Lunar L. Clark Crater Honors Columbia Mission Specialist Laurel Clark

Summary: Lunar L. Clark Crater honors Space Shuttle Columbia Mission Specialist Laurel Clark, who perished with her six colleagues on the spaceplane in 2003.

On Friday, Jan. 17, 2003, during Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th mission, STS-107 (Thursday, Jan. 16, to Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003), Mission Specialist 4 Laurel Clark, on her first spaceflight, and Commander Rick Husband, on his second spaceflight, are situated near supportive equipment for experiments on the SPACEHAB Research Double Module (RDM); NASA ID S107E05020: Not subject to copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library

The lunar southern hemisphere's far side L. Clark Crater honors Space Shuttle Columbia Mission Specialist 4 Laurel Blair Salton Clark (March 10, 1961-Feb. 1, 2003), who perished during her first spaceflight, along with six colleagues, as the orbiter re-entered Earth's atmosphere Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003.

Laurel Clark's crater groups with six other Columbia-themed craters in the southeastern interior of Apollo Crater. Also known as Apollo Basin, the prominent impact crater exists as a basin-within-a-basin in the sprawling South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin. Apollo Crater lies in the SPA Basin's northeastern quadrant, according to Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center's mineralogy and petrology specialist, Canadian-American geologist Donald Allen Morrison (July 19, 1936-Jan. 16, 2021), and then Lunar and Planetary Institute postdoctoral researcher, American physicist and planetary geologist D. Benjamin J. Bussey, in their paper, "The Apollo and Korolev basins and the stratigraphy of the lunar crust," presented at the 28th Lunar and Planetary Sciences Conference (LPSC 1997), held in Houston, Texas, March 17-21, 1997.

Apollo Crater is centered at minus 35.69 degrees south latitude, minus 151.48 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere crater's northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend from minus 28.12 degrees south to minus 44.19 degrees south, respectively. The worn geologic structure's easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch from minus 140.58 degrees west to minus 162.07 degrees west, respectively. Apollo Crater's diameter spans 524.23 kilometers.

American Naval Flight Surgeon and NASA astronaut Laurel Clark's lunar crater is centered at minus 43.34 degrees south latitude, minus 147.70 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes settle at minus 43.08 degrees south and minus 43.59 degrees south, respectively. It encounters its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 147.35 degrees west and minus 148.04 degrees west, respectively. L. Clark Crater has a diameter of 15.30 kilometers.

L. Clark Crater occupies the southernmost position among the lunar far side's Columbia craters. Located to the north, Chawla Crater occurs as L. Clark Crater's nearest Columbia neighbor.

Chawla Crater honors first Indian female astronaut and first Indian-American astronaut Kalpana "K.C." Chawla (March 17, 1962-Feb. 1, 2003). For her second spaceflight, the aerospace engineer, aerobatic pilot and NASA astronaut served as Mission Specialist 2 on Space Shuttle Columbia's last, fatal mission.

Chawla Crater is centered at minus 42.48 degrees south latitude, minus 147.49 degrees west longitude. It lists its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 42.24 degrees south and minus 42.71 degrees south, respectively. It details easternmost and westernmost longitudes of minus 147.17 degrees west and minus 147.80 degrees west, respectively.

Chawla Crater's diameter measures 14.25 kilometers. Its diminutiveness qualifies Chawla Crater as the smallest of the lunar far side's Columbia Craters.

Chawla Crater interposes between L. Clark Crater and D. Brown Crater. The trio exhibits a fairly straight north-south alignment.

D. Brown Crater honors David McDowell Brown (April 16, 1956-Feb. 1, 2003). The United States Navy captain and NASA astronaut served as Mission Specialist 1 on Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th and final mission, which also qualified as Brown's first and last spaceflight.

D. Brown Crater is centered at minus 41.65 degrees south latitude, minus 147.16 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes correspond to minus 41.38 degrees south and minus 41.91 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes match with minus 146.80 degrees west and minus 147.52 degrees west, respectively. D. Brown Crater has a diameter of 16.12 kilometers.

Craters named for Space Shuttle Columbia's seven fallen astronaut occur in the southeastern interior of Apollo Crater, also known as Apollo Basin, an enormous impact crater in the southern hemisphere on the lunar far side; Moon 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography: via Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

McCool Crater is located distantly northeast of L. Clark Crater and northeast of D. Brown Crater. Its northeasterly position qualifies as the easternmonst among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

McCool Crater honors American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer and NASA astronaut William Cameron McCool (born William Cameron Graham; Sep. 23, 1961-Feb. 1, 2003). McCool's position as the STS-107 mission's Pilot marked his first and only spaceflight.

McCool Crater is centered at minus 41.28 degrees south latitude, minus 146.26 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are detected at minus 40.94 degrees south and minus 41.62 degrees south latitude, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are asserted at minus 145.81 degrees west and minus 146.71 degrees west, respectively. McCool Crater has a diameter of 20.47 kilometers.

Ramon Crater is positioned to the distant northwest of L. Clark Crater and to the near northwest of D. Brown Crater. Ramon Crater forms a fairly straight west-east alignment with McCool Crater to the east and M. Anderson Crater to the west.

Ramon Crater honors Ilan Ramon (born Ilan Wolferman; June 20, 1954-Feb 1, 2003). The Israeli Air Force (IAF) fighter pilot and first Israeli astronaut served as Space Shuttle Columbia's Payload Specialist for his first and only spaceflight.

Ramon Crater is centered at minus 41.23 degrees south latitude, minus 148.08 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are noted at minus 40.97 degrees south and minus 41.49 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are obtained at minus 147.71 degrees west and minus 148.45 degrees west, respectively. Ramon Crater has a diameter of 17.23 kilometers.

M. Anderson Crater's position to the west of Ramon Crater qualifies as the westernmost among the lunar far side's Columbia craters. M. Anderson Crater lies to the distant northwest of L. Clark Crater.

M. Anderson Crater honors Michael Phillip Anderson (Dec. 25, 1959-Feb. 1, 2003). The United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut served as Payload Commander and Mission Specialist 3 for his second spaceflight.

