Boundary-Spanning Collective Action Assuages Wildfire Risk in the West

Summary: Boundary-spanning collective action assuages wildfire risk, according to a TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension webinar Feb. 25, 2020.

TREE Fund Learn at Lunch webinar Tuesday, Feb. 25, contextualized the SCOPA model with wildfire risk management: SoRock Fire Science @SRfirescience, via Twitter Feb. 26, 2020

Boundary-spanning collective action appears second, Feb. 25, as Boundary-Spanning for Collective Action: Managing Wildfire Risk in the West, in TREE Fund and Utah State University Forestry Extension 2020 Learn at Lunch webinars.

Emily Jane Davis, Oregon State University Assistant Professor and Extension Specialist in Corvallis, bears as learning objectives recognizing and applying boundary-spanning collective action types and functions. Boundary-spanning collective action convenes diverse organizational cultures, incentives, mandates, missions, practices, processes and structures and covers more acreage timely despite capacity, money, ownership and technology-constrained timelines. Boundary-spanning attributes demonstrate the SCOPA model of driver/enabler-friendly settings; common conceptual meanings and goals; gap-bridging, resource-transferring objects; connection-creating and sustaining people/organizations; and activities driving collective/related tasks.

Large, recent fires in large landscapes express the boundary-spanning collective action of multi-agency collaborations, partnerships and responses despite variable ownership patterns, socio-ecological contexts and spatial footprints.

Tony Cheng, Colorado State University Department of Forest & Rangeland Stewardship Professor with an Extension appointment, features case studies managing large, severe wildfires for water supplies.

The Director of the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute in Fort Collins gauges focus-event settings as generating new or reworked assessment, mapping, monitoring, operational delineation, prescriptive activities. Focus-event settings, such as large, water-needy wildfires harvest such boundary-spanning concepts as preventative mitigation investments, responsibilities and risks; and boundary-spanning objects as shared commitments and vision. Boundary-spanning objects and people/organizations include water protection and wildfire mitigation/suppression collaborative agreements, charters, memoranda of understanding (MoUs) and plans; and fireshed coalitions and water protection partnerships.

Fatigue; gravitational pull of home organization incentives, missions, performance, priorities and targets; individual non-institutionalized risk-takers; and inter-organizational competition for limited grant funding jeopardize boundary-spanning collective action.

The 8,500-square-mile (22,014.9-square-kilometer) setting of Garfield County and Iron County in southwestern Utah kindles the third segment on boundary-spanning collective action, Case Studies on Co-Managing Suppression.

Darren McAvoy, Utah State University Extension Assistant Professor of Forestry in Logan, lauds Color Country Interagency Fire Center dialogue-friendly, relationship-friendly monthly meetings and diverse agency-experienced personnel. Off-season, pre-season planning for co-managing suppression mitigates the facilitating and limiting factors of low turnover whereby new-hire and old-hire procedures must merge for boundary-spanning collective action. Different suppression mandates within agencies in the mixed jurisdictions of southwestern Utah number among the limiting factors to boundary-spanning collective action of shared costs and risks.

Established statutory rules and organizational turnover and, for institutional memories, off-season, pre-season shared artifacts, details, dialogues, maps and memos respectively obstruct and occasion boundary-spanning collective action.

The second Davis segment, as the hour-long webinar's finale, presents positive outcomes with reduced liability in non-profit, rancher-engaged, rapid-reacting, safe-responding, volunteer Rangeland Fire Protection Associations (RFPAs).

Bureau of Land Management and Harney County Wildfire Collaborative suppression management training, mitigation mapping, strategic fuel-break analysis, written agreements and monitoring plans quicken boundary-spanning collective action. Oregon statutes recognize Burns Interagency Fire Zone, Cooperative Extension, High Desert Partnership, RFPA settings; megafire concepts; objectified Bureau-Collaborative MoUs; High Desert Partnership people/organizations; and landscape, project risk-monitoring activities. Webinar viewers selected from large settings; restoration concepts; objectified agreements, codes, MoUs; coordinating, liaising parleyers; and coordinated, outcome-oriented, shared activities people/organizations as boundary-spanning initiators and sustainers.

The Davis segment transmits the SCOPA model for collective action that tackles wildfire risk in the West and various wildfire risk arboriculture and forestry contexts worldwide.

