced SPAD-gauged leaf chlorophyll content and Acer campestre’s -13.9 percent-reduced chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) ratios. Acer platanoides 'Drummondii' had the least heat-stress tolerance even as Fv/Fm values harvested leaf photosynthetic systems higher-harmed than SPAD value harvest for harmed leaf chlorophyll content. The SPAD-identified leaf chlorophyll content of Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Spaethii’ increased directly after July exposure to heat stress even as its values, post-August exposure, indicated decreased content.
Foliar tissue judges Acer heat tolerance for urban Maples, of which five of 8 tested genotypes jubilated fluorescence rates journeying upward 72 hours after heat stress.
Seventy-two-hour recovery kindled increased SPAD values, non-significantly differentiated, for ‘Drummondii’, ‘Princeton Gold’. ‘Emerald Queen’, ‘Royal Red’, ‘Louisa Red Shine’ cultivars; campestre species; ‘Negenia’ and ‘Spaethii’ cultivars. The study by Glynn C. Percival and Christopher D. Percival links foliar heat tolerance to leaf heat stress timing during growing-season bud burst and leaf flush. Unusually hot temperatures that merited a UK National Severe Weather Warning Service first-ever extreme heat warning perhaps made trees acclimate and muster increased July-August heat tolerance. Forest tree studies note the survival importance of rapid recovery, as leaf photosynthetic systems niching “repair and increased functioning” (Percival:162), from heat and other environmental stress.
Both authors offer rapid recovery as perhaps more oriented than rapid growth to foliar tissue obtaining survival and Acer heat tolerance to occur as urban Maples.
Perhaps urban-plantable trees possess forest-tree biochemical, physiological survival mechanisms as evaporation-cooling open stomata; modifying C3 carbon photosynthetic reactions; synthesizing heat-shock proteins, osmolytes and volatile organic compounds.
Acer platanoides ‘Emerald Queen’ qualified as queuing questionable Acer heat tolerance, among 8 questable urban maples, with the greated continued post-heat stress decline, at -22.8 percent. The Percival and Percival study results reveal as heat-stressed urban area-recruitable and as urban infrastructure-resideable Acer campestre, Acer platanoides ‘Royal Red’, Acer pseudoplatanus’Negenia’, Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Spaethii'. Both authors suggest no absolute foliar heat tolerance ranking for Acer campestre because of the latter’s propagatable seeds, gene-varied progeny, Europe-natural distribution and broad ecological rangeability.
Charlotte (North Carolina) and Shinfield (England) Bartlett Tree Research results tell us that Acer platanoides ‘Emerald Queen’ and Acer pseudoplatanus ‘Drummondii’ tolerate no heat-stressed urban areas.
Sassafras at an impasse? An update on laurel wilt in southern forests
Laurel wilt vascular wilt disease caused by fungus Harringtonia lauricola usually carried into trees by non-native ambrosia beetle vector redbay ambrosia beetle xyleborus glabratus called fungus farmer originally from southeast asia attacks health trees
Vascular wilt disease tylose formation plays role in xylem dysfuncton control mock inoculated laurel wilt results from hypersensitive response by host to presence of pathogen in xylem = overreacts xylem sapwood contains active xyle
Proposed laurel wilt disease cycle model in redbay suggested disease cycle fungal pathogen raffaelea lauricola insect vector xyleborus glabratus redbay ambrosia beetle insects gets gets out beetles attract to dead dying extensive blackbrosn streaking in sapwood female beetles emerge search for host trees beetle with spora bearing mycangia beetle deposits fungal spores into sapwood during initial attempt to colonize host partial crown wilt mild vascular discoloration beetle gallery with fungal symbiant
Underground pathogen transmission sassafras grows clonally and pathogen can travel between stems via roots pathogen traveled more than 3 m through sassafras roots first year post-inoculation katy crout Clemson ms thesis 2021 pathogen movement through root system
Lateral pathogen transfer to additional ambrosia beetles and other insects presence of the causal agent of laurel wilt disease in sassafras-associated insects morgan c knutsen lynne k rieske environmental entomology 52(6) 2023 1042-1047 xyleborus glabratus affinis volvulus ferrugineus gracilis saxeseni
Laurel wilt distribution and spread
Disease history 2002 xyleborus glabratus beetles detective in survey trap new to north America no known association with local trees or tree mortality 2003-2004 unusual redbay mortality in coastal sc gag a 2004 steve fraedrich usfs-srs investigates Hilton head sc in dec 2004 x glabratus recovered from redbay wood ophiostoma-like fungus isolated from wood raffaelea lauricola to harringtonia lauricola 2005 to present geographic spread and colonization of new hosts
2002 2004 2006 2010 2014 2018 maps county to county to state from moving infested wood
Oct 2023 oct 16 2023 throughout fl wof texas arkansas w Kentucky Indiana border
Drivers of invasion by laurel wilt of redbay and sassafras in the southeastern us Samuel f ward john j riggings landsc ecol 2023 38:567-581 fast spread first 5 years now slowing 2004-2021 detected 275 counties 72 discrete jumps into noncontiguous counties average jumpdistance 102 m 164 k decelerating rate spread after first 5 years r25 to 15 m per yr recent decline in number newly-reported counties 2020 33 2021 16 2022 9 2023 4 patchier host distribution colder climate less monitoringin rural areas covid
What host plants
Laurel family lauraceae 55 general more than 2000 species worldwide aromatic oils economic cultural medicinal ecological importance persea Americana laurus nobilis cinnamum
Sassafras albidum small diameter fence rows generally
Eastern us Canada especxially central Appalachians Midwest iliinois Indiana oh Kentucky wvirginia Pennsylvania furniture bowls native americans tea
Major species of lauraceae in north America sassafras albidum northern spicvebush lindera benzoin redbay persea ameriana California ba laurel umbellularia californica
Recovery plan for laurel wilt on redbay and other forest species caused by raffaelea lauricola and disseminated by xyleborus glabratus updated may 205 ma hughes et all plant health progress table forest tree species with laurel wilt due to natural infections
Laurel wilt in northern spicebush lindera benzoin first report of laurel wilt caused by harringtonia lauricola (previously raffaelea lauricola) on northern spicebush in Kentucky and teenessee Madison j eaton et al small diameter less visible uses small diameter profile as visual cue
Plants that are not laurel wilt hosts despite their names not in the lauraceae mountain laurel rhododendron spp laurel oak sweetbay magnolia loblolly bay gordonia lasianthus
Symptoms
Laurel wilt symptoms and signs in sassafras and redbay sapwood discoloration stunted foliage ambrosia beetle frass noodles wilted discolored and missing foliage
Laurel wilt in sassafras sapwood extensive infested for whie infected
Cecking vascular stain go deeper than outer ring outer sapwood surface clean just below cambium but deeper cut into next oldest growth stain evident
Wilting sassafras not caused by laurel wilt pathogen in mo oh leaves brown wilted drooped wilting symptoms midlate summer emerging wilt of sassafras and spicebush in the central hardwood forest region Olivia bigham et all Olivia forestry and natural resources grad student purdue u conclusions continue track locations of wilting sassafras and spicebush
Impacts
Rredbay mortality in coastal plain over 300 million trees killed hughest et al 2017 altered stand structure coasrse woody debris hazard trees threatened cultural uses hazard trees coastal dunes bayhead swamps mixed maritime forests florida everglades
Examples atrisk species palamedes swallowtail pollard transects 3 to 7 fold decrease in abundance versus paired uninfested stands riggings
Spread, vector flight behavior, and impact of laurel wilt in sassafras beyond the gulf-atlantic coastal plain albert e Mayfield III et al journal of froestr 2022 633-645 mean percent mortalit monitored sass at diseased sites n=13 increased from 11 to 60 percent 2018-2020 100 percent mortality 4 sites stands in which laurel wilt not detected less than 5 percent mortality
Elevated sassafras ortality evident in all diam classes no laurel wilt laurel wilt pathogen confirmed Matthew Longmire phd utn dr erome grant mark windham alan windham albert mayfield qiusheng wu found in leaf shelters on spicebush lepidopetera papilio Troilus 1 to 2 tortricidae spp orthoptera camptonotus carolinensis coleopteran 1 elateridae sp derm
[potential impacts beyond us laurel family diversity abundance miuch higher numerous with commercial value for timber essential oils central and south America 750 species in 26 generl 80 neotropical persea spp asia 550 species in 25 general in china alone several Asian species resistance
Trap beetle
Rab flight traps funnel panel sticky mimic host silhouette bait with host volatiles commercial essential oil lures alpha-copaene primary attractant fresh bolts host trees short-range attractin hanula et al 2016 j econ entomol 109:1196 no pheromone ures not very effective at early detection of low populations Mayfield et al journal of forestry 2022 633-645 Rab flight phenology in stands with sassafras Louisiana n Carolina s Carolina Alabama coastal plain nearly yearround minimal nov feb piedmont sandhills sc extreme southern mountains al initial flight early as feb two periods peak catch april pulse, august to fall pulse suggests 2 generation yearly piedmont and sandhills and mountains
Rab flight phenology western Kentucky rab 2020 began april peaked june ended nova b 2021 10 times reduction n catch as sassafras mortality up 100 percent xylosandrus crassiusculus more abundant and persistent
Total numbers and percentage specimens of ambrosi a beetle species captured in a-copaene-baited flight traps at two sites Laurel wilt pathogen confirmation field collection of moist sapwood with xylem discoloration isolate fungus on selective media morphological id Harrington et al 02009 mycyotaxon 104 399 dna extraction pcr amplification lamp assay for dna based field confirmation npdn network protocol for diagnostic labs harmon et al 2014 npdn
Management options
Potential management tactics don’t transport firewood don’t sell transport symptomatic plants sanitation chip cover burn may not kill all beetles but could help reduce local populations if coordinated areawide trench to sever root connections chemical control insecticide options limited onoefficacy fungicide infusion demonstrated in redbay and sassafras semiochemicals splat verbenone reduces attacks on redbay trees host resistance propagation of resistant redbay lingering sassafras stdp project
Lingering sassafras survey Statesboro ga aug 2020 trees over 3 in dbh rare in areas with 10 plus years of laurel wilt rabs more likely land on larger trees than smaller use stem silhouette as visual host-finding cue
Results indicate propiconazole provides adequate protection against laurel wilt in ehealthy sassafras for at least one growing season using either system tree i.v. infusion slower average 30 minutes than quik-jet
Solarization to reduce potential vector emergence> ambrosia beetle emergence all spp significantly reduced after 4 to 6 weeks in both sun and solarized treatments wood temp exceeded 56 degrees c in july 2023 in east tn under solarized clear plastic
Pest alert laurel wilt 155 p
Two papers for additional resources 3 yr study sass from coastal plain to pedimeont mountains forestry 2023 2022 other laura wei global perspective
Q rab environmental making trees more susceptible no solid but perhaps susceptibe host presencenot all hosts equally vulnerable temperature tolerance limiting spread no site vulnerability
Q how quickly kills health redbay sass redbay weeks months sass year or more infected before die recover
Qindiana stain not by larurel wilt seen anywhere in se no in mo oh only area
Q share slides will make available
Q fungicide injections preventive not remediation treating not treating uninfected
1.Laurel wilt is a canker disease that affects mountain laurel and rhododendron. True; FALSE.
2.Numerous tree and shrub species in the laurel family (Lauraceae) native to North America are susceptible to damage by the laurel wilt pathogen. TRUE; False.
3.In general, ambrosia beetles are insects that bore into wood, inoculate the walls of their tunnels with fungal spores, and grow those fungi as a food source. TRUE; False.
4.The geographic distribution of laurel wilt disease is currently limited to the natural range of redbay in the US southeastern Coastal Plain. True; FALSE.