M. Anderson Crater is centered at minus 41.21 degrees south latitude, minus 148.99 degrees west longitude. It secures its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 40.93 degrees south and minus 41.49 degrees south, respectively. It presents its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 148.62 degrees west and minus 149.36 degrees west, respectively. M. Anderson Crater has a diameter of 16.94 kilometers.

Husband Crater lies to the far north of L. Clark Crater and to the near north-northeast of Ramon Crater. Husband Crater's position qualifies as the northernmost among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

Husband Crater honors Richard "Rick" Douglas Husband (July 12, 1957-Feb. 1, 2003). For his second spaceflight, the American fighter pilot and NASA astronaut served as commander of Space Shuttle Columbia's last, tragic flight, Thursday, Jan. 16, to Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003.

Commander Rick Husband's lunar crater is centered at minus 40.32 degrees south latitude, minus 147.84 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes are represented at minus 39.85 degrees south and minus 40.78 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are tapped at minus 147.17 degrees west and minus 148.51 degrees west, respectively.

Husband Crater's diameter measures 31.26 kilometers. Its size qualifies Husband Crater as the largest among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

The International Astronomical Union officialized L. Clark Crater’s name in 2006, during the organization’s XXVIth (26th) General Assembly, held Monday, Aug. 14, to Friday, Aug. 25, in Prague, Czech Republic. The XXVIth General Assembly granted group approval to all seven 28th Columbia mission crew-honoring lunar craters.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 121 shows the seven southern hemisphere craters honoring Mission Specialist Laurel Clark and her six Space Shuttle Columbia colleagues in the lunar far side's Apollo Basin: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

On Friday, Jan. 17, 2003, during Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th mission, STS-107 (Thursday, Jan. 16, to Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003), Mission Specialist 4 Laurel Clark, on her first spaceflight, and Commander Rick Husband, on his second spaceflight, are situated near supportive equipment for experiments on the SPACEHAB Research Double Module (RDM); NASA ID S107E05020: Not subject to copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details/S107E05020

Craters named for Space Shuttle Columbia's seven fallen astronaut occur in the southeastern interior of Apollo Crater, also known as Apollo Basin, an enormous impact crater in the southern hemisphere on the lunar far side; Moon 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography: via Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/moon_farside.pdf

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 121 shows the seven southern hemisphere craters honoring Mission Specialist Laurel Clark and her six Space Shuttle Columbia colleagues in the lunar far side's Apollo Basin: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Lunar/lac_121_wac.pdf

For further information:

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/827

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Chawla.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14139

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D. Brown.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14138

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Husband.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14140

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “L. Clark.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14143

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “M. Anderson.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Feb. 1, 2011, 2:19 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14137

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “McCool.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14141

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14142

Marriner, Derdriu. "Ilan Ramon Had Moon Landscape Drawing by Petr Ginz on Columbia Shuttle." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 10, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/ilan-ramon-had-moon-landscape-drawing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Chawla Crater Honors Columbia Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 21, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/lunar-chawla-crater-honors-columbia.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar D. Brown Crater Honors Columbia Mission Specialist David Brown." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 14, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/lunar-d-brown-crater-honors-columbia.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Far Side Husband Crater Honors Columbia Commander Rick Husband." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 24, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/lunar-far-side-husband-crater-honors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Far Side McCool Crater Honors Columbia Pilot William McCool." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 31, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/lunar-far-side-mccool-crater-honors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Far Side Ramon Crater Honors First Israeli Astronaut Ilan Ramon." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 17, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/lunar-far-side-ramon-crater-honors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "M. Anderson Crater Honors Columbia Payload Commander Michael Anderson." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 7, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/m-anderson-crater-honors-columbia.html

The Moon Wiki. “Apollo.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Apollo

The Moon Wiki. “Borman.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Borman

The Moon Wiki. “Chawla.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Chawla

The Moon Wiki. “D. Brown.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/D._Brown

The Moon Wiki. “Husband.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Husband

The Moon Wiki. “L. Clark.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/L._Clark

The Moon Wiki. “M. Anderson.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/M._Anderson

The Moon Wiki. “McCool.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/McCool

The Moon Wiki. “Ramon.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Ramon

Morrison, Donald A. (Allen); and D. Ben J. Bussey. "The Apollo and Korolev basins and the stratigraphy of the lunar crust." Pages 987-988. Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII: Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Twenty-eighth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 17-21, 1997, Part 2 P-Z (1057-1638). Houston TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1997.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1997LPI....28..987M
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1997LPI....28..987M

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "David Brown, Mission Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Brown.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/Brown%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Ilan Ramon, Payload Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA @ https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ramon.pdf
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Ramon.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/PAYLOA%7E1.HTM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Chawla.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E1.HTM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Laurel Blair Salton Clark, Mission Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Clark.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/Clark%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Michael P. Anderson, Payload Commander." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Anderson.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/anderson_biodata.htm

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Rick D. Husband, Commander." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Husband.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E2.HTM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "William C. McCool, Pilot." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/McCool.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/McCool%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm

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Dec. 1, 1962, Ernani Broadcast Airs as Listeners' Choice March 2, 2024

Summary: Met Opera's Dec. 1, 1962, broadcast of Verdi's Ernani airs March 2, 2024, as the 2023-2024 Saturday Matinee Broadcast season's Listeners' Choice.

Three years nine and one-half months after his conductorship of Met Opera's Saturday, Dec. 1, 1962, performance of Verdi's Ernani, Thomas Schippers conducted the world premiere of Samuel Barber's Antony and Cleopatra, on Friday, Sep. 16, 1966, as the inaugural opera for the Metropolitan Opera's new Metropolitan Opera House in Upper West Side Manhattan's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts: WCPE TheClassicalStation, via Facebook March 9, 2019

The Metropolitan Opera's Dec. 1, 1962, broadcast of Verdi's Ernani airs March 2, 2024, at 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time as the 2023-2024 Saturday Matinee Broadcast season's Listeners' Choice and as the second of five archival opera broadcasts revived for the 2023-2024 season's Saturday radio matinees.

