June 8, 1937, Total Solar Eclipse Was First of Two 1937 Solar Eclipses

Summary: The Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse was the first of two 1937 solar eclipses, with the second occurring Dec. as an annular solar eclipse.

Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse was the first of two 1937 solar eclipses, with the second taking place Thursday, Dec. 2, as an annular solar eclipse.

The June 1937 total solar eclipse favored the wide expanses of the Central and East Pacific Ocean. Three remote outliers of the Solomon Islands' easternmost province, Temotu, defined the path of totality's western end, according to TheSkyLive.com's map. The path began east of Tikopia at the Solomon Islands' easternmost uninhabited island, Fatutaka, and easternmost inhabited island, Anuta. The path's northeastward track next touched the atolls of Funafuti, Nukufetau and Vaitupu in the then-Ellice Islands (British colony of Tuvalu since Jan. 1, 1976, and as Commonwealth sovereign state since Oct. 1, 1978). The path of totality crossed the Equator between the atolls of Enderbury and Kiritimati in the then-Gilbert Islands (British colony of Kiribati since Jan. 1, 1976; part of Republic of Kiribati since July 12, 1979).

The path of totality made landfall on Peru's north-central to northwestern coast. The path angled southeastward to make liftoff in the southeastern Peruvian Amazon's Cusco and Madre de Dios regions.

The June 1937 solar eclipse's partial eclipse widened visibility for its path. The path of partiality reached to and even beyond the North Pacific's Tropic of Cancer and the South Pacific's Tropic of Capricorn, according to retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak's EclipseWise website. Continentally, the path of partiality encompassed southern North America (United States, Mexico, Central America) and stretched beyond Peru in northwestern South America to include westernmost North Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Placement at the sunset end of the path of partiality meant less visibility for northwestern and north central Argentina, Bolivia, northern and western central Brazil, northern and central Chile, Guyana and western Paraguay.

Retired NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) astrophysicist Espenak's EclipseWise website notes solar and lunar details of the sun in Taurus the Bull constellation and of the moon's reach of perigee 0.7 days prior to the Tuesday, June 8, 1937, solar eclipse. Lunar perigee (Ancient Greek: περί, perí, “near” + γῆ, gê, “Earth”) took place Tuesday, June 8, at 03:31 Coordinated Universal Time (11:31 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time), at a distance of 358,199 kilometers, according to John Walker's Fourmilab Switzerland website.

The partial solar eclipse begins at the instant of first external contact between the lunar penumbra (shadow's lighter, outer region) and Earth's limb, designated as P1. This first external penumbral contact took place Tuesday, June 8, 1937, at 18:04:29.3 UT (2:04 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time), according to Fred Espenak's eclipse predictions on the NASA Eclipse Web Site.

The total solar eclipse begins at the instant of first external contact between the lunar umbra (shadow's dark center) and Earth's limb, designated as U1. This first external umbral contact occurred at 18:58:39.5 UT (2:58 p.m. EDT).

Totality refers to a total eclipse's maximum phase, which entails complete coverage of the solar disk by the lunar disk. Totality concerns the first and last internal contacts of the lunar umbra with Earth's limb.

Designated as U2, the instant of first internal contact between the umbra and Earth's limb took place at 19:01:46.5 UT (3:01 p.m. EDT). This first internal umbral contact actually represents the second contact overall, as it follows the first external umbral contact (U1).

Greatest eclipse references the instant of closest passage of the lunar shadow cone's axis to Earth's center. The Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse's greatest eclipse happened at 20:40:39.6 UT (4:40 p.m. EDT).

Greatest eclipse occurred in the North Pacific Ocean, southeast of the Hawaiian Islands and west of Central America, at 9 degrees 54.7 minutes north latitude, 130 degrees 31.0 minutes west longitude. The path of totality at greatest eclipse had a width of 249.8 kilometers. The duration at greatest eclipse was 7 minutes 4.0 seconds.

The moon's geocentric coordinates at greatest eclipse were right ascension of 5 hours 6 minutes 6.1 seconds and declination of plus 22 degrees 38 arcminutes 22.1 arcseconds. The sun's geocentric coordinates were right ascension of 5 hours 6 minutes 6.5 seconds and declination of plus 22 degrees 52 arcminutes 6.5 arcseconds.

Designated as U3, the instant of last internal contact between the umbra and Earth's limb occurred at 22:19:33.6 UT (6:19 p.m. EDT). This last internal umbral contact represents the second and last internal umbral contact and the third of the four contacts (two internal, two external) overall between the umbra and Earth's limb.

The total solar eclipse ends at the instant of last external contact between the umbra and Earth's limb, designated as U4. This last external umbral contact constitutes the fourth and last of the four contacts overall between the umbra and Earth's limb. The Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse ended at 22:22:38.9 UT (6:22 p.m. EDT).