5.The laurel wilt pathogen can be carried by insects other than the redbay ambrosia beetle, but the status of these insects as disease vectors in natural forests is uncertain. TRUE; False.
Selecting Climate Resilient Trees for Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Evidence-Based Approaches to Tree Selection
Join this webinar with Kevin Martin, Head of Tree Collections at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to learn more about the Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG), Kew's succession plan, which embodies a proactive response to the rapid pace of climate change.
Through meticulous analysis and integration of scientific data, the institution seeks to identify tree species best suited to thrive in future climatic conditions. This forward-thinking approach extends beyond the confines of the botanical garden, encompassing the broader landscape. By embracing data-driven methodologies, RBG Kew endeavours to anticipate and adapt to the evolving environmental dynamics. Through strategic species selection and landscape management practices, the institution aims to cultivate resilience, ensuring the long-term viability and sustainability of its botanical collections and surrounding ecosystems. The webinar will illuminate how RBG Kew's commitment to data-driven decision-making empowers it to navigate the complexities of climate change, ultimately fostering a landscape resilient to the challenges of tomorrow.
ISA credential holders who have registered and attend the entire webinar will receive 1 CEU (A, U, M, T, L, Bs).
WAYS TO JOIN THIS WEBINAR
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The Labyrinth Walk by Kate Mosse actualizes 20 places in Cité de Carcassone (from French cité de, “city of”; Occitan Ciutat de Carcassona), south France.
The Labyrinth Walk by Kate Mosse actualizes 20 places in Cité de Carcassone (from French cité de, “city of”; Occitan Ciutat de Carcassona [Celtic ?; Welsh carreg, “stone”; Latin Carcasō]), south France.
The two-hour walk begins with Pont Vieux (from French pont vieux, “bridge old”) between Bastide Saint-Louis and Carcassone Citadel, respectively north- and south-banked on River Aude. It continues onto rue Barbacane (from French rue barbacane, “street buttress”) beyond the Pharmacie (from French farmacie, “drugstore”; Latin pharmacia; Greek φάρμᾰκον, “healing drug, medicine, remedy”). It directs its devotees, past rue Barbacane intersecting with rue de la Gaffe (from French rue de la gaffe, “street of the blunder”), to Place Saint-Gimer.
Place Saint-Gimer enshrines Saint-Gimer church and Grande Caponière (from French place saint Gimer, “square Saint Gimer [Bishop of Carcassone, 902-931]”; grande caponnière, “great chicken coop”) ramp. Walking-tour enthusiasts enter Porte d’Aude (from French porte de Aude, “gate of Aude [from Frankish ald-, “old” or apal-, “noble”), from which they eyeball exquisite expanses.
That ramp features Château Comtal with its Tour Pinte (from French chastel Latin castrum -lum, “fort little”], “fortress”; comte -al, “count/earl pertaining”); tour pinte, “tower painted”). Lauragais, Montagne Noire, Pic de Soularac (Occitan Lauragués, Celtic lagu-, “little”; French montagne noire, “mountain black”; pic de, “peak of”; Occitan soula rac, “sun rock”) figure.
alcohol and cherries 13; cabbage, capons, eel, figs, fogaça pudding, goose paté, lentils, pan de blat white bread, pike, quinces, raisins, salt mullet, salted pork 31; apples, pears 39; wine; linen (from flax) 44; grain and flour 49; ale 51; capons and chickens, exotic spices and herbs, fried pancakes, hot fat, larks and rabbits and wrens?, thick bean soup, warm mitadenc bread of half barley and half wheat 65; brout, cardamom, garlic, lavender, marigold, nutmeg, parsley, rosemary, saffron 66; goat's cheese 69; hart, venison, chicken with capsicum, beans, sausage, white bread, purple plums stewed in honey 96
Labyrinth, archaeological mystery English-language novel about medieval and modern-day France by Kate Mosse, assembles plants abiding in Cathar Country.
Labyrinth, archaeological mystery English-language novel about medieval and modern-day southwest France by Kate Mosse, assembles plants abiding in Cathar Country even as it acts as the first book in the Languedoc trilogy.
Mauve, pink and white rock-bordering springtime flowers and pasture-borne summertime yellow buttercups beautify such peaks as Pic de Soularac in the Sabarthès Mountains of southwest France. That peak configures in its mossy, rough, steep woodlands dense, tall-towering, two-columned trees with tiny-leaved branches even as Cathar-Country city Carcassone contains tiny wedding-cherished yellow flowers. Château Comtal domiciles a lark-dwelling, wren-dwelling elm where Viscount Raymond-Roger Trencavel (1185-Nov. 10, 1209) dispensed courtyard-delivered justice and an East Gate beam from an oak tree.
Vegetable gardens outside the Carcassone East Gate perhaps engender basement-kitchen cabbage and lentils even as pastures outside Carcassone East Gate entertain barley, corn and wheat fields.
Below west walls blue-, purple-, yellow-flowered, mossy, pine-tree woodlands figure a white-willow glade's green-yellow-flowered, pepper-aromaed angelica; pink and purple bell-flowered comfrey with stem-fitted foliage; green river-weed. Extramural fields grow flax whose linen gets guarded in a basement storeroom with lavender and thyme.
¼½¾âàáÁÉèéêìíîòóôöæœſ https://www.google.com/search?q=karl+julius+heydrich+1837-1874&sca_esv=2459ece37771d290&sca_upv=1&ei=EBGlZqDCNcrVp84Pr-q-kAk&ved=0ahUKEwigip-9w8eHAxXK6skDHS-1D5IQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=karl+julius+heydrich+1837-1874&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiHmthcmwganVsaXVzIGhleWRyaWNoIDE4MzctMTg3NDIIEAAYgAQYogQyCBAAGIAEGKIEMggQABiABBiiBDIIEAAYgAQYogQyCBAAGIAEGKIESL_kAVCrBVi5gAFwAXgBkAEAmAF2oAGdC6oBBDQuMTC4AQPIAQD4AQGYAg-gAqkMwgIKEAAYsAMY1gQYR8ICCBAAGKIEGIkFwgIFECEYoAHCAgUQIRirAsICBRAhGJ8FmAMAiAYBkAYHkgcEMy4xMqAH3zk&sclient=gws-wiz-serp https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/genealogie-richard-remme/I317489.php https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/family-tree/person/tree/73123209/person/312162484738/facts https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/232704867/emilia-charlotta-swan?_gl=1*r0cphe*_gcl_au*OTQ0MTQxNzcwLjE3MjM1NjExNDc.*_ga*MTExMzk4NzE0MC4xNzIzNTYxMTU4*_ga_4QT8FMEX30*MDU2YWQ2YzktZDAyOS00M2FiLTg4NmQtYTNhZGU5MzVlMjYzLjEuMS4xNzIzNTYyNDg3LjQxLjAuMA..*_ga_LMK6K2LSJH*MDU2YWQ2YzktZDAyOS00M2FiLTg4NmQtYTNhZGU5MzVlMjYzLjEuMS4xNzIzNTYyNDg3LjAuMC4w https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/discoveryui-content/view/10754843:9863?tid=&pid=&queryId=79f1d89b-80e7-493e-8f0f-d0afa7a06e8d&_phsrc=YmF23&_phstart=successSource https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=topias_manninen&event=_finland_5086&birth=1847&death=1929&child=otto_manninen&gender=m&location=2&marriage=1871&priority=usa&spouse=mathilda_pekantyar https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=anna+dorothea_venninghausen&event=_vitzdorf-ostholstein-schleswig+holstein-germany_171640&birth=1803&death=1886&child=matthaus_hiss&gender=f&location=2&priority=usa&spouse=matthias_hiss https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=matthias_hiss&event=_sahrensdorf-ostholstein-schleswig+holstein-germany_171583&birth=1794&death=1869&gender=m&location=2&priority=usa&spouse=anna+dorothea_venninghausen https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=magdalena_brandt&birth=1841&child=jurgen_von+osten&child2=lina+mathilde+von+osten+heydrich_manninen&father=claus_brandt&gender=f&location=2&marriage=1898_landkirchen-fehmarn&mother=wiebke_oesau&priority=usa https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=chester+e_trubey&event=_great+falls-cascade-montana-usa_56198&child=harry+w_schwartz+jr&gender=m&location=2&priority=usa https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=harry+w_schwartz+jr&birth=1938&gender=m&location=2&marriage=1964_loveland-larimer-colorado-usa_70444&mother=_trubey&priority=usa&spouse=paulette+ann_ritenour https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=amalia+eleonora_schmidt&event=_dresden-saxony-germany_32025&child=georg+eugen_krantz&gender=f&location=2&priority=usa&spouse=ernest+moritz_krantz https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/family-tree/person/tree/151576846/person/282333268781/facts https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=bette+j_buckingham&birth=1925&child=paulette+ann+ritenour_heydrich&gender=f&keyword=jackson+county,+iowa&location=2&priority=usa&spouse=paul_ritenour https://www.ancestrylibrary.com/search/?name=william+james_ritenour&birth=1900&death=2001&child=paul_ritenour&location=2&priority=usa&spouse=effie+m_nesbitt American in origin in California, possibly from rabbits imported from New Zealand five colors recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders' Association (ARBA): white, red, black, blue, broken crossbred variations gold tipped steel, chestnut agouti average 10–12 lb (4.5–5.4 kg) does slightly larger than the bucks bred for meat, pelts, show, laboratory most commonly used breed testing and meat production bred as pet rabbits but mostly meat broad, muscular, deep body medium long, with well-rounded haunches ears stand straight, not lopped fur normal length but "flyback," when brushed in wrong direction, immediately returns to original position medium to large rabbits bucks (males) 9–11 lb (4.1–5.0 kg) does (females) 10–12 lb (4.5–5.4 kg) female rabbits sometimes dewlap, fatty flap of fur below chin sometimes source of fur for lining nest breeders prefer females with small dewlap and males none ARBA treats all New Zealand rabbits same British Rabbit Club (BRC) red New Zealand rabbits different standard likely developed in California from mix of breeds, possibly including Belgian hares and Flemish giants developed for quick growth rate and meat type, added to US rabbit standard 1916 originally only red white variety created in 1917 by William S. Preshaw out of white New Zealands born in litter of reds reds more popular for meat for some time, whites quickly caught on because of white pelt easily dyed and more valuable in fur market not originally bred to be domestic pet bred for fur and meat fryers slaughtered at 8–12 weeks and older rabbits sold as roasters rabbits with high grades of fur used to make fur coats and fur trimmings lower grades felt hats and glove linings commonly used as meat rabbit with high feed to meat ratio with fine bones so considered one of best breeds for meat production production rabbits fed more protein (18-20% rather than typical 16-18% for non-production rabbits), and sometimes alfalfa hay common choice for laboratory testing because of docility and good health react similarly to humans to diseases and medications so used at pharmaceutical laboratories, U.S. Public Health building, cancer research centers, university hospitals used to develop tests and drugs for diseases like diabetes, diphtheria, tuberculosis, cancer, heart disease. effects of skin creams, cosmetics, special diets, food additives doe fertile between 8–12 weeks of age safely bred at 5–8 months of age before this age harm or death to doe and/or kits does fertile all year long although day length affects somewhat gestation period around 28–35 days, most kindle (give birth) at 31–32 days nest box for the new mother two to five days prior to expected kindling date doe pull fur from abdomen and dewlap along with hay or other materials provided young born hairless, deaf, blind fur begins grow in by day 3 to 5 after 7 to 10 days kits' eyes open by 2 weeks begin exploring and sampling outside food sources three to four weeks mother begins to wean off milk while kits switch to eating hay and pellets average number of kits per litter seven but commonly range from one to fourteen induced ovulators so doe pregnant by simple act of mating if conditions right doe pregnant within 24 hours after giving birth cannibalism rare in wild defensive mechanism to remove all blood and dead tissue from nesting area to avoid detection by predators if young stillborn or die after birth, doe often eat remains cannibalism also prompted by severe lack of fluids and feed bucks little to no part in raising young. sometimes act as babysitters and heat source for young kits in group settings known as colony contrary to popular belief bucks do not kill and eat kits normally Český červený králík (“Czech red rabbit” literally) figures as a current Czech Republic domestic national rabbit breed through rabbit-breeding selection furnished in 1940 by Theodor Svoboda.