Nineteenth-century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901) set Ernani, his 16th-century Spain-set dramma lirico in quattro atti (lyrical drama in four acts), to an Italian libretto by Italian opera librettist Francesco Maria Piave (May 18, 1810-March 5, 1876). The 19th-century Italian opera librettist sourced his libretto from Hernani (full title: Hernani, ou l'Honneur Castillan), a drama versed in rhyming alexandrines by 19th-century French Romantic writer and politician Victor-Marie Hugo (Feb. 26, 1802-May 22, 1885). Verdi's Ernani premiered Saturday, March 9, 1844, at Teatro La Fenice, located in sestiere di San Marco (sestiere, "district," of San Marco, central historic Venice, northeastern Italy.

Ernani's Metropolitan Opera premiere took place Wednesday, Jan. 28, 1903, at the Metropolitan Opera House, located at 1411 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan's Garment District. The Verdian opera received four performances in its premiere season. The second (Monday, Feb. 2) and fourth, closing (Saturday, Feb. 21) performances also were held at the company's opera house. The third performance was offered Tuesday, Feb. 10, 1903, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as part of the opera company's 1902-1903 Tour.

In the 1962-1963 season, Met Opera's 32nd through 38th performances of Ernani took place. The first through seventh, closing performances were held Saturday, Nov. 10, 1962; Wednesday, Nov. 14; Thursday, Nov. 22; Monday, Nov. 26; Saturday, Dec. 1; Tuesday, Jan. 8, 1963; and Thursday, Jan. 24.

Thomas Schippers (March 9, 1930-Dec. 16, 1977) conducted all seven performances. The American conductor had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Dec. 23, 1955, in double feature performances. He conducted the premiere of Soirée, a ballet choreographed by Philadelphia-born American choreographer and dancer Zachary Solov (Feb. 15, 1923-Nov. 6, 2004) to music by 20th-century composer, conductor and pianist Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten (Nov. 22,1913-Dec. 4, 1976), and 19th-century Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868). His second same-day debut occurred in a new production of Don Pasquale by 19th-century Italian bel canto opera composer Gaetano Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848) in the opera company's 42nd performance of the Rome-set opera buffa ("comic opera").

Carlo Bergonzi (July 13, 1924-July 25, 2014) sang the title role in the season's fourth (Monday, Nov. 26) and fifth (Saturday broadcast, Dec. 1) performances of Ernani. The Italian operatic tenor had made his Met Opera debut Tuesday, Nov. 13, 1956, as Radamès in the opera company's 600th performance of Verdi's Aida.

Carlo Bergonzi shared the role with Franco Corelli (April 8, 1921-Oct. 29, 2003), who sang the title role in the first through third, sixth and seventh, closing performances. The Italian tenor had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Jan. 27, 1961, in the title role of Manrico in the opera company's 320th performance of Verdi's Il Trovatore.

Leontyne Price (Mary Violet Leontyne Price; born Feb. 10, 1927) appeared in all seven performances as Elvira, whose reciprocated love for Ernani is troubled by matrimonial offers from the King of Spain and from her uncle. The American spinto soprano had made her Met Opera debut Friday, Jan. 27, 1961, as Leonora in the opera company's 320th performance of Verdi's Il Trovatore.

Cornell MacNeil (Sep. 24, 1922-July 15, 2011) appeared as Don Carlo, King of Spain, in the season's first five Ernani performances, including the Saturday, Dec. 1, broadcast. The American operatic baritone had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, March 21, 1959, in the title role in the opera company's 390th performance of Verdi's Rigoletto.

Cornell MacNeil shared the role with Mario Sereni (March 25, 1928-July 24, 2015), who sang as the King of Spain in the sixth through seventh, closing performances. The Italian baritone had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, Nov. 9, 1957, as Carlo Gérard in the opera company's 81st performance of Andrea Chénier by Italian verismo (“realism”) composer Umberto Giordano (Aug. 28, 1867-Nov. 12, 1948).

Giorgio Tozzi (Jan. 8, 1923-May 30, 2011) appeared as Elvira's uncle, Don Ruy Gomez de Silva, in the fourth through seventh, closing performances, including the Saturday, Dec. 1, broadcast. The American operatic bass had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, March 9, 1955, as Alvise in the opera company's 172nd performance of La Gioconda by Italian opera composer Amilcare Ponchielli (Aug. 31, 1834-Jan. 16, 1886).

Giorgio Tozzi shared the role with Jerome Hines (Nov. 8, 1921-Feb. 4, 2003), who sang Don Ruy Gomez de Silva in the first three performances. assumed the title of Met Opera's eighth Boris. The American operatic bass had made his Met Opera debut Thursday, Nov. 21, 1946, as the Officer in the opera company's 105th performance of Boris Godunov by Russian Romantic era composer Modest Mussorgsky (March 21, 1839-March 28, 1881).

The 1962-1963 season's staging of Ernani marked the first revival of a new production that had debuted, with costumes and sets designed by Esteban Francés (July 30, 1913-Sep. 21, 1976), in the 1956-1957 season. The Catalonian surrealist painter had made his Met Opera debut Friday, Nov. 23, 1956, as the new production's designer in the opera company's 24th performance of Ernani. The Francés-designed production experienced a second revival in the 1964-1965 season. Its third, and last, revival took place in the 1970-1971 season.

The Met Opera's March 2, 2024, Saturday matinee airing of the opera company's Saturday, Dec. 1, 1962, performance of Verdi's Ernani numbers as the second of the 2023-2024 season's five Saturday matinee archival opera broadcasts. Met Opera's Saturday, April 7, 1956, performance of Le Nozze di Figaro by Classical Era composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791) aired Saturday, Dec. 30, 2023, as the 2023-2024 season's first Saturday matinee archival opera broadcast. The Saturday, April 6, 1974, performance of L'Elisir d'Amore by Italian composer Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (Nov. 29, 1797-April 8, 1848) airs April 6 Saturday matinee as the season's third Saturday matinee archival opera broadcast. The Saturday radio matinee on April 13 features the New Year's Eve, Wednesday, Dec. 31, 1986, performance of Die Fledermaus ("The Flittermouse" or "The Bat") by Austrian light music composer Johann Strauss II (Oct. 25, 1825-June 3, 1899) as the season's fourth Saturday matinee archival opera broadcast. The Saturday matinee on May 25 replays the Saturday, Oct. 27, 2018, performance of La Fanciulla del West by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924) as the season's fifth Saturday matinee archival opera broadcast.