Meanwhile, as the June 1937 solar event's total solar eclipse was experiencing internal contacts between the umbra and Earth's limb, the event's partial solar eclipse was progressing to internal penumbral contacts. Only eclipses in which the entire penumbral shadow falls within Earth's disk evince internal penumbral contacts. The instant of first internal contact of the penumbra with Earth's limb, designed as P2, took place at 19:58:22.4 UT (3:58 p.m. EDT). The instant of last internal contact of the penumbra with Earth's limb, designated as P3, occurred at 21:22:56.2 UT (5:22 p.m. EDT).

The partial solar eclipse closes with the instant of last external contact of the lunar penumbra with Earth's limb. For the Tuesday, June 8, 1937, solar eclipse, this last external penumbral contact happened at 23:16:51.5 UT (7:16 p.m. EDT).

The June 1937 solar event's partial eclipse lasted for 5 hours 12 minutes 22.2 seconds, from 18:04:29.3 to 23:16:51.5 UT (2:04 p.m. to 7:16 p.m. EDT). The June 1937 solar event's total eclipse had a duration of 3 hours 23 minutes 59.4 seconds, from 18:58:39.5 to 22:22:38.9 UT (2:58 p.m. to 6:22 p.m. EDT).

Making photoelectric measurements of the solar corona numbered among the studies conducted during the Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse. American astronomer Joel Stebbins (July 30, 1878-March 16, 1966) partnered with American physicist Alfred Edward Whitford (Oct. 22, 1905-March 28, 2002) to continue the coronal photometry that he had conducted during the Saturday, June 8, 1918, total solar eclipse with Swiss-born American-naturalized University of Illinois theoretical physicist Jakob Kunz (Nov. 3, 1874-July 18, 1938).

The Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse occurred as the first of 1937's two solar eclipses. The year's second solar eclipse took place Thursday, Dec. 2, as an annular solar eclipse. The December total solar eclipse also favored the Pacific Ocean but excluded continents for the path of totality.

The takeaways for the Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse are that it was the first of two 1937 solar eclipses; that the path of totality favored the Pacific Ocean and Peru; that the eclipse occasioned continuance of solar photometry commenced by American astronomer Joel Stebbins during the Saturday, June 8, 1918, total solar eclipse; and that the year's second solar eclipse occurred almost six months later as an annular solar eclipse.

paths of totality and of partiality for Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse details: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA's GSFC," via NASA Eclipse Web Site (https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/copyright.html) @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot1901/SE1937Jun08T.GIF

paths of totality and of partiality for Tuesday, June 8, 1937, total solar eclipse: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment: Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site (https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEpubs/copyright.html) @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1901-2000/1937-06-08.gif

For further information:

Eddy, John A. "Chapter 2: The Masks of the Sun." A New Sun: The Solar Results from Skylab. Edited by Rein Ise. Prepared by George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1979.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch2.htm

Espenak, Fred. “Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2020 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).” AstroPixels > Planetary Ephemeris Data > Moon > Perigee and Apogee: 2001-2100.
Available @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html

Espenak, Fred. "Total Solar Eclipse of 1937 Jun 08." EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses > Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 1901 to 2000.
Available @ http://www.eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1901-2000/SE1937Jun08Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. "Total Solar Eclipse of 1937 Jun 08." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Decade Tables of Solar Eclipses: 1931-1940.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot1901/SE1937Jun08T.GIF

Espenak, Fred. "Total 1937 Jun 08." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipses: Past and Future > Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -1999 to +3000 > Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 1901 to 2000.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1901-2000/1937-06-08.gif

Gardner, Irvine C. Crusoes of Canton Island: Life on a Tiny Pacific Atoll That Has Flashed Into World Importance." National Geographic Magazine, vol. LXXIII, no. 6 (June 1938): 749-766.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Saturday, June 8, 1918, Total Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Cycle 126." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 23, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/saturday-june-8-1918-total-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Total Solar Eclipse June 8, 1918, Was First of Two 1918 Solar Eclipses." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 16, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/total-solar-eclipse-june-8-1918-was.html

Stebbins, Joel; and A.K. (Albert Edward) Whitford. "The Brightness and Color of the Solar Corona of June 8, 1937." Publications of the American Astronomical Society, Fifty-Eighth Meeting, vol. 9 (1939): 56-57.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1939PAAS....9...56S

Stebbins, Joel; and A.K. (Albert Edward) Whitford. "The Total Light and Color of the Solar Corona of June 8, 1937." The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 87, no. 3 (April 1938): 225-237.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1938ApJ....87..225S
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1938ApJ....87..225S

TheSkyLive. "Solar Eclipse of June 8 1937 from Marshall Islands." TheSkyLive > Eclipses > Solar Eclipses > 1930-1939.
Available @ https://theskylive.com/solar-eclipse?id=1937-06-08&cc=MH

Time and Date. "June 8, 1937 Total Solar Eclipse." Time and Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/1937-june-8

Walker, John. "Lunar Perigee and Apogee Calculator." Fourmilab Switzerland > Earth and Moon Viewer and Solar System Explorer.
Available @ https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/pacalc.html

Whitford, A.E. (Albert Edward). Joel Stebbins 1878-1966: A Biographical Memoir. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1978.
Available @ http://nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/stebbins-joel.pdf

Fast Food and Safari Food Are For Puzzle Ladies in Dead Man’s Puzzle

Summary: Fast food and safari food are for puzzle ladies Cora and Sherry, not for toy poodle Buddy, in Dead Man’s Puzzle, 10th Puzzle Lady mystery by Parnell Hall.