Modřany (“marshy-meadow plain”), Vitava (from Celtic vit va, “wild water”) riverbank suburb south of Prague (from Old Czech práh, “doorstep”) city center, guarded them until 1951. Prague hosted the first exhibition of Czech red rabbits 11 years after Modřany-housed gestations from New Zealand red and tan red rabbits as reddish-coated stable rabbits. The American Rabbit Breeders Association, from their McMurray Avenue location in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, imparted official recognition to Czech red rabbits as Czech-national domestic breed in 1959.
Czech red rabbits never journey to NCIS: Hawai’i for Operation Red Rabbit even as perhaps 150 breeding Czech red rabbits join other Czech Republic rabbit populations.
Female Czech red rabbits kindle, from the possible body-type quintet, commercial shapes known for equal body depth and width, firm-fleshed fullness and tapering hindquarters through shoulders.
Male Czech red rabbits log the semi-arched shape from the commercial, semi-arched, full arched, compact or cylindrical body-type quintet that looks at side- and top-viewed profiles. Side profiles mimic their mates tapering from hindquarters through shoulders even as their longer bodies manifest most rise, from shoulder back to tail surround, atop hips. Female and male Czech red rabbits niche, all even-distributed-haired, delicate foreheads; fleshy, 9- to 10.5 centimeter- (3.54 to 4.13 inch-) long, well-defined ears and imperceptible necks.
Czech red rabbit weights peregrinate between 2.00 and 2.24, 2.25 and 2.49, 2.50 and 3.25 kilograms (4.41 and 4.94, 4.96 and 5.49, 5.51 and 7.17 pounds).
Their maximally 38.1-centimeter- (15-inch-) high bodies queue dense, even-distributed, soft cover, top- and under-coats with brightly red-yellow, brightly yellow-red hairs maximally 2.5 centimeters (0.98 inch) long. They reach physical and sexual adolescence as three-month-olds and, with physical and sexual maturity, realize clean water- and green, leafy vegetable-friendly, 12.7-centimeter- (5-inch-) long front teeth. The Czech Red Rabbit Association suggests Czech red rabbits as calm-tempered for companionship; compactly well-proportioned for showing; indoor- and outdoor-adaptable and hardy; tasty for meat production.
NCIS: Hawai’i treats as top-secret Operation Red Rabbit, which perhaps transpires from Tom Clancy’s 2002-published novel Red Rabbit about Soviet defectors, not from Czech red rabbits
Ásta (from Old Norse ást, “affection, love”) 1930-1950 sanatorium (opened 1926) because tb one of biggest killers of Icelanders, son once 5yo, 1951, bleak treeless moors of Vadlaheidi Bergthora (from Old Norse Bergþóra from male-form Bergþórr from borg, “castle, fortification, stronghold”; þórr, “thunder) developmental therapist while Helgi police temping before social welfare officer Bigga (from Celtic brig/briganti, “exalted, high, mighty” or brigh, “force, strength” via Brighid voa Nordic Brigitta) Broddi (from Old Norse broddr, “the milk of cows and ewes immediately after calving and lambing, spike”) caretaker, 2012 filter coffee and Danish pastry from local bakery actually bought frozen and morning-defrosted, 76, wife d 9 years ago, contacted by Helgi anniversary of wife’s death from incurable disease so car cold winter morning, no children, still old white estate car, soldsmall bungalow and garage for third-floor flat in old apartment block in Reykjavik west end, met around 50 with first few years Akureyri until 55 to Reykjavik because wife job offer, third-floor flat home of famous author living alone, Thorri didn’t want him because arrested and custody, son of unknown father so always broke, mother dead by 1983, mother drank so never held job long, little brother died, mother died left flat Dimma (from Old Norse dimma, “darkness”) 10 1984 Elísabet (from Hebrew eli, “my God”; sheba, “seven [for abundance, opulence, perfection]”), 35 1983, grown up Reykjavik, Akureyri by chance, son 5 yo 1983, Wednesday evening JR Ewing Dallas, new series Philip Marlowe, Private Eye, city-center café meeting 2012 with Helgi, dark hair ponytail, glasses, faraway look in eyes, face somewhat drawn from unkind life for coffee, modern block on Sóltún last year 2011 swapped north house for small flat with money for travel, husband died last year, retired Fridjón (from Old Norse driðr, “love, peace, protection”; Hebrew Yochanan, “God is gracious”) sanatorium director, son of Akureyri lawyer, brother of local chief constable, lawn in front of building from upstairs balcony fall? week after Yrsa, not married, no children, survived by brother Gudrún (Guðrún, from Old Norse guðr, “god”; rún, “secret lore”) Helgi (from Old Norse hailaga, “holy”) Reykdal (from Old Norse reykr, “smoke, steam”; dalr, “dale, valley”) 2012, British law firm forensic work for clients, Reykjavik CID job, the deaths at the sanatorium almost 30yo 1983, hometown Akureyri, Master’s dissertation, black hair, neat beard, 30?, coffee black, café after meeting Broddi for coffee and club sandwich with chips, son of father and grandfather bookshop of translated crime novels to wall-ful floor to ceiling classic crime novels, father died heart attack, father shop, warehouse contents, business, small commercial premises owned outright sold as business and property to middle-aged widow, mother north local council employee, Ellery Queen o ne of favorite authors, translated The Roman hat mystery 1929 2 years but not published, favorite Ellery Queen novel The Dutch shoe mystery 1945 Icelandic translated Akureyri when 12-13 yo, UK post-grad criminology degreeflatscreen and vase smashed from fight with Bergthora, one of absolute favorites Agatha Christie The murder of Roger Ackroyd, jazz, wine Hulda Hermansdóttir (from Old Norse hulda, “hiding, secrecy’; her mund, “army, hand/protection”; dóttir, “daughter”) Reykjavik CID, 40 1983, daughter, due to retire later that year, detective, refused twice burger with Sverrir in Akureyri where guest house in town with Hulda, took Broddi from sanatorium cafeteria coffee to station, missing Jón and Dimma, fight with mother before left for Akureyri, daughter of American serviceman
Jón (from Hebrew jo, “Yahweh”; hann, “favor, mercy” via Yochanan, “God is gracious”)
Magnús (from Old Norse magn, “might, strength”) departmental head
Oddur (from Old Norse oddr, “point [of a weapon], spear”) friend of Tinna’s father, tb, sanatorium, recovery
Reimar (from Old Norse regin, “advise, decision, might, power [of the gods]; marr, “famous”; or from Old Norse hreiðr, “nest”; marr, “famous”) rented flat west end
Sverrir Eggertsson (from Old Norse sverri, “swinging around”; Eggert, from High German Eckehard from ecka, ecke, “edge, sharpness [of a weapon]” via Old Norse egg, “edge [of a weapon]”); hardu, “hard, strong” via Old Norse harðr) from Reykjavik, detective, single, offered red wine by Tinna because past 7 p.m. late for coffee with cheese and crackers, living in Snorrabraut bachelor pad in Reykjavik
Thorri (þorri, from Old Norse porri, “dry one”), successor director, then Akureyri Central when County Hospital and also running small private clinic in capital, 2012. Old sanatorium transfer to Akureyri County Hospital with every couple weeks Reykjavik private-clinic surgery with next trip following Monday, father died at advanced age despite streets many years some sobriety kind loving grandfather after taken in by Thorri, destined medical career but divorced gutter, grudge against Fridjon, 2 weeks of every month in Reykjavik once shared with couple other doctors now own, well-funded research project of reviewing old cases and medical records of tb, reorganized finances and fired Broddi, countryside doctor in Hvammstangi before sanatorium, offered Helgi chilled white wine but Helgi wanted soda water
Tinna Einarsdóttir (from Old Norse tinna, “flint”; ein, “alone, one”; herr, “army”; dóttir, “daughter”) 1983 Akureyri Reykjavik nursing-degree graduate, Reykjavik 2012, 1983 small flat near grammar school leaving exams bought with parental help with family home next street, habit of telling lies, old blue Mazda, hot strong black coffee, didn’t mention someone in building leaving when called police, still nurse in Reykjavik, Akureyri flat ground floor, rose-patterned dark red bathroom wall tiles, ceiling white, cat sounds in garden, parental roast lamb dinner like childhood Sunday evenings, daughter of Gudrún Coke with Sunday roast lamb family tradition of one glass bottle per person, Reykjavik in 1-2 years, Reykjavik City Hospital third floor, attractive terraced house in Árbær suburb of Reykjavik white twostory with garden trees and bushes in established leafy neighborhood with 60 yo husband
Yrsa (from Old Norse œrr, “furious, mad, wild”?) thumb , and index finger amputated, father’s desk, 30 1950
Agatha Christie, The murder of Roger Ackroyd one of first Icelandic transations 1941
Ellery Queen cousins Frederic Dannary and Manfred Lee, first book The Roman hat mystery 1929, The Dutch shoe mystery only
Ellery Queen novel available in Icelandic published in Akureyri 1945
Patrick Quentin, A puzzle for fools hospital sanatorium murders during alcoholism stay of Peter Duluth
Icelandic National Radio
Radio 2 afternoon show
Television no broadcast Thursdays
The Week
coffee
Akureyri (from akur, “field”; eyri, “sandbank”), “capital of the north” with 13,000 people, old sanatorium for white-death tuberculosis 8 kilometers out of town in diagnostics, research, health-care workflow-processes development jobs for County Hospital, with pine-tree (lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, stafafura?) plantings, Yrsa, Elisabet, two doctors Fridjon and Thorri, caretaker = 5 employees, summer green mountains, winter snow-capped peaks, sunny summers Christmassy winters, dark pines hospital garden in largely treeless landscape
Árbær (farm by the river, from Icelandic ár, “river”; bær, “farm, town”)
Bautinn most popular restaurant Akureyri where Tinna and Bibba and friends, red-walled old wooden house with white window frames and little turret
Eyjafjörður (from Old Norse ey, “island”; fjǫrðr, “firth, river estuary, sea arm/inlet”)
Hringbraut (ring road, from Icelandic hringur, “circle, ring”; braut, “road”) traffic bumper to bumper
Hvammstangi (“hollow head”, from OldNorse hvammr, “grassy hollow, little vale”; tangi, “narrow peninsula, spit”)
Keflavík (driftwood bay, from Icelandic kefla, “to gag (a lamb); vík, “bay”) airport
Laugardalur (hot-spring valley, from Old Norse laugardagr via laug dagr, “pool[-bathing] day”) house rented flat, newly established Symphony Orchestra 1950 visited by Asta and husband
Reykjavík (from Old Norse reykr vík, “smoke bay”) police, CID
Snorrabraut (from Icelandic snerra, “hard fighting” or snúa, “to turn oneself quickly”; braut, “road”) in Reykjavik
Vadlaheidi (Vaðlaheiði, from Old Norse vaðill, “ford, shallow water”; heiðr, “honor, worth”)
Vaðlaheiðarvegavinnuverkfærageymsluskúr, which means "alluvial plateau roadwork tool storage shed", is probably the longest word in the Icelandic language, mountain range near Akureyri
Only in US in North America with newest in South Carolina
Many different hosts
Eradicateable
Blueish feet, large black beetle with white stripes
Found may 2020 Hollywood SC blue collar rural
Eradicated Canada near Toronto
Ohio, NE eradications
Active Charleston SC, Oh, upper NY
10-20 years after eradications and surveys done
Oviposition sites late spring (May June SC) largely maple trees dime diameter
Bleeding at oviposition sites throughout June July
Larger larvae into tree so wood shavings and frass from whole
Larval feeding damage of big holes degrading branch/stem stability, water movement so top-down slow death
Broken fallen branches
Lookalikes abus oculatus eastern eyed click beetle, cottongwood borer, pine sawyer beetle
Federally regulated joint state federal
Total quarantine area bout 76 mi2
Total trees surveyed 45
Infested trees detected 11100
Infested trees removed 5900
High risk hosts removed
98 percent hosts maple (especially sugar?) remaining poplar willow elm sycamore birch
On-the-ground surveys how alb found
20-plus years trapping differing by color shape placement lures (chemistry, delivery method) other methods (clay models as attractants)
SC infestation high populations summer 2020
Summer 2020 COVID canceled but just caught 2 adult beetles do trapping efforts didn’t work
Alb uses multiple senses to find mate olfactory visual tactile southern pine beetles
Emerald ash olfactory visual
Alb all together olfactory visual tactile
Summary 2020 450 trap weeks 2 adult
2023 50 trap weeks 0 adult
Important where go suburb smalltown/blue collar island communities rural of which many swampy, snakes, alligators
Gator nests unique problems SC
Because of all these factors questions
Research topics adult trapping does climate impact alb phenology
1 generation or less in year SC
Monthly collections
Measured larval head
Adults may aug eggs june fly march april
November lots of developmental plasticity 4.5 mm headcapsule width 1.3 mm headcapsule width
April 2022 variation
All instars
Flight season may sep peak late may early jul 5 instars
9 other us locations Chicago il 2-3 years slc bowling green Norfolk Albuquerque Atlanta Charleston baton rouge tampa
Kappel 2017 map pretty accurate coastal plain infestations likely sc phenology
Lindsey stone ms student Clemson determining larval weight-head capsule
Biology larval growth in lab similar field, growth data from lab-reared il and ny populations field collected sc
population, relationship head capsule width and dry (il, ny) and wet (SC) weight
Biology larval growth in lab vs field populations before alteration
Conclusions both groups same head capsule width weight relationship
Biology oviposition/eggs how many egg niches have eggs how many hatch does host diameter matter
Red maple garden
Higher prevalence
How do alb populations expand on landscape, within tree
Vertical and spatial spread
Trees average diameter egg niches exit holes
Single stemmed trees damage
Multistemmed trees more damage
Multistemmed trees 2.5-plus times more oviposition damage, 3.5-plus times more exit holes most damage in middle 50 percent of host canopy or wood stems or branches smaller than 10 inches in diameter
Modeled dispersal
Management strategies remove and chip standard, cut and leave? Herbicide treatment?