Verdi's La Forza del Destino broadcasts March 9, 2024, at noon, 12:00 p.m. Eastern Time, as the 2023-2024 Met Opera season's 14th Saturday matinee broadcast. The 2023-2024 season's new production of Verdi's fate-themed opera under the directorship of Polish opera, theatre and film director Mariusz Treliński (born March 28, 1962) debuts Monday, Feb. 26, at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time.

Remembering the great conductor Thomas Schippers who died 46 years ago on this day. pic.twitter.com/MdaQ6mhAyA

— Nancy Spada (@NancyS50622) December 16, 2023

American conductor Thomas Schippers conducted all 18 performances of the first through third, and last, revivals of the Esteban Francés-designed, 1956-1957 season-debuting production of Verdi's Ernani: Nancy Spada @NancyS50622, via X (formerly Twitter) Dec. 16, 2023

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Three years nine and one-half months after his conductorship of Met Opera's Saturday, Dec. 1, 1962, performance of Verdi's Ernani, Thomas Schippers conducted the world premiere of Samuel Barber's Antony and Cleopatra, on Friday, Sep. 16, 1966, as the inaugural opera for the Metropolitan Opera's new Metropolitan Opera House in Upper West Side Manhattan's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts: WCPE TheClassicalStation, via Facebook March 9, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/TheClassicalStation/posts/10156011544676190/

American conductor Thomas Schippers conducted all 18 performances of the first through third, and last, revivals of the Esteban Francés-designed, 1956-1957 season-debuting production of Verdi's Ernani: Nancy Spada @NancyS50622, via X (formerly Twitter) Dec. 16, 2023, @ https://twitter.com/NancyS50622/status/1735985818559275178

For further information:

"Debut: Antonietta Stella, Carlo Bergonzi, Geoffrey Holder." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID 173130. Aida Metropolitan Opera House, Tue, November 13, 1956. Debut: Antonietta Stella, Carlo Bergonzi, Geoffrey Holder. Aida (600) Giuseppe Verdi / Antonio Ghislanzoni.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0370872

"Debut: Cornell MacNeil." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 181530 Rigoletto Metropolitan Opera House, Sat, March 21, 1959. Debut: Cornell MacNeil. Rigoletto (390) Giuseppe Verdi / Francesco Maria Piave.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0371480

"Debut: Cornell MacNeil." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 181530 Rigoletto {390} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/21/1959. (Debut: Cornell MacNeil Review). Metropolitan Opera House March 21, 1959.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=181530

"Debut: Franco Corelli, Leontyne Price." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID 186960 Il Trovatore Metropolitan Opera House, Fri, January 27, 1961. Debut: Franco Corelli, Leontyne Price. Il Trovatore (320) Giuseppe Verdi / Salvatore Cammarano.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0371893

"Debut: Giorgio Tozzi." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 168210 La Gioconda Metropolitan Opera House, Wed, March 9, 1955. Debut: Giorgio Tozzi. La Gioconda (172) Amilcare Ponchielli / Arrigo Boito.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0370549

"Debut: Giorgio Tozzi." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 168210 La Gioconda {172} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/9/1955.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=168210

"Debut: Jerome Hines." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 143090 Boris Godunov Metropolitan Opera House, Thu, November 21, 1946. Debut: Jerome Hines. In Italian. Boris Godunov (105) Modest Mussorgsky / Modest Mussorgsky.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0368815

"Debut: Jerome Hines." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 143090 Boris Godunov {105} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/21/1946.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=143090

"Debut: Mario Sereni." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 176110 Andrea Chénier Metropolitan Opera House, Sat, November 9, 1957. Debut: Mario Sereni. Andrea Chénier (81) Umberto Giordano / Luigi Illica.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0371103

"Debut: Melissa Hayden, Esteban Frances." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 173230 New Production Ernani Metropolitan Opera House, Fri, November 23, 1956. Debut: Melissa Hayden, Esteban Frances. Ernani (24) Giuseppe Verdi / Francesco Maria Piave.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0370882

"Debut: Thomas Schippers, Mary Ellen Moylan, Oleg Briansky, Margaret Black, Cecil Beaton, Wolfgang Roth." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 170370. Metropolitan Opera Premiere (Soirée), New production (Don Pasquale) Soirée Don Pasquale Metropolitan Opera House, Fri, December 23, 1955. Debut: Thomas Schippers, Mary Ellen Moylan, Oleg Briansky, Margaret Black, Cecil Beaton, Wolfgang Roth. Soirée (1) Gioachino Rossini / Benjamin Britten. Don Pasquale (42).
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0370682

“Debuts: Leontyne Price, Franco Corelli.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 186960 Il Trovatore {320} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/27/1961.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=186960

"Debuts: Mary Ellen Moylan, Oleg Briansky, Margaret Black, Thomas Schippers, Cecil Beaton, Wolfgang Roth." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 170370 Metropolitan Opera Premiere (Soirée) New production (Don Pasquale) Soirée {1} Don Pasquale {42} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/23/1955. (Debuts: Mary Ellen Moylan, Oleg Briansky, Margaret Black, Thomas Schippers, Cecil Beaton, Wolfgang Roth Review). Metropolitan Opera House December 23, 1955. Met Premiere.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=170370