Sherry Carter Grant perhaps accustoms herself to not arranging all meals for Aunt Cora and for second husband, Aaron Grant, while appreciating her two-week honeymoon with the latter in Masai Mara, northern Kenya. She nevertheless agonizes over whether common (Phacochoerus africanus) and desert (P. aethiopicus) warthogs are the appetizing sources of safari bacon: Thomas Fuhrmann (Snowmanstudios). CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Fast food and safari food are for puzzle ladies, not for a toy poodle, in Dead Man’s Puzzle, 10th mystery in author Parnell Hall’s (Oct. 31, 1934-Dec. 15, 2020) Puzzle Lady series.

Number puzzle lady Cora Felton and crossword puzzle lady Sherry Carter Grant respectively bite into fast food and safari food during the latter’s second-marriage, two-week-long honeymoon. The former collects canine comestibles for toy poodle Buddy Felton, who customarily consumes whatever the latter creates for Aunt Cora and for second husband, Aaron Grant. She dislikes the disastrous coffee that she drinks from the Carter/Felton/Grant automatic-drip coffeemaker to which she delegates sometimes heaping, sometimes level doses from different-purposed, different-sized scoops.

Butter Almond Thins from Trader Joe’s supermarket enable Cora, who enjoys coffee drinks over coffees, and Bakerhaven Police Chief Dale Harper to endure her execrable coffee.

Cora favors for herself an unidentified scone with latte (from Latin lac, via Italian latte, “milk”), for Dale a blueberry scone with creamed, large, sugared coffee.

Cruciverbalist (from Latin crux, “cross” and verbum, “word”) Harvey Beerbaum, like Dale, gets Mary Cushman’s Bake Shop-brewed coffee and Cushman-imported muffins from Manhattan-garrisoned Silver Moon Bakery. Dale successively hankers for coffee with blueberry-ginger muffin, three coffees, four coffees with corn muffin and cranberry scone and, from Cora, coffee with raisin bran muffin. Cora itinerates less to the downtown library and more to Bakerhaven mall for Burger King and McDonald’s fast foods instead of for Starbucks drinkable, edible items.

Fast food and meat-jammed safari food perhaps respectfully jeopardize puzzle ladies Cora’s jar-like silhouette and Sherry’s judicious journeys juxtaposing elephants, giraffes, lions, monkeys, wildebeests and zebras.

Dennis Pride, as Cora’s ex-nephew-in-law and Sherry’s first husband, knuckles under to carryout coffee outside a Manhattan insurance company and unspecified alcohol at Country Kitchen bar.

Cora once loved her gin and tonic even as lately she leaves it alone and lets herself like Diet Coke with lemon wedge at McCorly’s Pub. She manages without brain freeze from manhandling Starbucks venti Frappuccino (from Italian venti, “20[-ounce]” and from French frappe, “milkshake” and Italian cappuccino, “brown-red [Capuchin monk hoodlet]”). She navigates side streets for attorney Becky Baldwin’s law office, not for Bakerhaven pizza parlor below, despite noting daily specials nuancing chicken, pepperoni and sausage ingredients.

Dead Man’s Puzzle ladies respectively obtain fast food and, perhaps with, perhaps without chicken-like poached warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus, P. africanus), bacon-, eggs-, pancakes-, toast-overloaded safari food.

Cora plaintively perceives the Herbert Overmeyer cabin, where an ant-packed apple, beer bottles and Domino’s Pizza prevail, and protests against Chinese takeout’s cheese- and sauce-poor pizza.

Cora questions Harmon Overmeyer’s alibi questing pre-dinner drinks in his motel room and Snively’s alibi never quitting over-ginned Bob and deaf Madge Mercer’s bed and breakfast. She rues Fred Goldman reconstructing perhaps Burger King, perhaps McDonald’s carryout, dining-room, perhaps drive-through repasts and Harmon rendering his Country Kitchen dinner waitress an 8-percent tip. She samples pot pies and Sam Brogan’s Juicy Fruit gum pack; serves Buddy biscuits, kibble and puppy treats; shuns stale-milked cornflakes; and suffers scorched egg noodles.

Fast food tempts puzzle ladies such as Cora less than breath-shortening cigarettes and Wicker Basket French fries, more than Granville Grains Corn Toasties and safari food.