In TREE Fund Learn at Lunch's Tuesday, Feb. 25, 2020, webinar, Darren McAvoy, Utah State University Extension Assistant Professor of Forestry in Logan, Utah, cited Color Country Interagency Fire Center (CCIFC) for finessing boundary-spanning collective action via such co-managing suppression measures as off-season, pre-season planning; CCIFC is an interagency dispatch center involving cooperation among the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and the State of Utah Forestry. Fire and State Lands: via GACC (Geographic Area Coordination Centers) NIFC (National Interagency Fire Center)

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

TREE Fund Learn at Lunch webinar Tuesday, Feb. 25, contextualized the SCOPA model with wildfire risk management: SoRock Fire Science @SRfirescience, via Twitter Feb. 26, 2020, @ https://twitter.com/SRfirescience/status/1232705731238952960

In TREE Fund Learn at Lunch's Tuesday, Feb. 25, 2020, webinar, Darren McAvoy, Utah State University Extension Assistant Professor of Forestry in Logan, Utah, cited Color Country Interagency Fire Center (CCIFC) for finessing boundary-spanning collective action via such co-managing suppression measures as off-season, pre-season planning; CCIFC is an interagency dispatch center involving cooperation among the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and the State of Utah Forestry. Fire and State Lands: via GACC (Geographic Area Coordination Centers) NIFC (National Interagency Fire Center) @ https://gacc.nifc.gov/gbcc/dispatch/ut-cdc/cdcmain.html

For further information:

Abrams, Jesse; Katherine Wollstein; & Emily Jane Davis. June 2018. "State Lines, Fire Lines, and Lines of Authority: Rangeland Fire Management and Bottom-Up Cooperative Federalism." Land Use Policy 75: 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.038
Available @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837718300103

Davis, Emily Jane; Lee K. Cerveny; Donald R. Ulrich; & Meagan L. Nuss. 2018. "Making and Breaking Trust in Forest Collaborative Groups." Humboldt Journal of Social Relations Special Issue: The American West After the Timber Wars 1(40): 211-231.
Available @ https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=hjsr

Davis, Emily Jane; Tony Cheng; and Darren McAvoy. 25 February 2020. "Boundary-Spanning for Collective Action: Managing Wildfire Risk in the West." Utah State University Forestry Extension > Webinars > Archived Webinars > 2020. PA-20-541.
Available @ https://forestry.usu.edu/webinars/index
Available @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCAudaUiJCY&feature=youtu.be

Kratsch, Heidi. 3 December 2019. "Practical Aspects of Tree Selection for High Desert Climates." Utah State University Forestry Extension > Webinars > Archived Webinars > 2019.
Available @ https://forestry.usu.edu/webinars/index

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2020. "Soil Assessment for Urban Trees Aims, Assesses, Acts, Analyzes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/soil-assessment-for-urban-trees-aims.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2019. "High Desert Tree Selection Attacks Drought, Pollution, Salt and Toxins." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/high-desert-tree-selection-attacks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2019. "Urban Trees Advocate for Human and Urban Health and Vice Versa." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/urban-trees-advocate-for-human-and.html

Scharenbroch, Bryant C. 14 January 2020. "Soil Assessment for Urban Trees." Utah State University Forestry Extension > Webinars > Archived Webinars > 2019 > PP-20-003.
Available @ https://forestry.usu.edu/webinars/index

SoRock Fire Science @SRfirescience. 26 February 2020. "Check out this webinar from yesterday - Boundary-Spanning for Collective Action: Managing Wildfire Risk in the West. https://youtu.be/ZCAudaUiJCY. Features the new SCOPA Model 'Settings, Concepts, Objects, People, Activities' for organizing risk management!!" Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/SRfirescience/status/1232705731238952960

White, E.M.; K. Lindberg; E.J. Davis; & T.A. Spies. 2019. "Use of Science and Modeling by Practitioners in Landscape-Scale Management Decisions." Journal of Forestry 117(3): 267-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz007
Available @ https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2019_white001.pdf

Wolf, Kathleen. 19 November 2019. "Health Benefits of City Trees: Research Evidence and Economic Values." Utah State University Forestry Extension > Webinars > Archived Webinars > 2019.
Available @ https://forestry.usu.edu/webinars/index

Schneider's Leaf-Nosed Bats Are Artful Annihilators at Ellora Caves

Summary: Schneider's leaf-nosed bats maybe avert insect pests less artfully around the architecturally, artistically astounding Ellora Caves of Maharashtra, India.

Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros speoris); temple in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, southeastern India; Monday, July 16, 2012, 18:38: Seshadri.K.S, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Schneider's leaf-nosed bats anciently, artfully assisted greater Indian false vampire bats in assuring low levels of insect pests around the architecturally, artistically astounding, 100-plus-cavern, fifth to thirteenth-century Ellora Caves in Maharashtra, India.

Schneider's leaf-nosed bats, with low birth rates, historically never besiege Ellora Caves rain gardens, Ellora Caves sanctuary gardens and Ellora Caves teak forests with brimming colonies. Physically and sexually mature, 0.32 to 0.42-ounce (9 to 12-gram) parents care for their one-pup litters born 135 to 140 days after their yearly mating sessions. They display 1.18 to 1.34-inch (30 to 34-millimeter) wingspans and 1.77 to 2.44-inch (45 to 62-millimeter) body and 0.79 to 1.14-inch (20 to 29-millimeter) tail lengths.

Schneider's bats exhibit 0.49 to 0.75-inch (12.5 to 19-millimeter) ear, 1.79 to 2.13-inch (45.6 to 54-millimeter) forearm and 0.28 to 0.43-inch (7 to 11-millimeter) foot lengths.

Schneider's leaf-nosed bats feature large, triangle-shaped, wide ears concave just below rear-edge tips; nose-leaves with six side-running leaflets and with widely divided nostrils; and long tails.

Schneider's leaf-nosed bats, grouped commonly also as Schneider's round-leaf bats, get white-based brown-gray to orange fur lighter on upper-sides than on undersides and sometimes all-gray bodies. The Hipposideridae (from Greek ίππος, "horse," σίδηρος, "steel" and -ειδής, "-like") Old World leaf-nosed bat family member has the highest-pitched echolocation calls after horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae). Schneider's leaf-nosed bats, identified scientifically by Johann Schneider (Jan. 18, 1750-Jan. 12, 1822), initiates insect-catching, low-flying, slow-moving, nightly hunts from communal roosts 10 minutes after sunset.

Maharashtra joins fellow states Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh and Sri Lanka as historic homelands for Schneider's leaf-nosed bats.

Alibag and Matheran, Raigad district; and Asgani, Ratnagir district, historically keep Schneider's leaf-nosed bats, known scientifically as Hipposideros speoris (from Greek ίππος, "horse" and σίδηρος, "steel").

Bhor, Chatushrungi cave, Mawal, Pune, Ranjangaon, Saswad, Shivneri Fort and Shirur, Pune district; and Borivali, Elephanta and Kanheri, Mumbai Suburban district historically lodge Schneider's leaf-nosed bats. Chanda, Chandrapur district; Ellora, Aurangabad district; Nanded, Nanded district; Saralgaon, Thane district; and Satara, Satara district just as historically mingle them with other native Maharashtra wildlife. Research surveys in 2004, 2008 and 2011 nestle them nowadays into habitat niches in Bhalavani, Sangli district; and Bhimanagar, Karmala, Kurduvadi, Pandharpur and Pothare, Solapur district.

Schneider's leaf-nosed bats likewise occurres in Indapur and Nira Narsingpur, Pune district during a seven-year study area in the Deccan (from Hindi दक्खिन, "south, southern") region.

The 23.63-inch (600-millimeter) annual precipitation and the 1,968.5-foot (600-meter), open, scrubby, semi-arid, thorn-forested altitude above sea level presently please Schneider's leaf-nosed bats in Osmanabad district caves.

Schneider's leaf-nosed bats queue up in subtropical and tropical dry forests and plains; on wooded slopes; and throughout old buildings, caves, forts, palaces, temples and tunnels. Their ranges through 4,543.96-foot (1,385-meter) altitudes above sea level require annual average temperatures around 79.16 degrees Fahrenheit (26.2 degrees Celsius) and annual average 4.44-inch (112.7-millimeter) rainfall. Sufficient, sustainable populations that show survivalistic tolerances of habitat changes suggest an International Union for Conservation of Nature status of least concern for Schneider's leaf-nosed bats.