Marriner, Derdriu. "Antony and Cleopatra Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Second Met Opera Production." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/antony-and-cleopatra-was-franco.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Ernani Opened Jan. 28, 1903, as Eighth Verdi Opera at Met Opera." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 1, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/ernani-opened-jan-28-1903-as-eighth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Joseph Urban Designed Sets for 29 New Productions at Met Opera." Earth and Space News. Monday, Aug. 20, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/joseph-urban-designed-sets-for-29-new.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "La Favorita March 11, 1978, Airing Is March 4, 2023, Saturday Airing." Earth and Space News. Monday, Feb. 27, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/02/la-favorita-march-11-1978-airing-is.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Met Opera Calendars 2023-2024 Season Operas Sep. 26 Through June 8." Earth and Space News. Monday, Sep. 18, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/met-opera-calendars-2023-2024-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Met Opera Has Given 101 Performances of Verdi's Ernani Over 14 Seasons." Earth and Space News. Monday, April 12, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/met-opera-has-given-101-performances-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Met Opera Newly Stages Carmen and La Forza del Destino in 2023-2024." Earth and Space News. Monday, Sep. 11, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/met-opera-newly-stages-carmen-and-la.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "The Metropolitan Opera Performs 18 Operas in the 2023-2024 Season." Earth and Space News. Monday, Aug. 21, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/the-metropolitan-opera-performs-18.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Metropolitan Opera Premiered Verdi's Nabucco Monday, Oct. 24, 1960." Earth and Space News. Monday, Sep. 25, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/09/metropolitan-opera-premiered-verdis.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Metropolitan Opera Revives 12 Productions in 2023-2024 Season." Earth and Space News. Monday, Aug. 28, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/08/metropolitan-opera-revives-12.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Saturday Matinee Broadcasts Include Six Special Programs in 2023-2024." Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 27, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/11/saturday-matinee-broadcasts-include-six.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Thomas Schippers Had Met Opera Debut at 25 and Conducted 27 Met Operas." Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 2, 2023.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2023/10/thomas-schippers-had-met-opera-debut-at.html

"Metropolitan Opera Premiere Ernani." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 30710 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Ernani {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/28/1903.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=30710

Nancy Spada @NancyS50622. "Remembering the great conductor Thomas Schippers who died 46 years ago on this day." X (formerly Twitter). Dec. 16, 2023.
Available via X (formerly Twitter) @ https://twitter.com/NancyS50622/status/1735985818559275178

"New Production: Ernani." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 173230 New Production Ernani Metropolitan Opera House, Fri, November 23, 1956. Debut: Melissa Hayden, Esteban Frances. Ernani (24) Giuseppe Verdi / Francesco Maria Piave.
Available @ https://archives.metopera.org/MetOperaSearch/record.jsp?dockey=0370882

Wilson, Peter Stafford. "Remembering Schippers." Peter Stafford Wilson. May 18, 2015.
Available @ https://peterstaffordwilson.com/remembering-schippers/

Kate Mosse Archives Cathar Country Cuisine in The Winter Ghosts

Summary: Kate Mosse archives Cathar Country cuisine in The Winter Ghosts, historical fiction novel about Good Christians in 14th-century southwestern France.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus, from Greek κύναρα, “artichoke [Cynara scolymus]” and Latin cardus -unculus, “artichoke, wild thistle, -little”) members of the aster, composite, daisy, sunflower family Asteraceae (from Greek ἀστήρ, “star” via Latin astēr [Aster amellus, “European Michaelmas daisy”] and -āceae, “-like”), through their blanched, cloth-buried, honeyed flower-bud paste, act as dessert adored in Cathar-culture areas. The edible-flowered, the edible-stalked perennial addressed commonly as artichoke thistle and taxonomically by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) agrees traditionally with Christmas fare, in such Cathar-diaspora areas as northern Italy and northern Spain; hand-colored illustration of "Cinara hortensis non aculeata, Ital. Carciofolo Gall. L' Artichaud" by Cesare Ubertini, botanical artist active in Rome ca. 1772-1793, and engraved by Maddalena Bouchard, botanical and ornithological plate engraver active in Rome ca. 1772-1793, in Nicolao Martellio, Hortus Romanus juxta systema Tournefortianum, tom. VII (MDCCLXXXIV [1784]), Tab. 78: Public Domain, via The New York Public Library Digital Collections

Kate Mosse archives Cathar Country cuisine in The Winter Ghosts, historical fiction novel about Good Christians, also acknowledged as Albigensians and Cathars (from Greek καθαροί, “the pure ones”), in 14th-century southwestern France.

Cathar believers belonged among those who bounteously built the Albi area on the river Tarn (from Latin Tarnis, “rapid, walled in”) from the 11th century onward. Their agricultural and their architectural commitments caused them to be considered among the ancient Albigensians (from Latin Albigenses and Occitan albigés, albigesas, “Albi [male, female] inhabitants”). The Albi area domiciled its earliest denizens during the Bronze Age years from 3000 BCE to 600 BCE and its Roman settlers from 51 BCE onward.

Places such as Tarascon and Toulouse entered in The Winter Ghost endure as essential enshriners of Cathar culture and perhaps therefore of Cathar drinks and eats.

The main figure, Frederick Watson, finds himself at Sainte-Étienne (from French Étienne, “Stephen [from Greek στέφανος, “crown, wreath” via στέφω, “to surround” and Latin Stephanus]") festivities.

The year 1928 gathers Saint-Stephen Day groups in Tarascon, Toulouse and Vicdessos even as Freddie somehow gets into Nulle (from French nul, “nobody”) year-1328 village gatherings. A 14th-century house has such healthy, heated vegetables as broad beans in oil and mashed turnips, hot cabbage and bacon soup and steaming herbs and leeks. It includes such inviting ingestibles as main-course chicken, mutton, salted pork, trout; and dessert-course cardoon-flower buds blanched, cloth-buried, honeyed into smooth paste and honey-textured, ugly-fruited medlar.

The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse jubilates how Cathar Country cuisine journeyed judiciously through seven centuries despite what jeopardized that journey before and culminating in 1328.

Toulouse (from perhaps Gaulist, pre-Celtic predecessor to Irish tulach, “hill” via Occitanian Tolosa) commune and prefecture perhaps still keepsakes in 90-year-old Café Bibent Cathar-kindled protein-keeping recipes.