Dr Kelly oten ncsu no adults trees on ground
Drop and leave viable management tactic 3 sites 2 years 2023 2024 30 trees/site dropped operationally June 30 more dropped Aug, 180 trees/year
1 adult deformed, few larvae
Will drop and leave work Kelly thinks so no viable adults after yr 1 few larvae, none appear to be alb
Alb prefers to oviposit on vertical material why downed trees work
decomposition by secondary insects and fungi second reason why downed trees work
final note on hack and squirt could be viable option for high-risk
alb biocontrol marina larval surveys, sentinel logs
ontsira mellipes releases 1200 jul 2023 700 aug 2023 released 1000 jun 2024
only 1 parasitized larva but first ever field validation of technique
conclusions some native parasitoids and natural enemies probably impact some alb maybe potential for o mellipes
relevant theses
QUESTIONS here since 2012; unknown how got to sc but dc RV park oh vehicles,same place in china as oh with Europe stop or directly from oh; owner resistance to tree removal? Yes but homeowner can’t stop because regulatory; can’t save tree unless historic but probably not; eastern cottonwood, black willow, American elm, American sycamore, river birch in 1st year highest populations of neighborhood right in middle (in oh?), not many secondary hosts other than maple; fire ants against larvae this year noticed; cities counties states federal agencies replantable trees, done by coyle groups dec event Charleston first to those who lost trees socioeconomically low
Asian longhorned beetle larval galleries compromise the structural integrity of host trees. True False
2. Maples are the preferred host tree species for ALB. True False
3. Asian longhorned beetle has never been eradicated from any state within the US. True False Illinois 2008; NJ after 11 years; Brooklyn Islip Manhattan Queens, Staten Island; Boston; Cornuda(s, TX?) 2020 after 11 years; Batavia and Stonelick townships, Clermont County, OH; eradication efforts Central Long Island; Charleston and Dorchester counties, SC; Worcester County, MA
4. Asian longhorned beetle was discovered in South Carolina in 1920. True False 2012
5. The low lying, swampy land and dangerous wildlife within the South Carolina infestation poses challenges to traditional eradication methods. True False
Anoplolphora glabripennis discovered Chicago, NYC late 1960s
maple and poplar preferred hosts
wide variety of hardwood trees potential hosts
larvae tunnels into branches and trunk dieback, structural weakening
apparent ability damage healthy trees, difficult control
adult ka starry sky beetle large 1.0-1.5 inches maximally, coal-black, bright white markings, banded antennae so lookalike of pine sawyer
native Japan, Korea, eastern China
Integrated Pest Management for Arborist and the Forestry Industry
Center for Integrated Pest Management
Tuesday, Nov. 19, 2024, 2:00 p.m.-3:30 p.m. Eastern
Gary Lovallo Principle Chestnut Arboricultural & Forestry Services LLC
Marcia Anderson environmental protection specialist, EPA’s Center for IPM
ANDERSON IPM is a science-based decision-making process that identifies and reduces risks from pests and pest management related strategies; uses site assessment, monitoring and pest prevention in combination with a variety of pest management tactics to keep pest levels within acceptable limits and numbers; employs horticultural, mechanical, physical and biological controls with selective use of pesticides
Set action thresholds knowledge of pest biology, host biology, the environment, relationships/interactions between pests and hosts; will help predict, prevent, time interventions for insect and disease problems susceptible host no disease pathogen favorable environment
Identify and monitor pests emerald ash borer, tent caterpillar, spongy moth, oak wilt leaves, spotted lanternfly nymph, hemlock wooly adelgid
Identify and monitor
Identify the pests deer damage to tree bark, tree struggling to overcome transplant injury and deer damage, weakened tree susceptible to wood borers, treat for borers and protect from further deer damage
Beneficial insects assassin bugs, lacewings, dragonflies, lady beetles
Symptoms vs signs symptoms include changes in appearance, changes in growth, dead or deformed plants sprouts caused by emerald ash borer infestation
Signs evidence left by the pest or the pest itself d shaped exit hole, symptom the splitting bark emerald ash borer
Cultural controls proper planting, proper mulching, appropriate irrigation, proper pruning, soil aeration compaction control, sanitation, right tree for right place, ?
Proper planting top of root ball, root flare, remove excess soil to expose the root flare at the soil surface, this will position the tree for quicker establishment and growth, and better resilience to pest infestation
Proper planting and mulched 2 to 4 inches of organic mulch applied
Proper mulching moderate soil temperature, prevent trimmer damage, moderate soil moisture, improve soil aeration, improve soil fertility, mulch wide not high, out not up, donuts not volcanoes
Stress is bad for trees what environmental conditions will make a tree more susceptible to pests drought, road salt, poor soils lack of nutrients, wrong soil texture, mulch volcanoes, string trimmer girdling, poor planting practices (too little/shallow)
Soil compaction ideal soil 50% pore space filled with air or water, compact soil less than 12% pore space inhibits root growth, roots can suffocate, too compacted to hold water = tree death
More potential conflicts string trimmers girdle trees by cutting into cambium layer that transports water nutrients between
Take trees off the lawn mulching aids in mowing eliminates trimming around tree trunks and prevents bark injury from equipment 3 to 5 inches
Species diversity avoid monocultures
Identify abiotic problems water too little too much, soil compaction, nutrient deficiencies, salt injury, temperature-induced injury, air pollution, storm injury hail wind lightning flooding, herbicide or chemical spills, natural gas line breaks salt damage
Sanitation physically remove pests
Cultural controls avoiding rust diseases both malus sp and cedrus sp are hosts for cedar apple rust, rust prevention involves not planting these species near each other, apple rust two-host disease, must access both species
Biochemical pesticides pheromones sex pheromones emitted by female insects to attract mates, aggregation pheromones produced by male insects to attract other males
Biochemical pesticides codling moth mating disruption wrap around tree branch, u
Look before you bite codling moth larvae burrow into fruit rendering it unsellable, some resistance to traditional insecticides, c
Spongy moth management biochemical pesticide (pheromone) female spongy moths do not fly attract mates by emitting a pheromone EPA-registered imitation pheromone confuse males searching for females e
IPM examples spongy moth the problem tree defoliation by caterpillars, threat to agricultural and horticultural industries, each egg sac can hold up to 1000 eggs high populations can defoliate
Spongy moth: natural enemies predators include ground beetles, ants, nematodes, birds, small mammals, two wasps and two flies lay their eggs in spongy moth caterpillars larvae feeding on caterpillars kill the hosts spongy moth larvae also impacted by a bacterium, fungus and virus
Spongy moth microbial pesticide virus nucleopolyhedrosis virus naturally occurring soil organism, epa-registered microbial pesticide specific to gypsy moth, used by us forest sevice to control
Spongy moth microbial pesticide virus caterpillars pick up the virus when eating treated foliage, gut dissolves the occlusion bodies and the virus penetrates through gut wall, liquefies caterpillar organs, death 10-14 days later
Spongy moth microbial pesticide fungus entomophaga maimaiga epa-registered microbial pesticide, success Entomopathogenic fungi feeding on insects
Protect trees during construction within two years of adding 12 inches of soil this tree died excessive soil added around a tree interferes with air moisture circulation to the roots, protective barriers should extend beyond the dripline, roots lie in the upper 24 inches of soil and are easily damaged, highly visible tree protection barriers ended 2:30 p.m
LOVALLO the aerial view an arboricultural approach to ipm
What is the arborists’ role in protecting the health of a tree identification, know or define the task (4 w’s what when where why), perform the task, assess the task
Identification do you know the tree genus and possibly species, do you know its properties good structure or poor condition, do you know common issues insect and disease, do you know treatments chemical, biological, environmental Hazard vs risk dead wood over chair = hazard so prune or move seat, separated
Hazard tree the combination of a failure of tree or tree part with the presence of an adjacent target a hazard designation would require an immediate
Risk tree the combination of the likelihood of an event and the severity of the potential consequences therefore it is the possibility of a conflict or tree failure occurring and affecting a target a risk designation indicates management risk tree management the application of policies, procedures, practices used to identify evaluation mitigate monitor and communicate tree risk between the assessor, owner, manager, arborist
Perform the task based on what when why where focus on tree health using the appropriate pruning system cleaning thinning raising restoration, resolving conflicts wire structures infrastructures, tree sanitation mulch leaves tree parts
What is the role of the climber in ipm programs maintenance, corrective actions, insect and disease mitigation, risk control, safety to life and property, health, aesthetics, discovering problems not seen from the ground
Shigo pruning is one of the best things an arborist can do for a tree but one of the worst things we can do to a tree Pruning shall be performed only by arborists or other qualified professionals
Definitions branch bark ridge enlarged area of bark tissue located on the top side of a branch junction proper pruning principles dead branch branch collar living branch branch collar hardwoods conifers, branch collars swelling at base of branch where it joins the trunk or larger branch resulting n overlapping of tissue codit natural barriers when damaged flush cutting reaches that barrier proper pruning does not
How pruning can be beneficial to an ipm program tent caterpillar bagworm spongy moth black knot cedar apple rust antracnose bacterial leaf scorch respective treatments cutout webs, pick off, scrap egg masses, prune out, remove host, prune, water prune monitor
Pin oak with severe trunk crack between two codominant branches brace cable remove
Owl in tree hole cavity
Pre-climb protocol ground to sky inspection roots trunk canopy identify defects or red flags, design work plan objectives pruning system, assess results met objectives satisfied goals and client inonotus dryadeus fruiting body tells extent of decay
Stomate dieback
New trees planted with basket and trunk wrap not removed
Assessment a measurement of success have we met the objectives, did we make a difference, do we know what to expect, have we prepared for the next step, have we educated the client, have we actually helped the tree, and do we know the future
Construction and trees can they coexist maybe but most likely yes
Consultant arborist new jersey law 45:15c known as tree experts and tree care operators licensing act requires a licensed tree expert as the qualified arborist/tree expert who can perform “consulting, diagnosis and treatment of tree problems or diseases, tree management during site planning and development, tree assessments and risk management” law passed in 2010 considered most comprehensive
Tree protection process conceptual site plan review using trc process applicant engineer attorney township reps clarify requirements via ordinances achieve consensus on tree issues review of revised plan, submittal of report to approving boards defining LOD tree preservation removal and replacement numbers and any fees to be paid
Tree protection implementation preconstruction meeting applicant engineer construction officials general contractor site developer, establish tree protection zones by surveyor, stake LOD with numbers, install protection barriers and maintain, clarify inspection frequency and penalties for not maintaining
Tree protection area do not enter OR
Treatments c chemical applications when all else fails use as directed measure predatory vs prey, b biological bt bacillus thuringiensis beneficials timing, a environmental use resistant plants and zone soil treatments water pruning
Everything starts and ends at the roots from seed to maturity, from pot to b and b to final resting place, long journey with frequent speed bumps, decisions by experts reduce the level of speed bumps, few are gifted with the ability to see the results of their work, planting a living legacy, making or having a positive impact, ipm is part of that journey
Finis ultima solution sometimes can’t save every tree if beyond point of return so don’t go through steps but just do one-cut pruning remove replace
New jersey now requires every tree removed must be replaced ended 303 p.m.