Twenty-first-century technologists tend toward chemical and mechanical terminations despite similar aftereffects that turn them off to such natural annihilators as Schneider's leaf-nosed bats: residue versus droppings.

Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Saturday, Dec. 17, 2016, 18:29: sudhakarsingh bondili, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Schneider's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros speoris); temple in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, southeastern India; Monday, July 16, 2012, 18:38: Seshadri.K.S, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schneider's_Leaf-nosed_Bat_Hipposideros_speoris_DSC_9833_copy_filtered_copy.jpg

Ellora Caves, Maharashtra state, western peninsular India; Saturday, Dec. 17, 2016, 18:29: sudhakarsingh bondili, CC BY SA 4.0 International, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FO2A7696-1.jpg

For further information:

"About Ellora Caves." Yatra > Monuments of India > Monuments in Aurangabad. Copyrighted 2019.
Available @ https://www.yatra.com/indian-monuments/aurangabad/ellora-caves

Anh-Huong, Nguyen; and Thich Nhat Hanh. 2019. Walking Meditation. Boulder CO: Sounds True.

Barrett, Douglas. "Wall Painting (Second to Sixteenth Century)." Pages 17-48. In: Douglas Barrett and Basil Gray. Paintings of India. Treasures of Asia. Distributed in the United States by The World Publishing Company, Cleveland OH. Geneva, Switzerland: Editions d'Art Albert Skira, 1963.

Berkson, Carmel. Ellora Concept and Style. First Edition, 1992. Second Edition, 2004. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Ellora_Concept_and_Style.html?id=tH7KRNqIin4C

Burgess, Jas. (James). Report on the Elura Cave Temples and the Brahmanical and Jain Caves of Western India. The Results of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Seasons' Operations of the Archaeological Survey 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the Volume on "The Cave Temples of India." London [UK]: Trübner & Co., 1883.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.1544/page/n5/mode/1up

Cartwright, Mark. 8 March 2016. "Ellora Caves." Ancient History Encyclopedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.ancient.eu/article/874/ellora-caves/

"Cave 19." The Ellora Caves.
Available @ https://elloracaves.org/caves.php?cmd=search&words=&image_ID=&cave_ID=19&plan_floor=1

Cook, Sharell. Updated June 3, 2019. "Ajanta and Ellora Caves Essential Travel Guide." TripSavvy > Destinations > India > Maharashtra.
Available @ https://www.tripsavvy.com/ajanta-and-ellora-caves-travel-guide-1539340

Dewey, Tanya. "Old World Leaf-Nosed Bats (Hipposideridae)." In: Michael Hutchins, Devra G. Kleiman, Valerius Geist and Melissa C. McDade, editors. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Second edition. Volume 13, Mammals II: 401-411. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence. 1976. The Goddesses of India, Tibet, China and Japan. With illustrations by Anna Durdin-Robertson. Huntington Castle, Clonegal, Enniscorthy, Eire: Cesara Publications.
Available @ http://www.fellowshipofisis.com/ldr_india_tibet_china_japan.pdf

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 7 March 2019. "Ellora Caves." Encyclopædia Britannica > Geography & Travel > Historical Places. Chicago IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Available @ https://www.britannica.com/place/Ellora-Caves

"Elapura, aka: Elpāra; 6 Definition(s)." Wisdom Library.
Available @ https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/elapura

"Ellora." Exotic Journeys International > India City Details.
Available @ http://www.ejiusa.com/india_city_details/Ellora.html

"Ellora Caves." Atlas Obscura > Places > Verul, India. Copyrighted 2020.
Available @ https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/ellora-caves

"Ellora Caves." UNESCO > Culture > World Heritage Centre > The List > World Heritage List.
Available @ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/

Fergusson, James; and James Burgess. 1880. The Cave Temples of India. London [United Kingdom]: W.H. Allen @ Co., Trübner & Co. E. Stanford and W. Briggs.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft

Gaikwad, Mahesh C.; Sujit S. Narwade; Kamlakar M. Fartade; and Vishakha S. Korad. April 2012. "A Review of the Distribution of Bats in Southwestern Region of Deccan, Maharashtra - India and Conservation Recommendations." Taprobanica 4(1): 27-36.
Available @ http://docplayer.net/118185206-A-review-of-the-distribution-of-bats-in-southwestern-region-of-deccan-maharashtra-india-and-conservation-recommendations.html
Available @ https://tapro.sljol.info/articles/abstract/10.4038/tapro.v4i1.4379/