Le Bibent (from Latin bibent, “they will drink”) lodges among lunch fare filet mignon (from Latin fīlum, “thread” via French filet, “thin strip”; French mignon, “tender[loin]”). It memorializes Cathar Country drinks in its Bordeaux (from Occitanian Bordèu; Latin Burdigala; Gaulish Biturīges Uiuisci; Gaulish bitu rīges, “world kings” and Latin vīvere, “to live”). Red wine nourishes Nulle villagers and, especially as Bordeaux, those among whom Frederick Watson nestles in Ariège, Tarascon and Vicdessos December 1928 and Toulouse April 1933.

The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse offers such non-original Cathar Country drinks as brandy, coffee, gin and red, sweet, thick cassis (from Hebrew קציעה, “cassia-incense tree”).

Culinary panoramas present such original Cathar Country potables as barley- and malt-ground chicory and aniseed (Pimpinella anisum) flavored, “foul” (Mosse:203) pastis (from Occitanian pastis, “mashed”) liqueur.

Salted, sliced ham with fresh butter and plum jam for toasted brown-grain or white-flour bread or warm rolls queue among breakfast-, lunch-, supper-like Cathar Country quintessentials. Ham or soup with hot bread; salted, sliced ham with fresh-buttered, plum-jammed rolls; steaming meat; jellies; moitié-moitié (from French moitié, “half”) gritty-breadlike crumble-cake recall Cathar refreshments. Cathar Occitania (from French langue d’oc, “language of yes”; Occitan òc, “yes”) sheltered neither éclair nor jésuite (from French éclair, “lightning”; jésuite, “Jesuit [hat-shaped)”) cream-stuffed sweets.

The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse transmits Cathar Country culinary traditions in the Occitanian territory whose tough terrain threatened all temptations, all tendencies to tame it.

Honey-textured, ugly-fruited medlar (Mespilus germanica, from Greek μέσπιλον, "[Iranian, southeast European, southwest Asian] medlar" via Latin mespilum and germānica, "Germanic, Teutonic") members of the rose Rosaceae (from Greek ῥόδον, “rose (Rosa gallica, “French rose, Gallic rose, rose of Provins”]” via Latin rosa and -āceae, “-like”) family appear alongside cardoon flower-bud desserts in Cathar-culture areas. Cathar-culture and Cathar-diaspora areas likewise approve their arrangements in traditional fares during Christmas celebrations; illustration of "Néflier d'Allemagne. Mespilus germanica L." in Amédée Masclef, Atlas des plantes de France utiles, nuisibles et ornementales, Tome deuxième Planches 1 à 200 (1891), Pl. 109: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus, from Greek κύναρα, “artichoke [Cynara scolymus]” and Latin cardus -unculus, “artichoke, wild thistle, -little”) members of the aster, composite, daisy, sunflower family Asteraceae (from Greek ἀστήρ, “star” via Latin astēr [Aster amellus, “European Michaelmas daisy”] and -āceae, “-like”), through their blanched, cloth-buried, honeyed flower-bud paste, act as dessert adored in Cathar-culture areas. The edible-flowered, the edible-stalked perennial addressed commonly as artichoke thistle and taxonomically by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) agrees traditionally with Christmas fare, in such Cathar-diaspora areas as northern Italy and northern Spain; hand-colored illustration of "Cinara hortensis non aculeata, Ital. Carciofolo Gall. L' Artichaud" by Cesare Ubertini, botanical artist active in Rome ca. 1772-1793, and engraved by Maddalena Bouchard, botanical and ornithological plate engraver active in Rome ca. 1772-1793, in Nicolao Martellio, Hortus Romanus juxta systema Tournefortianum, tom. VII (MDCCLXXXIV [1784]), Tab. 78: Public Domain, via The New York Public Library Digital Collections @ https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-d825-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99; Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48586801; Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cinara,_hortensis_non_aculeata_-_Carciofolo_-_L' Artichaud._(Cynara,_Artichoke)_(NYPL_b14444147-1130844).tiff

Honey-textured, ugly-fruited medlar (Mespilus germanica, from Greek μέσπιλον, "[Iranian, southeast European, southwest Asian] medlar" via Latin mespilum and germānica, "Germanic, Teutonic") members of the rose Rosaceae (from Greek ῥόδον, “rose (Rosa gallica, “French rose, Gallic rose, rose of Provins”]” via Latin rosa and -āceae, “-like”) family appear alongside cardoon flower-bud desserts in Cathar-culture areas. Cathar-culture and Cathar-diaspora areas likewise approve their arrangements in traditional fares during Christmas celebrations; illustration of "Néflier d'Allemagne. Mespilus germanica L." in Amédée Masclef, Atlas des plantes de France utiles, nuisibles et ornementales, Tome deuxième Planches 1 à 200 (1891), Pl. 109: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:109_Mespilus_germanica_L.jpg; Public Domain, via picryl @ https://picryl.com/media/109-mespilus-germanica-l-2be8b7; CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International, via Real Jardín Botánico Biblioteca Digital @ https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/records/item/14309-redirection; Copyright Status Not provided. Contact Holding Institution to verify copyright status, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/75661

For further information:

Dictionnaire de l’Occitan Médiéval. DOM en ligne. Munich, Germany: Bavarian Academy of Sciences..
Available @ https://dom-en-ligne.de/dom.php?lhid=4dqN83calp4xbiz5Nsx8Wu

Lepage, Denis. 2024. Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World France.” Avibase – The World Bird Database > Checklists > Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World > Europe > France.
Available @ https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=FR

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2024. "Animals Are Allowed Lives Apart From The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/animals-are-allowed-lives-apart-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2024. "Plants Are Allowed Lives Apart From The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/plants-are-allowed-lives-apart-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2024. "Brian Gallagher Adds Graphic Art to The Winter Ghosts by Kate Mosse." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/brian-gallagher-adds-graphic-art-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2024. "Kate Mosse Adds A Fictitious Place to Real Places in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/kate-mosse-adds-fictitious-place-to.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2024. "Kate Mosse Assembles Fictitious and Real People in The Winter Ghosts." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/kate-mosse-assembles-fictitious-and.html

Mosse, Kate. October 2009. The Winter Ghosts. London UK: Orion Publishing Group.