ANDERSON
Pose your questions
Deadly oak diseases dec. 10, 2024
Q1 Cedar apple rust fungicides chlorop? or tripe three six whatever labeled for use
Q2 leaf snap app from your picture gives tree, fungus visual id dr chris luley wood decay fungi
Q3 crape myrtle pruned every year? Can’t answer because crape myrtles not in nj third person says tend to prune every year
Q4 formula 1.5 feet for inch of diameter protection zone, drip line not always guide because more on one than other
Q5 if city not structure for above properties apartments and condos ignoring trees politically affordable housing ruling accommodate housing construction
Q6 beech leaf disease treatment recommendations individual spraying, injections individually, can’t do it for entire forest DOA DOF research, individual not mass pesticides
Q7 minimum size for arborist none evaluate construction impact depending type location arborist single tree, forester multiple trees, beech trees sensitive to tree, climax tree, can die from mulch
Q8 brix readings on leaf tissue to determine health and treatment, starch content of small sample tells wood tree health
Which word makes this phrase UNTRUE: "IPM programs provide _________ strategies for managing pests as well as the safe use of pesticides." Smart; Sensible; Impractical; Sustainable.
Which phrase is NOT TRUE? IPM is used to totally remove the need for or possibility of using pesticides for any reason. IPM is science-based, decision-making process that identifies & reduces risks from pests and pest management related strategies. IPM uses site assessment, monitoring, and pest prevention in combination with a variety of pest management tactics to keep pest. IPM employs horticultural, mechanical, physical, and biological controls with selective use of pesticides.
Which is not an essential parameter for setting action thresholds for pests? Knowledge of pest biology; Knowledge of the host biology; Knowledge of the environment; Knowledge of relationship/interaction between the pest, the host and environment; The resources needed to replace the host with resistant varieties.
All of the following are monitoring devices EXCEPT: Door sweeps; Tree cores; Pheromone traps; Aspirators; Sticky traps; Insect nets.
Recalling the difference between signs and symptoms of a pest problem, which is a sign? Changes in appearance; D-shaped exit hole, and the S-shaped larval galleries of an insect; Changes in growth; Dead or deformed parts of a plant; Dieback and epicormic sprouting.
Cultural controls include all of the following EXCEPT: Proper planting depth; Proper mulching; Appropriate irrigation; Preventative insecticide applications; Soil aeration; Sanitation.
Proper mulching provides all the following benefits EXCEPT: Moderates soil temperature; Prevent trimmer damage; Moderate soil moisture; Improve soil aeration and fertility; Improves light penetration through the canopy.
It is best to mulch wide, not high; mulch out, not up; and mulch as a donut, not a volcano. True. False.
Available pore space between soil particles is critical in root establishment and growth. Select the statement below that is not true. Ideal soil is about 50% pore space, which may be filled with air or water. Roots can suffocate when the soil is too compacted. Trees can die from lack of water if the soil is too compacted to hold water. Below 12%, root growth is inhibited. As roots die the tree can succumb to root decay fungi, which can cause dieback in the crown. Soil compaction reduces soil pore space, below 75%, root growth is inhibited. Soil compaction is a potential “root” cause for many symptoms the tree might be showing.
Abiotic problems can lead to secondary pest infestations. Which is NOT an abiotic issue? Nutrient deficiency; Salt injury; Storm injury (hail, wind, lightning, flooding); Pesticide or chemical spill; A pest infestation moving into an area; Natural gas line break.
All of the following are steps to protect trees during construction EXCEPT: Not disturbing roots in the upper 24 inches of soil; Erecting highly visible tree protection barriers that extend beyond the dripline; Adding 12 inches of topsoil around trees during construction; Prevent mechanical damage and soil compaction from heavy machinery. Prevent chemical damage. Identify the statement that is NOT true of pheromones used in orchards.
Sex pheromones are emitted by female insects to attract mates. Aggregation pheromones are produced by male insects to attract other males, females (adults and larvae). EPA-registered biopesticides can be used to detect, monitor, and trap insects. Pheromones are effective in controlling populations by disrupting mating and trapping target pests. Pheromones attract plant pollinators to assist with pollination effects.
Nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) is an EPA-registered pesticide for controlling spongy moth. When applied, it results in immediate death of spongy moth caterpillars. True. False.
Beech Leaf Disease: An Emerging Threat to the Queen of the Forest the American Beech W 11/20/24 @ 1:00 p.m. Eastern Forest Health Southern Regional Extension Forestry (SREF) Dr. Andrew Loyd, plant pathologist Bartlett Tree Experts The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) plays a significant role in many forest ecosystems across the eastern US. It is an economically important, slow growing and shade tolerant tree which adds structural diversity to many forest types, and its nut production makes it a valuable food source for wildlife. In 2012, a substantial threat to the American beech tree was detected in Ohio and has since spread to several other states. Beech leaf disease (BLD) is caused by a nematode and can result in host tree mortality within two to seven years. Symptoms include banded leaves, premature leaf drop, and aborted bud development in Fagus spp. This emerging threat continues to spread across the US, but what can be done to save the American beech? In this webinar, Dr. Andrew Loyd will discuss BLD biology, impact, and potential management strategies. Related Files: Beech Leaf Disease - Research Laboratory Technical Report PDF document 1264 KB Extension bulletin from Bartlett Tree Experts; Exploring Novel Management Methods for Beech Leaf Disease, an Emerging Threat to Forests and Landscapes PDF document 350 KB Article by Loyd et al. published in the Journal of Environmental Horticulture C.S. Lewis Prince Caspian
Beech symbol for written word, for wisdom within ancient learning, Helen of Troy carve initials in beech trees, sum of Genus fagus beech 14 taxa worldwide, long-lived, shade tolerant, food source, root sprouts, seed production about 40 yrs, us fagus grandifolia, silvatica European
Fagus silvatica variegated yellow green fall color
Characteristics wood, wood used in making Budweiser
The joy of beech meikleour beech hedge 1745 scotland average height over 30 meters tallest hedge in world silvatica Fagus grandifolia American beech range to panhandle west to southeastern tx to northeastern Canada (basically follows Mississippi river), forest landscape utility
Food, wildlife habitat bear deer porcupine birds
An arboreal murder mystery what is killing beech trees
2012 lake county ohio north of Cleveland dark banding between leaf veins, also somewhat European
Banding, crinkled, leathery, buds failed to lead but instead aborted dieback in canopy, forest-scale transformation seems winter but actually july middle of growing season canopy light transparent, disease first near lake erie then to 14 states and to Ontario province 2012 to 2024ohio eastward
2018 two articles one litylenchus crenatae n sp (Tylenchomorpha: Anguinidae), a leaf gall nematode parasitizing Fagus crenata Blume natsumi kanzaki, yu Ichihara, takuya aikawa, taisuke ekino
Beech leaf disease symptoms caused by newly recognized nematode subspecies litylenchus crenatae mccannii (Anguinata) described from fagus grandifolia in north America lynn kay carta gary bauchan Jennifer joch zagar a handoo david mccann Danielle martin shiguang li Colette k Gabriel david j burke mihail kantor qing yu Sharon reed
2020 published 2018 causal agent know
Top ten most important us nematides
Crenate nematode microscopic nematodelitylenchus crenatae mccannii
Grow into quick populations more damaging quickly
Wounded buds + nematodes = banding so primary causal agent
How does this disease work the giving tree read to children with stump left
This is your beech on bld healthy not so healthy
Physiological impacts of beech leaf disease across a gradient of symptom severity among understory American beech Cameron d mcintire photosynthesis stomatal conductance water wide open to lose water quickly won’t function well use efficiency water use efficiency in banded versus asymptomatic so not photosynthesizing
Cellulas insights of beech leaf disease reveal abnormal ectopic, cell division of symptomatic interveinal leaf areas veira p kantor mr, jansen a, handoo zap los one 18(10) produce larger number of larger cells in higher numbers when not photosynthesizing
Fletcher lr, borsuk am, fanton ac, Johnson km, richburg j, zailaa j, brodersen cr 2023 anatomical and physiological consequences of beech leaf disease in fagus grandifolia l forest pathology more larger cells larger veins not photosynthesizing
Trees with aborted buds will put out a second flush of leaves physiological malfunction, carbon from plant storage to form leaves
Beech leaf disease severity affects ectomycorrhizal colonization and fungal taxa composition Claudia bashian-victoroff, alexis brown, Andrew l loyd, sarah r carrino-kyker, david j burke no more mycorrhizing
Healthy photosynthesizes normally, flushes one set of leaves in season, stores carbon in woody tissues, produces normal cells as it has adapted to, ectomycorrhizae associates help with mineral utrition and water, positive feedback loop=growth Infected inefficient photosynthesis stomatal conductance and stomatal density, can send a second flush of leaves, produces abnormal large cells, loss of ectomycorrhizal root tips break in the positive feedback loop
Bld is a very progressive disease unlike dutch elm or oak wilt or eab, worse over time, not directly vascular indirectly leaves, slower in midst of maple oak beech diversity, faster in predominant beech
How does nematode spread so rapidly prediction graphs for ltylenchus crenatae subsp mccannii dispersal influenced by wind speed, humidity, precipitation, prediction of the number of lcm impacted by wind speed, prediction of lcm nematode recovery impacted by average humidity, prediction of lcm number influenced by precipitation in the form of rain jerry Garcia ode to the wind and the rain