"Hipposideros speoris (Schneider, 1800)." Biodiversity India > India Biodiversity Portal > Animalia > Chordata > Mammalia > Chiroptera > Rhinolophoidea > Hipposideridae > Hipposideros.
Available @ https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/21707

Huntington, John C.; and Dina Bangdel. "Glossary M-Y." The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art.
Available @ https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/COBGlossaryM-Y.pdf

"Interview with Shrikant Ganvir, Pune, January 2016." Sahapedia > Ellora Caves > Buddhist Caves of Ellora. Published 9 November 2016.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/buddhist-caves-of-ellora

Ions, Veronica. 1967. Indian Mythology. London UK: Paul Hamlyn Limited.

Kannal, Deepak. 25 September 2017. "A Riddle Called Ellora." Sahapedia > Overview.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/riddle-called-ellora

Korad, Vishakha S. June 2014. "Studies on Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation of the Bat Fauna in Maharashtra State, India." Taprobanica 6(1): 32-45.
Available @ https://www.academia.edu/10039721/Taprobanica_Journal_2014_Volume_6_Number_1

"Leaf-Nosed Bats." Pages 158-183. In: Encyclopedia of Mammals. Tarrytown NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1997.

Lee, Eva. 17 February 2014. "Ellora Caves: Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Coexistence." Eva Lee Studio.
Available @ http://www.evaleestudio.com/2014/02/12/ellora-caves-buddhist-hindu-and-jain-coexistence/

Malandra, Geri H. 1993. Unfolding a Mandala: The Buddhist Cave Temples at Ellora. Albany NY: State University of New York Press.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=MU44LPu3mbUC

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 February 2020. "Greater Indian False Vampire Bats Are Artful Assassins at Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/greater-indian-false-vampire-bats-are.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2020. "Are Grey Junglefowl Avoiding Artful Areas Around Ellora Caves? Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/are-grey-junglefowl-avoiding-artful.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2020. "Blue Indian Peafowl No Longer Prettify the Artistic Ellora Caves." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/blue-indian-peafowl-no-longer-prettify.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Sanctuary Gardens Artfully Adjoin Ellora Caves Artistry." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-sanctuary-gardens-artfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 January 2020. "Ellora Caves Teak Forest Trees Anchor Ellora Caves Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ellora-caves-teak-forest-trees-anchor.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings and Gardens and Bhimbetka Sanctuary Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-and-gardens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 January 2020. "Ajanta Cave Wall Paintings, Ajanta Rain Gardens, Bhimbetka Rain Gardens." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/ajanta-cave-wall-paintings-ajanta-rain.html

Narayana, Hari. 25 November 2012. "The Ellora Caves - An Introduction." India That Was: A Legacy Unfolded.
Available @ http://indiathatwas.com/2012/11/the-ellora-caves-an-introduction/

Owen, Lisa N. 2012. Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora. Leiden, The Netherlands; and Boston MA: Brill.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC

Pavey, Chris R.; Jan-Eric Grunwald; & Gerhard Neuweiler. August 2001. "Foraging Habitat and Echolocation Behaviour of Schneider's Leafnosed Bat, Hipposideros speoris, in a Vegetation Mosaic in Sri Lanka." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002650100363
Available @ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002650100363

Pereira, José. 1977. Monolithic Jinas: The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora. Delhi, Varanasi and Patna, India: Motilal Banarsidass.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books/about/Monolithic_Jinas.html?id=LMTgiygj4-oC

Poduval, Jayaram. 21 November 2018. "The Architecture of Ellora Caves." Sahapedia > Article.
Available @ https://www.sahapedia.org/the-architecture-of-ellora-caves

Rawson, Philip. "Eastern Art." Pages 256-299. In: David Piper. The Illustrated History of Art. London, England: Chancellor Press (Bounty Books), 2000.