Perhaps Carter/Felton/Grant house residents and visitors are contemplating a movable sign above the country-style kitchen for when number puzzle lady Cora Felton avails herself of any drink- and food-processing equipment. Coffee drinkers and egg-noodle eaters are not going to appreciate what Cora achieves despite automatic-drip coffeemakers and stove-top pans and pots. They are properly warned with the words, Abandon all hope, ye who enter here, from the Hell-gate inscription, Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate from Canto III of Inferno, first part of Divina Commedia ("Divine Comedy") by Dante Alighieri (1265?-Sep. 14, 1321); The Inscription Over Hell-Gate by English poet, painter and printmaker William Blake (Nov. 28, 1757-Aug. 12, 1827): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Sherry Carter Grant perhaps accustoms herself to not arranging all meals for Aunt Cora and for second husband, Aaron Grant, while appreciating her two-week honeymoon with the latter in Masai Mara, northern Kenya. She nevertheless agonizes over whether common (Phacochoerus africanus) and desert (P. aethiopicus) warthogs are the appetizing sources of safari bacon: Thomas Fuhrmann (Snowmanstudios). CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Masai_Mara_National_Reserve_2021-12_-_common_warthog_(Phacochoerus_africanus).jpg

Perhaps Carter/Felton/Grant house residents and visitors are contemplating a movable sign above the country-style kitchen for when number puzzle lady Cora Felton avails herself of any drink- and food-processing equipment. Coffee drinkers and egg-noodle eaters are not going to appreciate what Cora achieves despite automatic-drip coffeemakers and stove-top pans and pots. They are properly warned with the words, Abandon all hope, ye who enter here, from the Hell-gate inscription, Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate from Canto III of Inferno, first part of Divina Commedia ("Divine Comedy") by Dante Alighieri (1265?-Sep. 14, 1321); The Inscription Over Hell-Gate by English poet, painter and printmaker William Blake (Nov. 28, 1757-Aug. 12, 1827): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrations_to_Dante's_Divine_Comedy_object_4_Butlin_812-4_The_Inscription_over_Hell-Gate.jpg

For further information:

Hall, Parnell. 2019. Lights! Camera! Puzzles! New York NY; London UK: Pegasus Crime.

Hall, Parnell. 2018. The Purloined Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2017. A Puzzle To Be Named Later. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2016. Presumed Puzzled. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2015. Puzzled Indemnity. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2014. NYPD Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2013. Arsenic and Old Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2012. $10,000 in Small, Unmarked Puzzles. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2011. The Kenken Killings. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2010. The Puzzle Lady vs. The Sudoku Lady. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2009. Dead Man's Puzzle. New York NY: Minotaur Books, A Thomas Dunne Book for Minotaur Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2008. The Sudoku Puzzle Murders. New York NY: Thomas Dunne Books St. Martin's Minotaur, an imprint of St. Martin's Press.

Hall, Parnell. 2006. You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2005. Stalking the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2004. And a Puzzle to Die On. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2003. With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2002. A Puzzle in a Pear Tree. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2001. Puzzled to Death. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 2000. Last Puzzle & Testament. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Hall, Parnell. 1999. A Clue for the Puzzle Lady. New York NY: Bantam Books, division of Random House, Inc.