How does the nematode spread so rapidly july higher august highet September lower October, nuts maturing at that time How does the nematode spread so rapidly investigating birds as dispersal vectors Parkinson sr, goraya m kantor c Vieira p martin d kantor m 2024 deciphering the vectors unveiling the local, not large percent of birds like darkeyed junco, flying organisms spreading by exterior not ingesting eliminating, nematodes spider webs, arthopods tussock moth species, wind and rain significant factor, moving organisms spreading
Putative life and disease cycle dispersal period, infection colonization damage period, symptom expression, jul-oct, abiotic factors, nematodes from leaves to buds when most humid and immediate damage causers, females and eggs overwinter in buds then come out bandedv Foliar not vascular disease targeted treatment window jul-oct before get into buds, disrupt life cycle
Bld management backgrounmd effective on many plant parasitic nematodes but not all, shown to be effective at an EC50 of 1.2 ppm, folia applications with full coverage at 8 oz/100 gal during nematode dispersal 3 apps with rotational, reduces disease severity and lcm abundance, moa disrupts energy production succinate dehydrogenase, disrupt energy production Thiabendazole originally manufactured as nematicide 1960s, used in veterinary and human medicine, routinely used to prevent ded as root flare injection, is tbz effective on lcm, could tis be a solution for large trees where foliar coverage is difficult, moa beta tubulin inhibitor and disrupts energy, disrupt cell division mitosis, old-school against dutch elm, spray individually so perhaps root flare injection larger
Major questions can fluopyram be applied to infected beech at lower doses and provide efficacy, are spring applications of fluopyram equally as good as late summer to manage bld, is tbz a viable treatment for bld in large trees
Can fluopyram be applied to infected beech at lower doses and provide efficacy the problem initial studies focused on the highest labeled rate 8 oz/100 gal, we found the ec90 to be 2.4 pp which is an equivalent to 0.13 oz/100 gal, based on ipm principles can l
Can fluopyram be appkied to infected beech at lower doses and provide efficacy the study f sylvatica dn f grandifolia 5 treatments with 12 reps per including nontreated control, broadform applied during dispersal period (4 apps incl rotation of foliar phosphite, 21 days apar
Can flupyram be applied to infected beech at lower doses and provide efficacy the answer is yes 6 oz 4 oz 2 oz 1 oz 0 oz Broadform applied with overlapping sprays
Efficacy of broadform at various rates on bld
Timing nematode dispersal can be difficult without a lab or gdd model, foliar apps in the spring could affect eggs or when lcm populations are low, can treatment window be
Two sites nursery and natural area, fs and fg, three program timings with broadform at 8 oz/100 gal program, two fluopyram apps with rotation in between
Earlier application works
Broadform applied prior to lcm dispersal will be effective, gives flexible timing to practitioners making applications in the elements
Is tbz a viable treatment for bld in large trees need systemic options for large trees where full coverage sprays are challenging, tbz is labeled narrowly and data needed for expansion to beech, been used as root flare
Three locations with variable timing with 2 predispersal and 1 postdispersal perios, each site had 10 teated and 10 non-treated controls
Arbotect effectiveless banded not thin
Tbz root flare injections are viable option for bld management on large trees, lcm readily intoxicated by tbz and multiple modes of action may be at play, likely multiple years less than 2 of efficacy 0 ppm 12 ppm moderate to high levels of disease treatments
Fluopyram and tbz are viable management options for teating to reduce bld reduced rate swof f are effective and can be applied prior to lcm dispersal for efficacy, root flare injections with tbz provide multiple years of efficacy and this resulted in multiple 24c labels for various states
Bld caused by putatively introduced nematode, starvation of carbon storage and use resulting in progressive decline, beech stocking density positively correlated with disease progress, wind and rain are definite factor for local spread and birds and other vector may transiently sped it longer distances, f and t effective chemistries in treating this nematode, acephate emamectin benzoate abamectin chitosan azadirachtin antitranspirants not effective
Additional resources website peer reviewed early management f, field experiments emamectin benzoate, acephate ineffective open access; extension bulletin from Bartlett about disease and management options
Q1 not in second floppy leaves from auxiliary buds clean no buds because bud infection where primary damage occurs
Q2 climatic factors limit spread of nematode, most southern northern Virginia and southern at Virginia, minimal fl, la, tx because beech takeover in northeast where disease quickly affecting
Q3 nurseries still plant, recommend beeches? Slowgrowers manage if not eradicate
Q4 individual or wooded but not economically feasible
Q5 beech tree resistance? Lingering beech with moderate low levels, graft for greenhouse grow, genomic studies on nematodes of protein production for infections
Q6 correlation with other problems? Beech bark disease since 1900s invasive scale cankering two fungi northeast, beech leaf and beech bark not overlapping, phytophora cankers not overlapping either
What is the causal agent for beech leaf disease? Nematode; Fungus; Bacteria; Virus
Beech leaf disease is a progressive disease and gets worse over time because the disease functions by ____.
blocking tyloses in the xylem; causes galls on the roots; depletes carbohydrate reserves; all of the above
There is no management option for managing BLD. True; False
What factors are involved in the spread of the causal agent of BLD? Wind; Rain; Animals; All of the above
Beech leaf disease symptoms occur from damage caused in what tissue type? Twigs; Buds; Roots; Stems
Presentacion Tcia policas de seguridad, osha intereses de seguridad de arboristas
ANSI Z133 3.3 equipo de proteccion personal
Juntas tailboard antes de empesar asegurese de que todos los empleados tengan ppe en su lugar, comprender el domicilio donde se esta hacienda el trabajo, hablar de cualquier peligro arriba, debajo del terreno o
Entienda donde estan ubicaods el equipo de primeros auxilios y el extinguidor de incendios, las reunions de tailboard son hora de hacer preguntas/aclaraciones
Siempre busque lineas electricas cercanas antes de comenzar a cortar o podar, trate todas las lineas electricas como energizadas, mantenga llos espacios libres requeridos entre cualquier equipo y lineas electricas
Mad distancia minima de aproximacion
Msad se debe mantener una distancia minima de aproximacion segura MSAD de 10 pies
Prestart atencion
Peligros electricos
Tenga en cuenta los transformadores sobre el terreno al quitar arboles o arbustos junto a trasnformadores, al moler los troncos
Diferentes tipos de poda con cortadoras de rboles cualificadas, este tipo de poda debe ser realizado unicamente por podadores de arboles de utilidad profesionales calificadas v, side, l pruning
Solo trabajadores de arboles profesionales calificados deben trabajar alrededor de las lineas electricas sin excepciones Los trabajadores de arboles no cualificados no deben determiner que lineas estan energizadas y que lineas no trata todas las lineas como energizadas y peligraosas
Distribution primary lines, secondary lines, service wire, communication lines, pole-mounted transformer
3 ft/1 m from service drops, 10 ft/3 m from overhead power lines, 20 ft/6 m from overhead transmission lines, 33 ft/10 m from downed power line
Un arca de 25 pies ha muerto y necesita ser derribado el arbol se encuentra a 8 pies al oeste de una linea electrica de 7200 voltios la copa del arbor
Poda de arboles articulos peligrosos alrededor de lineas electricas
Osha signikfica administracion de salud y seguridad ocupacional, una agencia federal que trabaja para garantizar condiciones de trabajo se
Los empleadores deben tomar las siguientes precauciones reconocer y evitar condicionees inseguras, proporcionar atencion medica inmediata en caso de lesions graves, proteja a los trabaja
Margue claramente las funciones de todos los controles para plataformas elevadoras aereas utilizadas principalmente como transporte de personal, sig alas
1/10 de un amperio de electricidad que atraviesa el cuerpo durante solo 2 segundos es suficiente para causar la merte, 500-1000 amperios promedio en lineas aereas de transmission
Las lineas de utilidades son peligrosas
Nunca acercarse a lineas electricas caidas, mantenga un mino de 35 pies mas de distancia, contacte a la empresa de utilidades, nunca trabaje alrededor de lineas electricas caidas
No podar palmas cerca de lineas de servicios publicos, el corte de la palma puede ser peligroso en las lineas de servicios publicos
Arco electric una descarga luminosa de coriente que se forma cuando una corriente fuerte salta un hueco en un circuito o entre a electrodos
No permanecer en el boom cuando el podador de arboles este trabajando en el cubo arriba, este en el suelo, sirve como ojos adiciones, si el boom h ace contacto con las lineasa electricas, no intente mover el camion mantengase lejos no hay necesidad de dos fatalidades
Potencial de paso el potencial de paso es la diferencia de voltaje entre los pies de una persona cerca de un objeto conectado a teierra y energizado una persona en el suelo esta sujeta al riesgo de lesions durante una falla electrica simplemente al intentar acercarse o alejarse del punto de conexion a tierra
Las empresas de servicios publicos son socios en lo que se trata de corte de arboles alrededor de lineaas electricas, utilice las empresas de servicios publicos para promover un area laboral seguro
Las empresas de servicios publicos no quieren obtener sus empleos ni infringer su negocio de poda de arboles, nota la compania de servicios publicos de lineas de servicio quisas no pode el arbol, pero desconectara la linea para trabajar de forma segura
Le recuerdamos al public que se comunique con compania apropiada para ubicar y marcar todos los servicios publicos subterraneaos antes de excavar algo en su region no olvide las lineas de utilidad subterraneas
Compania de energia para contactar compania en su localidad, subterraneo, 811
Para concluir seguridad primero, poda de arboles alrededor de peligros electricos usted esta a cargo de su propio destino, si no es por ti hazlo por tu familia
Q1 creditos educacion
Q2 companias publicas contratan companies non publicas tambien calificados con certificacion deben trabajar
Q3 preguntas antes de contratar
Biochar for tree growth and water quality: exploring potential in urban and disturbed soils T12/17/24 @ 12:00 p.m.
Webinar ID 819 9352 7774
Biochar for tree growth and water quality: exploring potential in urban and disturbed soils
T12/17/24 @ 12:00 p.m.