Revire, Nicolas. 2011. "Some Reconsiderations of Pendant-Legged Buddha Images in the Dvāravatī Artistic Tradition." Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 31: 37-49.
Available via Academia @ https://www.academia.edu/5735422/Some_Reconsiderations_on_Pendant-Legged_Buddha_Images_in_the_Dv%C4%81ravat%C4%AB_Artistic_Tradition

Schreber, J. C. D. 1800. "Vespertilio speoris." Die Säugethiere p.pl. 59b.

Singh, Rajesh Kumar. 26 November 2019. "Obituary: Walter M. Spink (Feb 16, 1928 - Nov 24, 2019)." Caves of India > Walter Spink.
Available @ https://cavesofindia.org/2019/11/26/prof-spink/

Spink, Walter M. 1967. Ajanta to Ellora. Mumbai, India: Marg Publications.

Spink, Walter M. 1967. "Ellora's Earliest Phase." Off Print of the Bulletin of the American Academy of Benares 1: 11-22.

Srinivasulu, B.; & C. Srinivasulu. 2019. "Hipposideros speoris." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T10162A22099260. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T10162A22099260.en
Available @ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10162/22099260

Srinivasulu, Bhargavi; C. Srinivasulu; and Harpreet Kaur. 25 March 2015. "Echolocation Calls of Four Species of Leaf-Nosed Bats (Genus Hipposideros) from Central Peninsular India." Current Science 108(6): 1055-1057.
Available via Journal Storage @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905425?seq=1

"Tibetan + Sanskrit Words." Madhyamaka Introduction to the Middle Way > Study.
Available @ https://madhyamaka.com/study/tibetan-sanskrit/

Eleanor Helin Discovered Asteroid 4660 Nereus in February 1982

Summary: American astronomer Eleanor Helin discovered asteroid 4660 Nereus at northern San Diego County’s Palomar Observatory on Sunday, Feb. 28, 1982.

American astronomer Eleanor Helin discovered asteroid 4660 Nereus (1982 DB) by meticulously scanning a photographic plate with a magnifying lens; she was one of five women inducted into the Women in Science and Technology International (WITI) Hall of Fame on Thursday, June 25, 1998: WITI -- Women In Technology International @WITI, via Twitter Jan. 16, 2019

American astronomer Eleanor Helin discovered asteroid 4660 Nereus on Sunday, Feb. 28, 1982, at the California Institute of Technology’s (Caltech) Palomar Observatory in northern San Diego County’s Palomar Mountain Range.

Eleanor Francis “Glo” Helin (Nov. 19, 1932-Jan. 25, 2009) made her discovery while photographing split periodic comet 79P/du Toit-Harley, also known as du Toit 2, with Palomar Observatory’s Samuel Oschin telescope. Also called the Oschin Schmidt, the instrument is a 48-inch (1.22-meter) aperture Schmidt camera. As an astrophotographic telescope, the Oschin Schmidt lacks an eyepiece and functions only as a camera.

Helin’s discovery occurred approximately 36 days after the asteroid’s last close approach of the 20th century. According to the European Space Agency (ESA)-sponsored NEODyS-2 website, the Earth- and Mars-crosser had a near-pass of 0.027716 au (astronomical units) (4146254.58 kilometers) with Earth on Saturday, Jan. 23, 1982.

Helin described the circumstances of the discovery in two articles for The Planetary Society’s quarterly magazine, The Planetary Report. In “Discovering an Asteroid,” in The Planetary Report’s July/August 1982 issue, Helin recalled meeting with American astrogeologist and comet and minor planet discoverer Eugene Merle “Gene” Shoemaker (April 28, 1928-July 19, 1997) for a scheduled observing session, beginning Saturday, Feb. 27, and ending Tuesday, March 2, at Palomar Observatory. They were searching for faint periodic comets, distanced far enough away from the sun to allow for resolving and measuring their bare nuclei, or solid central cores. They also aimed to recover, or re-observe, Comet du Toit 2, which Helin described as “unusual in that it had split into two pieces,” in her second Nereus article, “The Recovery of 1982DB,” which appeared in The Planetary Report’s January/February 1991 issue.

Helin and Shoemaker set the 48-inch Schmidt telescope to track the comet at their first observation session. The observations began around 7:30 p.m., Saturday, Feb. 27, and continued until after 5 a.m., Sunday, Feb. 28. They obtained 10 plates from the session.