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 June 2021. "Alabama and New York Add to Bakerhaven Traffic in Dead Man’s Puzzle." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/alabama-and-new-york-add-to-bakerhaven.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2021. "All Are Aware of Private Investigators in The Sudoku Puzzle Murders." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/all-are-aware-of-private-investigators.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 June 2021. "Martini, Muffins, Pancakes and Scotch Allay The Sudoku Puzzle Murders." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/martini-muffins-pancakes-and-scotch.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 June 2021. "Bakerhaven, New York and Tokyo Are Close in The Sudoku Puzzle Murders." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/bakerhaven-new-york-and-tokyo-are-close.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 May 2021. "Betting, Puzzling, Suing Are Why You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/betting-puzzling-suing-are-why-you-have.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 May 2021. "Starbucks Caramel Adds Acuity in You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/starbucks-caramel-adds-acuity-in-you.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 May 2021. "You Have the Right to Remain Puzzled Alerts Us About Bakerhaven Trains." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/you-have-right-to-remain-puzzled-alerts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 May 2021. "One Knife, Two Deaths, Four Puzzles Aid in Stalking the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/granville-grains-corn-toasties-appall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 April 2021. "Granville Grains Corn Toasties Appall Cora in Stalking the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/granville-grains-corn-toasties-appall.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 April 2021. "Coastal Connecticut Attracts Reality Ads in Stalking the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/coastal-connecticut-attracts-reality.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2021. "And a Puzzle to Die On Augments Bakerhaven Acquaintances by One." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/and-puzzle-to-die-on-augments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 April 2021. "A Birthday Bash And a Puzzle to Die On Await Cora and an Outsider." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/04/a-birthday-bash-and-puzzle-to-die-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2021. "Bakerhaven Maps Aim a Victim at a Birthday Bash And a Puzzle to Die On." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/bakerhaven-maps-aim-victim-at-birthday.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 March 2021. "Four Cryptograms Assure Two Deaths in With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/four-cryptograms-assure-two-deaths-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 March 2021. "Honeyed Lemoned Teas Are For Fiancees in With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/honeyed-lemoned-teas-are-for-fiancees.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 March 2021. "Manhattan and San Diego Account For Why With This Puzzle, I Thee Kill." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/manhattan-and-san-diego-account-for-why.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 March 2021. "Christmas Carolers Are Three Voices Short in A Puzzle in a Pear Tree." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/christmas-carolers-are-three-voices.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2021. "A Puzzle in a Pear Tree Alters a Christmas Pageant and a Live Nativity." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/a-puzzle-in-pear-tree-alters-christmas.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2021. "Tristate Access Adds a Broadway Director to A Puzzle in a Pear Tree." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/tristate-access-adds-broadway-director.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 February 2021. "Attorney Becky Baldwin Maybe Aces New York Lawyers in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/attorney-becky-baldwin-maybe-aces-new.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 February 2021. "Perhaps Fun Night Attendees Ate All Free Desserts in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/02/perhaps-fun-night-attendees-ate-all.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2021. "New Yorkers Adapt to Less Light and More Parking in Puzzled to Death." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/new-yorkers-adapt-to-less-light-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 January 2021. "Fifteen Million Dollars Avenge Old Wrongs in Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/fifteen-million-dollars-avenge-old.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 January 2021. "Chicken Soup Awes All But Appears Nowhere in Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/chicken-soup-awes-all-but-appears.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 January 2021. "Interstate Highways Add More Hurley Heirs to Last Puzzle and Testament." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/01/interstate-highways-add-more-hurley.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Acquaintances Afford A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-acquaintances-afford-clue.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2020. "Bakerhaven Alcohol Acts as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/bakerhaven-alcohol-acts-as-clue-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2020. "An Actual Bakerhaven Map Never Appears as A Clue for the Puzzle Lady." Earth and Space News. Tuesday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/12/an-actual-bakerhaven-map-never-appears.html

"Puzzle Lady." Parnell Hall.com > Books. Website by Kate Anchev/Outbox Online Design Studio.
Available @ http://parnellhall.com/puzzle-lady/

Kathleen Howard Sang Boris Godunov With Adamo Didur and Fyodor Chaliapin

Summary: American mezzo-soprano Kathleen Howard sang in Boris Godunov with Adamo Didur and Fyodor Chaliapin, the opera house's first two Boris Godunovs.

Portrait of Fyodor Chaliapin in the Role of Boris Godunov, 1912 oil on canvas by Alexander Golovine depicts Chaliapin in costume designed for 1908 Paris premiere; Met Opera purchased the Paris production's costumes and sets for the opera house's United States premiere of Boris Godunov in 1913; Level 1, Room 41, The State Russian Museum, Mikhailovsky Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russia: RgF2CTCpHmv-Lw at Google Cultural Institute, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

American mezzo-soprano Kathleen Howard sang in Boris Godunov with Adamo Didur and Fyodor Chaliapin, Met Opera's first two Boris Godunovs, who influenced the title role's earliest portrayal, for 17 seasons, with their exclusive appearances in nine and eight seasons, respectively, and overlap in one season.

Kathleen Howard (July 27, 1884-April 15, 1956) made her Metropolitan Opera debut Tuesday, Nov. 14, 1916, as the Nurse in the opera house's 27th performance of Boris Godunov by Russian composer Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky (March 21, 1839-March 28, 1881). Her debut took place at New York City's Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM).

The opera's United States premiere had taken place Wednesday, March 19, 1913, with Adamo Didur (Dec. 24, 1874-Jan. 7, 1946) as the title role's creator at Metropolitan Opera. The Polish operatic bass had made his Met Opera debut Saturday, Nov. 14, 1908, as Méphistophélès in the opera house's 256th performance of Faust by French composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893).

Kathleen Howard's Met Opera debut marked Adamo Didur's 27th appearance in the title role. He sang the title role in the opera's first 48 performances, which were distributed over nine successive seasons, from the premiere's 1912-1913 season to the 1920-1921 season.

Fyodor Chaliapin (Feb. 13, 1873-April 12, 1938) succeeded Adamo Didur as Met Opera's second Boris Godunov in the 1921-1922 season. The Russian operatic bass had made his Met Opera debut Wednesday, Nov. 20, 1907, in the title role in the opera house's 15th performance of Mefistofele by Italian composer and librettist Arrigo Boito (Feb. 24, 1842-June 10, 1918).

Chaliapin sang the title role for the opera house's next 21 performances. The historical opera's 49th to 69th Met Opera performances were distributed over four successive seasons, from the 1921-1922 season to the 1924-1925 season.