Webinar ID 819 9352 7774
Biochar is a soil amendment that is broadly described to improve a number of soil deficiencies, however it is not universally recommended. We present results from a handful of studies investigating methods and rates of application of biochar in urban soils. We will discuss how our study trees responded to different biochar applications and how each of these combinations impacted water quality. We will also discuss best practices for using biochar and which soils would benefit the most. We will also discuss best management practices for using biochar to improve urban stormwater quality. Dr. Rebecca Abney and JuliaCampbell of Tree and Soil Research Fund Grant Program-funded research findings
1600-plus registered
David Gordon chair-elect and Paul Putnam, Ph.D. TREE Fund President and CEO $25 donations each matched by his $25
Heath Hupke
Dr. Huade Guan T3/1/25 A pumping-test analogue for characterizing root-zone and plant integrated hydraulic systems based on above-ground measurements
Dr. Carolyn Mahan T4/8/25 Long term effects of electrical right-of-way vegetation management on floral and faunal communities
Mysha Clarke and Stephanie Cadaval T5/6/25 Enhancing collaboration amongst urban forest stakeholders – an assessment of natural hazard risk perception
David Gordon FASLA TREE Fund vice chair Landscape architect
Abney (PhD UCa Merced) and Campbell (Master’s UGa) UGa Warnell School of Forestry& Natural Forestry
Graduate students Alexis Martin, Courtney Scott; collaborators Holly Campbell, Dan Markewitz, Jay Shelton
Outline challenges in urban soil, what is biochar, treefund supported biochar study, management recommendations for using biochar to support urban trees and stormwater quality
Urban soils range in quality from good (native, undisturbed) to mainly debris, concrete and pesticide and pollutant contaminated
Altered soil drainage urban soils may have extreme drainage issues, depending on site design
Diversity of challenging soil environments stressed red maples small planting space heat evaporation despite mulch UGa planting volumes
Urban tree vaults Athens GA Salt Lake City UT Charleston SC
Urban tree vaults slow stormwater and improve its quality, support tree growth but can be full of challenges for a tree insufficient sol volume, too wet or dry, poor soil quality, compaction, contaminants etc 3 inch thick mulch planting soil mix curb asphalt pavement base course
Biochar what is it product of pyrolysis low or no oxygen burning conditions that is made from natural byproducts typically agricultural or forestry, chemically similar to charcoal, popular soil amendment
Biochar where did the idea originate terra preta soils in amazon, historic soils with consistently higher productivity than surrounding soil, likely had additions of charcoal or ash from campfires manure pottery, centuries post-abandonment as farmland still have higher som nutrient content
Biochar as soil amendment increase soil pH, increase CEC sometimes, decrease bulk density, increase water retention, increase soil C/organic matter, increased macroporosity improved structure, improve soil health
Research questions examine how different strategies of planting trees in vaults and amending urban vault soils with biochar impacts soil quality outflow water quality and retention and tree growth;
How does biochar-application method impact tree growth and water quality at planting five treatments four methods of planting with biochar and a control two common street trees willow oak q phellos and red maple acer rubrun 1% bottom 1% mixed 1% top 5% mixed control
Approach collected waste wood ash from local company, otherwise would be a waste product and sieved into a biochar fraction Approach trees planted spring 2022, growth monitored during summer growing season,
Throughflow experiments 1 liter 1 hour p and EC water volume
Throughflow experiments water retention highest with highest biochar and top amendment highest throughflow associated with lowest water retention this would have the highest contribution to stormwater
Throughflow experiments water quality biochar treatment category 1% at bottom 1 mix 1% at top 5% mix control overall pH overall EC
Tree growth red maple tree caliper willow oak tree caliper highest with highest biochar amendment and when applied at the top willow damaged when arrived not red maples
Tree mortality and survival increase in survival in 1% at top 1% mix 5% mix in red maples willow oaks too stressed Changes in soil properties rise in soil pH due to use of well-water, significant increase in soil pH at 5% mix Changes in biochar properties fresh vs field % C ) Ca Si 88.5 9.6 0.6 0.1 fresh 30.0 17.1 1.1 16.3 field
Conclusions biochar increase tree vault water retention particularly at high amendment loads and when added at top, increased outflow water pH at least initially, contributed some salt to outflow water quality but declined over time and was relatively low, improved tree growth and stress responses, additional questions how can you add biochar to already growing trees how would you figure out how much to apply to already growing trees
HOLLY CAMPBELL management recommendations 1:36 p.m.
Using biochar to manage your trees warnell outreach publication fact sheet step 1 ID your soil/site management goals improve soil fertility structure drainage enhance C sequestration etc
Step 2 evaluate site test soil drainage, test for soil fertility organic matter pH cation exchange capacity CEC Step 3 use the sol chemistry and biochar decision support tool soil property pH CEC Organic matter (LOI) phosphorus calcium good candidate <6 <50 <5% low low intermediate 6-7 50-100 5-10% not good candidate for biochar >7 >100 >15% high high Step 4 select best biochar for site biochar feedstock woody plants improves soil functions and can increase carbon storage and potentially sequestration herbaceous plants can enhance soil fertility animal manures can enhance soil fertility, amendments added to some biochar fertilizer and compost supports soil fertility mycorrhizae may improve tree growth and health lime increases soil pH sulfur decreases soil pH soil mycorrhizal types and their tree species hosts arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) is associated with cedar cypress juniper redwood maple ash dogwood sycamore tulip-poplar sweetgum ectomycorrhzae (EcM) is associated with pine birch oak willow
Step 5 apply biochar to soil newly planted trees approximate tree planting soil volume ex tree vaul dimensions, calculate 5-10% of planting volume this is the volume of biochar you would add Botts 2015 moisten biochar incorporate into the top 10 inches (another slide top 6) of soil at planting add 2-4 inches of mulch over soil planting soild volume 25 cubic feet 5% 1.25 cf biochar or approx. 9 gallons 10% of V 2.5 cf biochar
Steps 6-7 reapply biochar and store biochar afer 1 year take another soil test to evaluate soil chemistry and effect of first biochar application if soil test results do not indicate high/excessive nutrient or an unfavorable pH repeat steps for selecting and applying biochar biochar can be stored long term when dry
Assistant professor of forest and disturbed soils A , public service associate HC
Q1 compost and biochar together than biochar alone, biochar and ash water and wind erosion because grainy; Q2 toxic soil issue generating biochar plant materials heavy metal and nutrient contaminants; Q3 water issues too much retention with biochar in already waterlogging-prone soils; Q4 woodchips vs biochar not sawdust vs organic; Q5 inoculants Heath Hupke certificate of attendance
Almost 1200 attendees of 1600-plus registrants ended 2:01 p.m.
Integrated pest management for oak wilt and sudden oak death US EPA center for IPM T 12/10/24 @ 2:00 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. Eastern IPM Webinar ID 715-325-307 1.Which type of oak is most susceptible to oak wilt? RED; Green; White; All oaks 2.Which of the following do not contribute to oak decline? Two-lined chestnut borer; Armillaria fungi; Drought; SPREAD OF NEMATODES ON WIND CURRENTS 3.Which of the following is a recommended management option for oak decline? THIN IMPACTED STANDS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE; Salvage harvest (salvage logging) dead and declining oaks; Eliminate oak seedlngs and samplings in older oak stands; Eradicate two-lined chestnut borer and Armillaria from the forest 4.How does oak wilt spread above ground? On tree harvesting equipment; Wind spread fungal spores; SAP BEETLES ATTRACTED TO PRESSURE PAD; Squirrels eating acorns 5.Which of the following methods effectively prevents oak wilt from spreading between connected roots below ground? Prescribed fire/burning; GIRDLING AND APPLYING HERIBICIDE TO OAKS WITHIN ROOT GRAFT DISTANCE; Cutting/Removing oaks as soon as symptoms appear; Raking and removing oak leaves in the fall 6.What is the pathogen that causes sudden oak death? Phytophthora lateralis; PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM; Poria weirii; Armillaria mellea 7.Which tree species is the main host for sudden oak death in Northwestern forests: Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana); TANOAK (Notholithocarpus densiflorus); Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Oregon myrtlewood (Umbellularia californica) 8.Which is not a way the sudden oak death pathogen is spread? Spores moving during wind/rain events; Coastal fog; Spores dripping from upper canopy onto understory plants; ASIAN LONGHORNED BEETLE INFESTATION 9.Which of the following is true? Oak decline is primarily caused by oak wilt; All oaks in a forest with oak decline will die within 1-2 years; Trees with oak decline rapidly lose all their leaves during the growing season; Below ground spread of oak wilt can be prevented by removing infected trees; MOVING FIREWOOD COULD SPREAD OAK WILT 11.Oak wilt disease is mainly found in which group of states? Fl, Ga, Ms, Al; Il, Wi, Ia, In, Oh, Pa, Mo; CA, OR, WA, ID, AZ; Me, NH, Vt, Ma, Ct 12.Symptoms to look for in summer months when diagnosing leaf wilt disease include all of the following, except Infected leaves; Leaf bronzing; Marginal necrosis; LEAF SPOTS AND TWIG DESICCATION (DRYING); Vascular decolorization 13.Proper handling of red oaks with oak wilt disease includes all of the following, except Burying; Burning; De-barking; Chipping; Covering with a plastic tarp; TRANSPORTING FIREWOOD TO LOCAL CAMPGROUND FOR DISPOSAL 14.Which is not a preventative measure for oak wilt? Creating buffers by girdle herbiciding; Fungicide treatments; Bulldozing and uprooting stumps; AERIAL SPRAYING OF FORESTS WITH NEEM OIL; Cutting trenches around oak pockets in a forest 15.The sudden oak death pathogen is native to the United States. True; FALSE Understanding and optimizing runoff reduction with urban trees Dr. Asia L. Dowtin, Michigan State University Department of Forestry R 12/5/24 @ 12:00 p.m. Eastern UMass Urban Forestry Today Overview urban trees and stormwater mitigation, nutrient flux; urban trees growth, survival, function at brownfield sites PP-24-838 Benefits of uran trees research has linked the presence of urban trees to protecting biodiversity, reducing obesity levels, managing stormwter, increasing neighborhood property values, reducing stress, reducing rates due to improved air quality, cooling by 2 to 4 degrees F and deaths from heat and cutting energy use, filtering up to one-third of fine particle pollutants within 300 years of a tree Valuation of ecosystem services provided by urban trees ecosystem service energy savings, co2 reduction, air quality improvement, stormwater mitigation with respective economic value of which stormwater mitigation appears to be most impactful Albuquerque NM, Berkeley CA, Sta Monica CA, Charlotte NCIndianapolis IN, NY NY Valuation of stormwater mitigation provided by urban trees in both cities small group of species do majority of work risks with minimal biodiversity Indianapolis $16.83/tree NYC $61/tree Forethought must be gven h ow do different species contribute to stormwater mitigation, water quality, nutrient flux? What contributes to this variability? Should we Interception by urban canopy 3 potential fates of precipitation interacting with the urban canopy interception throughfall stemflow to volume and chemistry of which precipitation captured by leaf and woody surfaces is later evaporated from surface of displaced and transported to ground, the precipitation that passes through gaps in the canopy or interacts with tree surfaces in route to the ground diffuse, precipitation transported to the ground via the stems and trunks of trees localized Data collection methods throughfall and stemflow Calculating rainfall distribution total rainfall = interception and throughfall and stemflow, interception = total rainfall – throughfall and stemflow, calculating interception by urban forest fragments allows us to determine what percent of rainfall they prevent from reaching the ground, thus reducing the risk of localized urban flooding Brief reflection what physical tree traits do you think may influence interception throughfall stemflow, do differences in tree traits cause large or noticeable enough variation in interception throughfall stemflow to quantify Tree traits and their impact Tree traits and rainfall distribution various traits of influence, dynamic interplay between traits, variation over life of tree and between species Effects of canopy structure on interception throughfall foliar characteristics leaf area index LAI correlated with interception direct impacted by foliation period deciduous vs evergreen impacted by leaf geometry conifer LAI > broadleaf LAI higher LAI higher interception Average interception 27 percent broadleaf deciduous average interception 35 percent broadleaf evergreen average interception 61 percent coniferous evergreen Canopy characteristics that promote rainfall capture A high crown projection area C high canopy density E high adaxial surface roughness Canopy characteristics that promote rainfall drainage B downward sloping branches D low canopy density link to pruning F low adaxial surface roughness Effects of canopy structure on interception stemflow bark characteristics relatively smooth bark linearly aligned furrows low water storage capacity rough bark intridcately stitched furrows stemflow water storage capacity flow impediment stemflow; canopy structure branch inclination angle, funneling capacity, stemflow, branch inclination angle, funneling capacity, stemflow Bark characteristics that affect rainfall and capture by urban trees bark characteristics that promote water retention by urban tree cover scaley texture Quercus alba, interstitched furrows Liriodendon tulipifera; bark characteristics that promote water drainage by urban tree cover shallow linear furrows Querchus rubra smooth texture Fagus syvlatica Sampling design example of through and stemfall gauge placement example of instrumental site sampling after storms production equal to or more than 7.0 mm of rain all sites equipped with 25 throughfall 7 stemflow collectors 1 bulk p