Clouds and rain set in later Sunday and continued through Monday, March 1. While scanning the plates on Sunday for objects of interest, Helin and Shoemaker made an independent rediscovery of 1863 Antinous. The stony Mars-crossing, Apollo asteroid was discovered Sunday, March 7, 1948 by American astronomer Carl Alvar Wirtanen (Nov. 11, 1910-March 7, 1990) at Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton in west central California’s Santa Clara County. Apollo asteroids are Earth-crossers, with orbits crossing Earth’s orbit.

On Monday, March 1, while Shoemaker returned for his Monday class at Caltech (California Institute of Technology), Helin re-examined their 10 plates. By methodically scanning the comet du Toit 2 plate with a magnifying lens, she finally espied a long, finely etched trail “a little more than a centimeter away from the main component of the comet” (1982: 4).

In the early evening, after Shoemaker’s return, they examined their only record of the new asteroid, one plate of 50 minutes exposure. They determined an approximate position but they needed the direction of apparent motion as prograde (in the direction of planetary orbits around the sun) or retrograde (in the opposite direction).

Around midnight, the weather intermittently cleared. At about 2 a.m., Tuesday, March 2, they were able to obtain a short exposure. The asteroid’s absence from the plate supported a retrograde apparent motion.

British astronomer Brian G. Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010), who served as director of the IAU’s Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT) from 1968 to 1999, announced Helin’s discovery via International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) no. 3675 on March 5, 1982. His announcement stated that Helin had discovered “another fast-moving asteroidal object.” (In their website’s tribute to Helin, The Planetary Society, a space advocacy, non-governmental, nonprofit foundation based in Pasadena, California, credits Helin as discoverer or co-discoverer of 872 asteroids.)

In her recovery article in The Planetary Report’s January/February 1991 issue, Helin referenced the “curious phenomenon” of making an “unexpected discovery” while “searching for something else.” She stated that her February 1982 discovery “was another example of that curious phenomenon” (1991: 16).

The takeaways for Eleanor Helin’s discovery of asteroid 4660 Nereus in February 1982 are that the discovery came about while Helin and comet discoverer Gene Shoemaker were observing comet 79P/du Toit-Harley and that the asteroid appeared on one of only 10 plates that Helin and comet discoverer Gene Shoemaker were able to obtain during a weekend of adverse weather conditions at California’s Palomar Observatory.

Goldstone Solar System Radar’s (GSSR) Sunday, Jan. 20, 2002, delay-Doppler imaging of small Apollo asteroid 4660 Nereus, which was discovered Sunday, Feb. 28, 1982, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin: NASA/JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

American astronomer Eleanor Helin discovered asteroid 4660 Nereus (1982 DB) by meticulously scanning a photographic plate with a magnifying lens; she was one of five women inducted into the Women in Science and Technology International (WITI) Hall of Fame on Thursday, June 25, 1998: WITI -- Women In Technology International @WITI, via Twitter Jan. 16, 2019, @ https://twitter.com/WITI/status/1085594701053464576

Goldstone Solar System Radar’s (GSSR) Sunday, Jan. 20, 2002, delay-Doppler imaging of small Apollo asteroid 4660 Nereus, which was discovered Sunday, Feb. 28, 1982, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin: NASA/JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nereus.jpg

For further information:

Brozovic, Marina; Steven J. Ostro; Lance A.M. Benner; Jon D. Giorgini; Raymond F. Jurgens; Randy Rose; Michael C. Nolan; Alice A. Hine; Christopher Magri; Daniel J. Scheeres; and Jean-Luc Margot. “Radar Observations and a Physical Model of Asteroid 4660 Nereus, a Prime Space Mission Target.” Icarus, vol. 201, issue 1 (May 2009): 153-166.
Available @ https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/4660_Nereus/brozovic.etal.2009.nereus.pdf

Chodas, Paul. “4660 Nereus (1982 DB).” Jet Propulsion Laboratory Center for Near Earth Object Studies > Close Approaches > NEOs.
Available @ https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/

Green, Daniel W.E. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 5092. Sept. 18, 1990.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/05000/05092.html#Item1

Helin, Eleanor F. “Discovering an Asteroid.” The Planetary Report, vol. II, no. 4 (July/August 1982): 4-6.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1982-v02n4.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F. “Eureka! The Recovery of 1982DB.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 1 (January/February 1991): 16.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n1.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F. “Help Name 1982DB.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 1 (January/February 1991): 17.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n1.pdf

Helin, Eleanor F.; Neal D. Hulkower; and David F. Bender. “The Discovery of 1982 DB, the Most Accessible Asteroid Known.” Icarus, vol. 57, issue 1 (January 1984): 42-47.