Met Opera's 1924-1925 season offered six performances of Boris Godunov. Fyodor Chaliapin sang in the season's first three performances (#67 Thursday, Nov. 6, 1924; #68 Wednesday, Nov. 19; #69 Saturday, Nov. 29) as his 19th through 21st appearances in the title role.

Adamo Didur reprised the title role in the season's fourth performance (#70 Saturday, Feb. 21, 1925). His reprisal tallied as his 49th and last appearance as Boris Godunov at the Metropolitan Opera.

Adamo Didur's last Met Opera performance occurred almost seven years later, on Thursday, Feb. 11, 1932, as Coppélius in the opera house's 47th performance of Les Contes d'Hoffmann by German-born French composer Jacques Offenbach (June 20, 1819-Oct. 5, 1880). He had created the role for the opera's Metropolitan Opera premiere, Saturday, Jan. 11, 1913, only two months before his Wednesday, March 19, creation of Met Opera's Boris Godunov.

Fyodor Chaliapin returned in the title role for the season's fifth and sixth performances (Wednesday, April 15; Thursday, May 7). The season's last two performances numbered as the opera house's 71st and 72nd performances of Boris Godunov.

Chaliapin then continued as Met Opera's second Boris Godunov for the opera house's next 15 performances of Mussorgsky's historical opera. Met Opera's 73rd through 87th performances of Boris Godunov were distributed over the next four seasons, from the 1925-1926 season to the 1928-1929 season.

The 1928-1929 season numbered as Chaliapin's eighth and last season in the title role. The opera's 17th successive season at Met Opera featured three performances (Monday, March 4, 1929; Tuesday, March 12; Thursday, March 14). The opera house's 85th through 87th performances of Boris Godunov numbered as the last three of Chaliapin's 38 appearances in the role. He made his 38th and last appearance as Met Opera's second Boris Godunov on Thursday, March 14, 1929.

Fyodor Chaliapin's last Met Opera performance occurred only six days later. On Wednesday, March 20, he sang Méphistophélès in the opera house's 372nd performance of Gounod's Faust.

Kathleen Howard's Met Opera portfolio included 37 appearances as the Nurse in Boris Godunov. She sang the Nurse to Adamo Didur's Boris in 13 of the 22 performances that the opera received in the five seasons, 1916-1917 season to 1920-1921 season, distinguished by Kathleen Howard's debut and Adamo Didur's 48th Boris appearance. Her 14th and last overlap with Didur's Boris occurred with his solitary reprisal for the fourth of the 1924-1925 season's six performances.

Kathleen Howard sang the Nurse to Fyodor Chaliapin's Boris in 23 of the 36 performances that the opera received in the seven seasons, 1921-1922 season to 1927-1928 season, demarcated by Chaliapin's assumption of the title role and Howard's last Met Opera performance. Her 23rd and last overlap with Chaliapin's Boris marked her 37th and last appearance as the opera's nurse, Chaliapin's 33rd appearance as the opera house's second Boris, Met Opera's 82nd performance of Boris Godunov and Howard's last Met Opera performance.

The Metropolitan Opera's United States premiere of Boris Godunov was sung in Italian, not in the original Russian. An Italian libretto prevailed at the opera house for the opera's first 116 performances, from Wednesday, March 19, 1913, to Friday, May 16, 1947. The only two exceptions occurred during Fyodor Chaliapin's tenure as Met Opera's second Boris and Alexander Kipnis's four performances in the 1942-1943 season as Met Opera's fourth Boris. Chaliapin sang in Russian while all other cast members and the chorus adhered to the Italian libretto, according to the Metropolitan Opera website's post, "From the Archives: Boris Godunov at the Met," by Peter Clark, the Met's Director of Archives. Consequently, Kathleen Howard experienced an all-Italian opera in her 14 overlaps with Adamo Didur and a mixture of Chaliapin's Russian with everyone else's Italian in her 23 overlaps with Fyodor Chaliapin.

The takeaways for Kathleen Howard singing Boris Godunov with Adamo Didur and Fyodor Chaliapin are that the American mezzo-soprano overlapped with the Metropolitan Opera's first two Boris Godunovs; that 14 of her 37 appearances as the historical opera's Nurse coincided with the opera house's first Boris Godunov, Adamo Didur; that 23 of her 37 Nurse appearances occurred with the opera house's second Boris Godunov, Fyodor Chaliapin; that the opera was staged with an Italian libretto, but that Chaliapin sang his role in Russian; and that Kathleen Howard's 37th and last performance as the Nurse marked her last Met Opera performance, Fyodor Chaliapin's 33rd of 38 Boris performances and Met Opera's 82nd performance of Boris Godunov.