Methods quantifying stemflow yield hydrologic flux funneling ratio F=Vs/(Pg*B) efficiency of stemflow production hydrologic flux funneling ratio F how much more or less water is reaching soil due to presence of a tree value less than 1 tree reduces water transport to soil ideal for increased interception values more than 1 tree amplifies water transport to soil ideal for promoting infiltration Vsub S stemflow volume P sub g bulk rainfall depth B tree basal area Variation in stemflow yield among species metric classification red oak SF white oak SF stemflow volume L stemflow yield 26.4 2.4 funneling ratio stemflow yield 7.55 0.49 interspecific variability attributed to differences in bark morphology Guidance for urban tree selection: stormwater management goals utc characteristics promote interception via enhanced canopy water storage capacity promote infiltration via double funneling effect and eenhanced drainage capacity physical tree traits high LAI high canopy density low foliar hydrophobicity low leaf inclination angle relative to the horizontal high bark water storage capacity high bark microrelief interlacing/interstiched furrows in bark platy bark high crown projection area low bark microrelief shallow linear furrows presence of multiple leaders high branch inclinantion angle with through high crown projection area firt promote; site conditions complex vegetative structure ie mix of herbaceous v Urban forest management plan analysis focus: stormwater mitigation via urban tree cover Methods data collection and analysis Michigan department of natural resources request and web-baed search, documents included all municipal urban forest management documents noting variety in naming patterns, documents excluded ordinances management documents limited to isolated portion of municipality eg central business districts, content analysis comprehensiveness with which use of urban trees to meet stormwater management Accessible urban and community forestry management plans in Michigan upper peninsula 55 percent of accessible Michigan urban forest management plans reference stormwater mitigation as a benefit of urban tree cover Decadal trends inclusion of stormwater mitigation in Michigan uf management plans including stormwater mitigation by utc 2000-2019, plans excluding stormwater mitigation by utc 2000-2019 Stormwater mitigation references in mi urban forest management plans utc as strategic sw solution, interception estimates by species, linked impact on grey infrastructure, interception estimates for local utc, valuation s of local utc swm benefit, interception estimates by utc general, process description swm by utc, swm as utc benefit Variability in reporting of stormwater mitigation benefits of urban tree cover municipality swm as utc benefit process description swm by utc interception estimates by utc general valuation dollar sof local utc swm benefit interception estimates for local utc inked impact on grey in Stormwater mitigation benefits reported in urban forest management plan Detroit 216 precipitation volume intercepted by urban tree cover 271000000 gal/yr stormwater management cost savings $2,170,000/yr, Novi 25900000 gal $207900/yr Marquette UP 5900000 gal/yr $159800/yr Ishpeming UP 2013 1250000 $33764 Key findings notable proportion of plans acknowledge stormwater mitigation benefit of urban tree cover, vaiability in how sm benefits vary limited mention or acknowledgement of benefits most frequently reported, potential for more plans to include with greater depth/comprehensiveness, note there is value in reporting volume estimates of stormwater avoided due to urban tree cover and estimated associated economic value of this service Additional considerations stormwater mitigation benefits valuable but limited to partnered hybrid efforts with gray infrastructure, partner with other communities of practice in developing plans to utilize urban trees in stormwater mitigation efforts Conclusions urban trees provide quantifiable stormwater mitigation benefits, physical traits of urban trees will impact how they contribute to stormwater mitigation, when possible incorporate information about sm benefits into urban forest management plan using data and language accessible to those outside of the urban forestry community ended 1256 pm QUESTIONS how values calculated iTree eco average area precipitation budgets gallons never treated or managed vs what treated managed; planting strategies runoff prevention large tree groved smaller maximum tree cover with lots of trees with minimum larger when space limited; bark vs runoff interception rough higher PP-24-838 Dr cecil konijnendijk European forum on urban forestry Georgia Arborist Association Warnell webinar Business of Arboriculture Webinar: Introduction to Job Costing Efficient costing and budgeting Job costing how to not pay your clients to work for them! R 11/14/24 @ 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m. EDST Webinar ID 865 5193 3009 Passcode 698699 This webinar is part one of a six-part webinar series called the Business of Arboriculture presented by the Georgia Arborist Association, the University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, and Auburn University with generous support from the United States Forest Service. The series will be presented between October 2024 and April 2025. hosted by Beau Brodbeck and Jessie McClellan November Lunch and Learn Join us on Tuesday, November 14, 2024 from 1 PM to 12 PM for another FREE virtual learning opportunity. The topic is “Introduction to Job Costing" presented by Gary Ickes. 1 ISA CEU Applied For. The presentation will cover basic expense analysis to determine the cost to operate a business, how to calculate your per hour cost to work, develop a cost per hour to charge your clients, and simple bidding of work. The information has been developed over the last 30 years of being in business. The information is given by a tree care professional not an accountant or MBA. While the information should work for many small tree care companies, there are other options available that may work better for your company. Gary Ickes, an I.S.A. Board Certified Master Arborist since 2005, has worked in the tree care for more than 30. In addition to being an I.S.A. BCMA, Gary is an I.S.A. Municipal Specialist and Tree Risk Assessment Qualified and a Tree Care Industry Association Certified Treecare Safety Professional. Topics/Dates for Business of Arboriculture Webinar Series Efficient Costing and Budgeting, November 14, 2024 Insurance: What’s Needed, How Much, and What’s required, January 30, 2025 Building a Brand and Sales Etiquette, February 27, 2025 Taxes for the Arborist, March 27, 2025 Managing a Productive Workforce, April 24, 2025 Small company 8 employees started by father 1970s then coastal Alabama Managed 1992-1997 when purchased company Early in my career I did not know how much it cost me per hour to operate my business I learned hard lessons about underbidding work How did I pay a client to work for them if it costs me $400 per hour to operate my business I bid the work at 390 per hour I have paid my client 10 per hour I would not even make enough to pay all the bills How do I kow how much to charge that is a good question I figured it out mostly by trial and error and a bit of luck How do you do it now I don’t have a plan, swag, I have a plan, I hire a professional I have a plan I use a simple cost analysis spreadsheet that I made, I use prior business information to determine my cost to operate, since iuse QuickBooks to handle the backside of the business I have multiple years of recods to look back on, if I know what it costs me to operate Tenth revision of cost sheet Expenses indirect costs not related to serviced, fixed ongoing overhead utilities electric telephone voip cellphones internet water sewer garbage Advertising yellow pages (in the old days), social media, google, thryv, signage for instance on truck, website, marketing literature, promos Dues & subscriptions isa, tcia, asca, bbb, trade publications Office & grounds maintenance cleaning, landscape, building care & repair Meeting & training travel expenses, registration, meals snacks drinks, training materials, trainers Postage used to used Miscellaneous catch all Professional fees accountants, bookkeepers, attorneys, consultants Loan interest property, building, trucks, equipment Insurance property, professional liability, umbrella, other, errors and omissions insurance, special permits Licenses & permits business licenses Miscellaneous Rent office, shop, property Spreadsheet service hours travel Payroll & expenses this is for employees that are not involved with field production such as sales, office, owner employer paid taxes social security, medicare, federal unemployment, state unemployment, state unemployment ESA cost per hour including taxes fringe benefits healthcare retirement holida Expenses direct costs directly related to production of service Equipment maintenance repairs parts pm=preventative maintenance Equipment insurance auto insurance, inland marine Equipment fuel tracked by type clear diesel, dyed diesel, ? Materials & supplies hand tools ppe Gatorade uniforms many many other things Other costs kind of a catch all for anything else Debris own greenway gathered for another company to grind for fuel disposal, tipping charge if left at landfill, owned site maintenance Equipment recapturethis is the cost of equipment purchased, some people do not include this in their cost analysis, it can be used for cash purchases or financed equipment Total direct expenses used crane, new compact lift, new pickup by actual price, lifespan, cost per year, cost per hour, purchase date, full recap Production payroll & expenses Direct expenses material, rental & temp labor 24.25 cost 7.75 hours 1 markup% total 187.94 Direct expenses additional charge for owned equipment higher cost to operate 658.75 Expenses bringing it all together Proposal scenario the client has a large oak to be removed using a crane, a temp worker will be used Overhead costs 7.75 $1452.57 Direct expenses without labor 7.75 hours cost 681.29 Don’t mark up temp labor but do with everything else Owned equipment additional charge air compressor, mower deck, craine Expenses from employee overhead direct expenses without labor mrt charge owned equipment add charge Profit bid price hourly for cost Profit back checking a job’s profit Back checking a job’s profit the crew was supposed to complete the workbecause an additional hour was needed to complete the work the profit changed from 725.70 or 20% to 334.83 or 89?% Back checking a job’s profit there could be many issues that caused the job to need an additional hour to finish it could have been underbid the crew may not have been ru Talking with clients some tips on good communication First point of contact with the client telephone answer the phone as a professional, return any messages as soon as possible, gather all the information you can and take notes, inform the client upfront of possible delays before the work could start, don’t be afraid to refer the client to someone else if what they want is something that you don’t offer or know someone better clients remember this and will often call back First meeting with the client be on time or call to let them know, walk to the client to shake their hand, make eye contact and smile, listen and ask questions for clarification, forget the adage dazzle with brilliance or baffle with bs use lay language and be honest, let them know how you are better than other companies without badmouthing others keep mouth shut if don’t have something nice Listen to the client shut up and listen, listen to them to understand what they want, ask questions to clarify, repeat their wants to them to verify that you understand them, be careful about nonverbal actions such as crossing your arms looking away while listening or messing with your phone apologize if step away, never miss an opportunity to upsell work from crane to dismantling tree Don’t be too technical instead of saying mrs smith your tree will be pruned using a canopy reduction method by using reduction and removal cuts to reduce wind forces and canopy cleaned of deadwood of x size, try mrs smith we will remove and shorten some limbs so that it will be affected less by the wind and removed dead wood of x side, instead of saying mr smith your tree has girdling roots that are affecting the vascular tissues of the tree causing stag horning of the upper canopy, try mr smith your tree Let the client know of any possible issues before they occur mrs smith we will need to move several shrubs in order to access the tree for removal we will replant the shrubs at the end of the job, mr smth went with the cheaper option of just dropping pieces of trunk instead of using a crane to dismantle the tree, mr smith there may be some possible dents in the yard at the end of the job due to removing the tree we will d Let the client know of any possible issues before they occur mrs smith we are out 2 to 3 weeks and there could be delays due to weather please be patient with us while we try to get your work scheduled, mrs smith we will need to wait f After the first meeting follow up with the client, ask if they any questions or concerns, be prepared to explain the value of your service, be careful of looking needy by dropping your price unless the work is changed At the start of the job either the salesperson or the crew lead should meet with the client, review the job, ask if they any questions or concerns, ask if At the end of the job either the salesperson or the crew lead should meet with the client inform them of any damage review the job to verify that all the work is performed and satisfactory, ask if they have any questions or concer, seither ask for payment or that an invoice will be sent At the end of the job if there is damage inform the client asap if it is your fault own it listen to the client and don’t let emotion get in the way seek to understand the client’s view apologize find a solution and fix it in a timely manner After the job is completed follow up with a thank you, ask what you could improve upon, ask if they have any concerns, ask if they would refer you to friends and family, ask for a review Ickes tree service 2517478733 safety training & business consulting in addition to tree service Second part in series with next Jan. 30 insurance for tree-care businesses, then February, then march, then april managing productive work force QUESTIONS number of hours per work year1800 hours divide by yearly expense to calculate hourly 1800 with 6-8 big holidays rain days too wet yards so holidays weather Christmas eve to jan 2 employees paid not to work, downtime maintenance bidding with maintenance by gary and bidding by sales person so not affect productivity Q2 cost equipment cleanup figured time travel to and from work site often left out by accountants equipment repair and cleanup him or sent out so doesn’t affect productivity time of crew because of backup equipment Q3 call backs like client not wanting to pay