Lunar Chawla Crater Honors Columbia Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla

Summary: Lunar Chawla Crater honors Space Shuttle Columbia Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla, who perished with his six colleagues on the spaceplane in 2003.

On Friday, Jan. 17, 2003, during her second spaceflight, Kalpana Chawla, mission specialist 2 of Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th mission, STS-107 (Thursday, Jan. 16, to Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003), is stationed on the shuttle orbiter's flight deck; NASA ID S107E05001: Not subject to copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library

The lunar southern hemisphere's far side Chawla Crater honors Space Shuttle Columbia Mission Specialist 2 Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962-Feb. 1, 2003), who perished during her second spaceflight, along with her six colleagues, as the shuttle orbiter re-entered Earth's atmosphere Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003.

Apollo Crater accommodates within its southeastern interior seven craters named for the 58th mission's seven astronauts. Also known as Apollo Basin, the considerable impact crater represents a basin-within-a-basin with its residence in the immense South Pole-Aitken (SPA) Basin. Apollo Crater lies in the SPA Basin's northeastern quadrant, according to Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center's mineralogy and petrology specialist, Canadian-American geologist Donald Allen Morrison (July 19, 1936-Jan. 16, 2021), and then Lunar and Planetary Institute postdoctoral researcher, American physicist and planetary geologist D. Benjamin J. Bussey, in their paper, "The Apollo and Korolev basins and the stratigraphy of the lunar crust," presented at the 28th Lunar and Planetary Sciences Conference (LPSC 1997), held in Houston, Texas, March 17-21, 1997.

Apollo Crater is centered at minus 35.69 degrees south latitude, minus 151.48 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes touch minus 28.12 degrees south and minus 44.19 degrees south, respectively. The worn geologic structure's easternmost and westernmost longitudes span minus 140.58 degrees west to minus 162.07 degrees west, respectively. Apollo Crater's diameter spans 524.23 kilometers.

Chawla Crater is centered at minus 42.48 degrees south latitude, minus 147.49 degrees west longitude. It distinguishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 42.24 degrees south and minus 42.71 degrees south, respectively. It officializes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 147.17 degrees west and minus 147.80 degrees west, respectively.

Chawla Crater has a diameter of 14.25 kilometers. Its littleness qualifies Chawla Crater as the smallest of the lunar far side's Columbia Craters.

Chawla Crater is positioned almost midway between D. Brown and L. Clark craters. Chawla Crater neighbors to the south of D. Brown Crater and to the north of L. Clark Crater. L. Clark Crater's location qualifies as the southernmost among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

D. Brown Crater honors David McDowell Brown (April 16, 1956-Feb. 1, 2003). The United States Navy captain and NASA astronaut served as Mission Specialist 1 on Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th and final mission, which also qualified as Brown's first and last spaceflight.

D. Brown Crater is centered at minus 41.65 degrees south latitude, minus 147.16 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes exist at minus 41.38 degrees south and minus 41.91 degrees south, respectively. It realizes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 146.80 degrees west and minus 147.52 degrees west, respectively. D. Brown Crater has a diameter of 16.12 kilometers.

L. Clark Crater honors Laurel Blair Salton Clark (March 10, 1961-Feb. 1, 2003). For her first and only spaceflight, the American Naval Flight Surgeon and NASA astronaut served as Mission Specialist 4 on Space Shuttle Columbia's fatal 28th mission.

L. Clark Crater is centered at minus 43.34 degrees south latitude, minus 147.70 degrees west longitude. It reveals northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 43.08 degrees south and minus 43.59 degrees south, respectively. It reaches its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 147.35 degrees west and minus 148.04 degrees west, respectively. L. Clark Crater has a diameter of 15.30 kilometers.

Craters named for Space Shuttle Columbia's seven fallen astronaut occur in the southeastern interior of Apollo Crater, also known as Apollo Basin, an enormous impact crater in the southern hemisphere on the lunar far side; Moon 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography: via Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

McCool Crater lies to the northeast of Chawla Crater. McCool Crater's position qualifies as the easternmost among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

McCool Crater honors American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aeronautical engineer and NASA astronaut William Cameron McCool (born William Cameron Graham; Sep. 23, 1961-Feb. 1, 2003). McCool's position as the STS-107 mission's Pilot marked his first and only spaceflight.

McCool Crater is centered at minus 41.28 degrees south latitude, minus 146.26 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes terminate at minus 40.94 degrees south and minus 41.62 degrees south latitude, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes end at minus 145.81 degrees west and minus 146.71 degrees west, respectively. McCool Crater has a diameter of 20.47 kilometers.

M. Anderson and Ramon craters are sited to the northwest of Chawla Crater. M. Anderson Crater's position to the west of Ramon Crater qualifies as the westernmost among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

M. Anderson Crater honors Michael Phillip Anderson (Dec. 25, 1959-Feb. 1, 2003). The United States Air Force officer and NASA astronaut served as Payload Commander and Mission Specialist 3 for his second spaceflight.

M. Anderson Crater is centered at minus 41.21 degrees south latitude, minus 148.99 degrees west longitude. It marks its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 40.93 degrees south and minus 41.49 degrees south, respectively. It posts its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 148.62 degrees west and minus 149.36 degrees west, respectively. M. Anderson Crater has a diameter of 16.94 kilometers.

Ramon Crater honors Ilan Ramon (born Ilan Wolferman; June 20, 1954-Feb 1, 2003). The Israeli Air Force (IAF) fighter pilot and first Israeli astronaut served as Space Shuttle Columbia's Payload Specialist for his first and only spaceflight.

Ramon Crater is centered at minus 41.23 degrees south latitude, minus 148.08 degrees west longitude. Ramon Crater obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 40.97 degrees south and minus 41.49 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at minus 147.71 degrees west and minus 148.45 degrees west, respectively. Ramon Crater has a diameter of 17.23 kilometers.