Polish operatic bass Adamo Didur created the title role Wednesday, March 19, 1913, in the Metropolitan Opera's United States premiere of Modest Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov; Bain News Service 1913 negative glass photo of Adamo Didur as Boris Godunov; George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington DC: No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Russian operatic bass Fyodor Chaliapin sang for eight seasons as Met Opera's second Boris Godunov; Portrait of Fyodor Chaliapin in the Role of Boris Godunov, 1912 oil on canvas by Alexander Golovine depicts Chaliapin in costume designed for 1908 Paris premiere; Met Opera purchased the Paris production's costumes and sets for the opera house's United States premiere of Boris Godunov in 1913; Level 1, Room 41, The State Russian Museum, Mikhailovsky Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russia: RgF2CTCpHmv-Lw at Google Cultural Institute, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Golovin_-_Portrait_of_Fyodor_Chaliapin_in_the_Role_of_Boris_Godunov_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Polish operatic bass Adamo Didur created the title role Wednesday, March 19, 1913, in the Metropolitan Opera's United States premiere of Modest Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov; Bain News Service 1913 negative glass photo of Adamo Didur as Boris Godunov; George Grantham Bain Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington DC: No known restrictions on publication, via Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (PPOC) @ https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2014692015/

For further information:

Clark, Peter. "From the Archives: Boris Godunov at the Met." The Metropolitan Opera > Discover > Articles.
Available @ https://www.metopera.org/user-information/nightly-met-opera-streams/articles/from-the-archives-boris-godunov-at-the-met/

"Debuts: Adamo Didur, Jean Noté, Paolo Ananian, Francesco Spetrino, Jules Speck." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 42000 Faust {256} Academy of Music, New York, Brooklyn: 11/14/1908.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=42000

"Debuts: Anne Girerd, Fyodor Chaliapin, Riccardo Martin, Giuseppe Tecchi, A. Edel." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 40010 New production Mefistofele {15} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/20/1907.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=40010

"Debut: Kathleen Howard." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 64010 Boris Godunov {27} Academy of Music, New York, Brooklyn: 11/14/1916.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=64010

"Debuts: Leopoldo Mariani, Alexander Benois, Ivan Bilibine, Alexander Golovine." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 54660 United States Premiere Boris Godunov {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/19/1913.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=54660

Gatti, Annmarie. "Funny Lady Blogathon: Kathleen Howard." Classic Movie Hub Blog. June 29, 2013.
Available @ http://www.classicmoviehub.com/blog/funny-lady-blogathon-kathleen-howard/

Howard, Kathleen. Confessions of an Opera Singer. New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf, MCMXVIII (1918).
Available from University of California Libraries via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/confessionsofope00howarich
Available via Project Gutenberg @ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32980/32980-h/32980-h.htm#page_076

Janet. "As W.C. Fields' Wife, Kathleen Howard Took Henpecking to Operatic Heights." Sister Celluloid. Nov. 17, 2014.
Available @ https://sistercelluloid.com/2014/11/17/kathleen-howard-took-henpecking-to-operatic-heights/

Marriner, Derdriu. "Kathleen Howard Began, Ended Met Opera Career as Boris Godunov's Nurse." Earth and Space News. Earth and Space News. Monday, June 21, 2021.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/06/kathleen-howard-began-ended-met-opera.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. "Boris Godunov has long been a showcase for some of opera’s most commanding performers, including such greats as Fyodor Chaliapin, Ezio Pinza, Cesare Siepi, and George London. . . ." Facebook. April 14, 2020.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10163525250495533

"Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Les Contes d'Hoffmann." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 54574 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Les Contes d'Hoffmann {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 01/11/1913
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=54574

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Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=239910

"Revised Production: Boris Godunov In English." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 162180 Boris Godunov {117} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/6/1953.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=162180

Salazar, David. "A Look At Modest Mussorgsky’s Other Unfinished Operas." OperaWire. March 21, 2017.
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"United States Premiere Boris Godunov." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 54660 United States Premiere Boris Godunov {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/19/1913.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=54660

witness2fashion. "Shoe Wardrobe, December 1927." witness2fashion. Dec.
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Native Wood-Borers Alarm Ornamental Landscape and Urban Forest Natives

Summary: Clearwing and flatheaded native wood-borers alarm ornamental landscape and urban forest natives, whose assaults insecticides and Plant Health Care affect.

Daniel A. Herms of The Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, Ohio, acknowledges bronze birch borers (Agrilus anxius) as the "best studied of the North American flatheaded borers" (page 15) in his article, Undercover: Understanding Native Wood-Borers, for the June 2021 issue of Arborist News: U.S. Forest Service, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Clearwing and flatheaded native wood-borers alarm ornamental landscape and urban forest natives, whose assaults insecticides and Plant Health Care affects, according to Undercover: Understanding Native Wood-Borers, Arborist News article for June 2021.

North America's native wood-borers besiege newly-transplanted, stressed, weak ornamental-landscaped and urban-forested trees; bother vascular tissue almost beyond woody-plant tolerance and repair; and burden weather-resistant structural integrity. Larval stages concealed under bark from insecticide schedules and natural predators and mature stages challenging concerted capture combat controls conducted by ornamental landscapers and urban foresters. Daily diets of cambial and phloem, phloem and sapwood tissue respectively describe wood-boring beetle and moth larvae respectively designated flatheaded, clearwing and banded ash clearwing borers.

Flatheaded and clearwing borers entering carbohydrate-enclosing phloem and water-enclosing xylem encircling trees encourage slow expirations of diffuse-porous birch (Betula) and quick expirations of ring-porous oak (Quercus).

Branch crevices and crotches near clearwing-bored, pupal case-filled, oval to round emergence holes and serpentine galleries under flatheaded-bored D-shaped emergence holes furnish excrement- and sawdust-filled frass.

Pruning dead branches galvanizes good-looking stability and guards against dead wood-gathering river birch borers (Agrilus betulanigrae) perhaps, against live wood-goaded bronze birch borers (A. anxius) never. It hails correctly harm heading top-downward from birch borers, huddled randomly along trunks, hindering canopy-headed water and root-headed carbohydrate hoards and incorrectly their hurting treetops first. It impacts bronze birch borer-immune, river birch-borered river (Betula nigra) and bronze-borered gray (B. populifolia), paper (B. papyrifera), sweet (B. lenta) and yellow (B. allegheniensis) birches.

Bronze birch borers, here or Eurasia-journeying, jeopardize downy (B. pubescens), Himalayan (B. jacquemontii), monarch (B. maximowicziana) and white (B. pendula, B. szechuanica) birches, there or eastward-journeying.

Honeylocust (A. difficilis) and twolined chestnut (A. bilineatus) native wood-borers kill gypsy moth- (Lymantria dispar-) defoliated oaks (Quercus) and honeylocust (Blepharidopterus chlorionis) plantbug-defoliated honeylocusts (Gleditsia triacanthos).

Plant health care-linked, resistant species-specific planting, transplanting and watering limits losses from Rosaceae family fruit-loving flatheaded appletree (Chrysobothris femorata) borers and other flatheaded-borering, opportunistic, secondary pests. Phenology manifesting full-blooming black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) at adult emergence mandates bark sprays, basal trunk sprays, soil drenches, soil injections, tree injections before egg-hatched larval infesters. One insecticide application negotiated at their respective adult emergences nullifies banded ash clearwing (Podosesia aureocincta), dogwood (Synanthedon scitula), lilac/ash (P. syringae) and peachtree (S. rhododendri) borers.

Lesser peachtree (S. pictipes) and peachtree (S. exitiosa) borers with respectively longer May through mid-September and mid-May through October clearwing-borering flight seasons oblige two, two-plus applications.

Clearwing native wood-borers present overwintering larvae and hornet- and wasp-like, spring- and/or summer-emerging moths whose females pose eggs in cracked, creviced, holey, ridged, wounded irregular bark.

Cracked and defective bark, dead tissue and subsequent callus growth, disrupted moisture and nutrients, thinning canopy quicken clearwing-borered trees’ gradual dieback, steady decline and ultimate death. Restraining clearwing borers from ravaging ornamental plants and shade trees requires realizing bark-sprayed bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole or permethrin at first adult emergence to repress egg-hatched larval rates. Seeing the first-seized male clearwing moths during weekly surveillances of pheromone traps starts successfully preventive schedules of the systemic insecticide emamectin benzoate supplied through trunk injections.

Author Daniel A. Herms of The Davey Tree Expert Company teams Plant Health Care and systemic insecticide treatments to terminate threatening clearwing and flatheaded native wood-borers.

aniel A. Herms of The Davey Expert Company associates dogwood borers (Synanthedon scitula) with life cycles unresolved scientifically thus far and with larval colonies on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and, additionally and atypically for clearwing borers, "a diverse array of unrelated species" (page 20), including apple (Malus), hickory and pecan (Carya) and oak (Quercus); Wheatley, Ontario, Canada; Tuesday, Aug. 16, 2016, 14:37: Jacy Lucier, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Daniel A. Herms of The Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, Ohio, acknowledges bronze birch borers (Agrilus anxius) as the "best studied of the North American flatheaded borers" (page 15) in his article, Undercover: Understanding Native Wood-Borers, for the June 2021 issue of Arborist News: U.S. Forest Service, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agrilus_anxius.jpg

Daniel A. Herms of The Davey Expert Company associates dogwood borers (Synanthedon scitula) with life cycles unresolved scientifically thus far and with larval colonies on flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and, additionally and atypically for clearwing borers, "a diverse array of unrelated species" (page 20), including apple (Malus), hickory and pecan (Carya) and oak (Quercus); Wheatley, Ontario, Canada; Tuesday, Aug. 16, 2016, 14:37: Jacy Lucier, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Synanthedon_scitula_male.jpg

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Herms, Daniel A. June 2021. "Undercover: Understanding Native Wood-Borers." Arborist News 30(3): 14-22.

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2021/03/inducing-agents-and-synthetic.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/trent-dicks-alerted-treestuff-webinar.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

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Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html