Husband Crater is placed distantly to the northwest of Chawla Crater. It resides north of Ramon Crater and northeast of M. Anderson Crater. Husband Crater's position qualifies as the northernmost among the lunar far side's Columbia craters.

Husband Crater honors Richard "Rick" Douglas Husband (July 12, 1957-Feb. 1, 2003). For his second spaceflight, the American fighter pilot and NASA astronaut served as commander of Space Shuttle Columbia's last, tragic flight, Thursday, Jan. 16, to Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003.

Commander Rick Husband's lunar crater is centered at minus 40.32 degrees south latitude, minus 147.84 degrees west longitude. It experiences northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 39.85 degrees south and minus 40.78 degrees south, respectively. The crater encounters its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at minus 147.17 degrees west and minus 148.51 degrees west, respectively. Husband Crater's diameter measures 31.26 kilometers.

Chawla Crater's name received official approval in 2006, during the International Astronomical Union’s XXVIth (26th) General Assembly, held Monday, Aug. 14, to Friday, Aug. 25, in Prague, Czech Republic. Batch approval of all seven Columbia-themed lunar craters was granted during the XXVIth General Assembly.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 121 shows the seven southern hemisphere craters honoring Mission Specialist 2 Kalpana Chawla and her six Space Shuttle Columbia colleagues in the lunar far side's Apollo Basin: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

On Friday, Jan. 17, 2003, during her second spaceflight, Kalpana Chawla, mission specialist 2 of Space Shuttle Columbia's 28th mission, STS-107 (Thursday, Jan. 16, to Saturday, Feb. 1, 2003), is stationed on the shuttle orbiter's flight deck; NASA ID S107E05001: Not subject to copyright, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details/S107E05001

Craters named for Space Shuttle Columbia's seven fallen astronaut occur in the southeastern interior of Apollo Crater, also known as Apollo Basin, an enormous impact crater in the southern hemisphere on the lunar far side; Moon 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography: via Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/moon_farside.pdf

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 121 shows the seven southern hemisphere craters honoring Mission Specialist 2 Kalpana Chawla and her six Space Shuttle Columbia colleagues in the lunar far side's Apollo Basin: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Lunar/lac_121_wac.pdf

For further information:

Arizona State University Apollo Image Archive. "Featured Image -- 07/14/2009 Aitken Crater." ASU (Arizona State University) SER (Space Exploration Resources) Apollo Image Archive > Featured Image List.
Available @ http://apollo.sese.asu.edu/LIW/20090714.html

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Apollo.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/326

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Borman.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/827

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Chawla.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14139

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D. Brown.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14138

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Husband.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14140

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “L. Clark.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14143

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “M. Anderson.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Feb. 1, 2011, 2:19 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14137

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “McCool.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14141

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Ramon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010, 12:00 p.m.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14142

Marriner, Derdriu. "Ilan Ramon Had Moon Landscape Drawing by Petr Ginz on Columbia Shuttle." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 10, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/ilan-ramon-had-moon-landscape-drawing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar D. Brown Crater Honors Columbia Mission Specialist David Brown." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 14, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/lunar-d-brown-crater-honors-columbia.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Far Side Husband Crater Honors Columbia Commander Rick Husband." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 24, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/lunar-far-side-husband-crater-honors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Far Side McCool Crater Honors Columbia Pilot William McCool." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 31, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/lunar-far-side-mccool-crater-honors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Far Side Ramon Crater Honors First Israeli Astronaut Ilan Ramon." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 17, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/01/lunar-far-side-ramon-crater-honors.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "M. Anderson Crater Honors Columbia Payload Commander Michael Anderson." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 7, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/m-anderson-crater-honors-columbia.html

The Moon Wiki. “Apollo.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Apollo

The Moon Wiki. “Borman.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Borman

The Moon Wiki. “Chawla.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Chawla

The Moon Wiki. “D. Brown.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/D._Brown

The Moon Wiki. “Husband.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > H Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Husband

The Moon Wiki. “L. Clark.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/L._Clark

The Moon Wiki. “M. Anderson.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/M._Anderson

The Moon Wiki. “McCool.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/McCool

The Moon Wiki. “Ramon.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > R Nomenclature.
Available @ http://the-moon.us/wiki/Ramon

Morrison, Donald A. (Allen); and D. Ben J. Bussey. "The Apollo and Korolev basins and the stratigraphy of the lunar crust." Pages 987-988. Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII: Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Twenty-eighth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 17-21, 1997, Part 2 P-Z (1057-1638). Houston TX: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1997.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1997LPI....28..987M
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1997LPI....28..987M

NASA's Glenn Research Center. "Jean-Pierre Harrison, husband of Columbia astronaut Kalpana Chawla, shared personal photos & memories of her during our day of remembrance event #NASARemembers #NASAglenn." Jan. 31, 2017.
Available via Facebook @ https://www.facebook.com/NASAGlenn/posts/jean-pierre-harrison-husband-of-columbia-astronaut-kalpana-chawla-shared-persona/10154806513775943/

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "David Brown, Mission Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Brown.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/Brown%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Ilan Ramon, Payload Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA @ https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ramon.pdf
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Ramon.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/PAYLOA%7E1.HTM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Chawla.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E1.HTM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Laurel Blair Salton Clark, Mission Specialist." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Clark.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/Clark%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Michael P. Anderson, Payload Commander." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Anderson.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/anderson_biodata.htm

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "Rick D. Husband, Commander." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/Husband.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/ASTRON%7E2.HTM

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. "William C. McCool, Pilot." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Biographies.html
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Profiles/McCool.htm
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Biographies/Crew%20Profile%20Information/Crew%20Biographies/McCool%20Astronaut%20Bio%20Data.htm

Robinson, Mark. "Challenger Astronauts Memorialized on the Moon." ASU (Arizona State University) SESE (School of Earth and Space Exploration) LROC (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera) > Posts. Jan. 28, 2011.
Available via ASU SESE LROC @ http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/281

van der Hucht, Karel, ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XXVI B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008. Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/