JPL Media Relations Office. “New Asteroid Found.” NASA Caltech Jet Propulsion Laboratory > News. April 20, 1982.
Available @ https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=5964

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions: Doomsday Earth?” Earth and Space News. Thursday, Dec. 6, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/hawkings-brief-answers-to-big-questions_6.html

Marsden, Brian G. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 3675. March 5, 1982.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03600/03675.html

Marsden, Brian G. “1982 DB.” Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams > IAU Circular No. 3677. March 10, 1982.
Available @ http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/03600/03677.html

Minor Planet Center. “(4660) 1982 DB.” Minor Planet Circular 17416. Dec. 2, 1990.
Available @ https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/1990/MPC_19901202.pdf

Minor Planet Center. “(4660) Nereus = 1982 DB.” Minor Planet Circular 19338. Nov. 21, 1991.
Available @ https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/1991/MPC_19911121.pdf

Ostro, Steven J., Dr. “4660_Nereus Planning.” Asteroid Radar Research > 1010 Radar-Detected Asteroids and Comets > 851 Near-Earth Asteroids.
Available @ https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/Nereus/4660_Nereus_planning.html

The Planetary Society. “Eleanor Helin.” The Planetary Society > Connect > Our Experts > Profiles.
Available @ http://www.planetary.org/connect/our-experts/profiles/eleanor-helin.html

Slade, Martin A.; Lance A.M. Benner; and Arnold Silva. “Goldstone Solar System Radar Observatory: Earth-Based Planetary Mission Support and Unique Science Results.” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, issue 5 (May 2011): 757-769.
Available @ https://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/Slade_Benner_Silva_IEEE_Proceedings.pdf

van der Hucht, Karel A. “2021, Dec 11 Asteroid 4660 Nereus.” IAU International Astronomical Union > IAU for the Public > Themes > Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs): A Chronology of Milestones -- Page 3: 2011-2880. Last updated Oct. 7, 2013.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/public/themes/neo/nea3/

WITI -- Women In Technology International ‏@WITI. “Dr. Eleanor Helin was one of the original “guardians” of the galaxy. https://app.marketbeam.io/u/bjNrsg.” Twitter. Jan. 16, 2019.
Available @ https://twitter.com/WITI/status/1085594701053464576

Yeomans, Donald K. “Naming an Asteroid.” The Planetary Report, vol. XI, no. 6 (November/December 1991): 6.
Available @ https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/tpr/pdf/tpr-1991-v11n6.pdf
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tms7Mg1nO6IC/page/n7

Agrippina Is Feb. 29, 2020, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast

Summary: Handel’s Agrippina is the Feb. 29, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing as 13th in the season’s 23 radio matinees.

Met Opera's 2019-2020 season debuts Sir David McVicar's new production of Handel's Agrippina, with sets designed by John Macfarlane: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 15, 2019

George Frideric Handel’s Agrippina is the Feb. 29, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast, airing at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) and numbering as the 13th of 23 scheduled Saturday radio matinees during the 2019-2020 Met Opera season.

German-British baroque composer George Frideric Handel (Feb. 23, 1685-April 14, 1759) set his musical score for Agrippina to an Italian libretto by Italian cardinal, diplomat and opera librettist Vincenzo Grimani (May 26, 1655-Sept. 26, 1710). Cardinal Grimani’s libretto concerned Agrippina the Younger (Nov. 6, 15 CE-March 23, 59 CE), who became Empress of Rome through her marriage, on New Year’s Day, 49 CE, to her paternal uncle Claudius (Aug. 1, 10 BCE-Oct. 13, 54 CE), who reigned as Roman Emperor from Jan. 24, 41, until his death (or murder).

Handel’s Agrippina premiered Dec. 26, 1709, at the Grimani family’s opera house, Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo (or Crisostomo), in northeastern Italy’s island city of Venice. The opera house, known since 1835 as Teatro Malibran, is located on the left bank of Venice’s Grand Canal, in the city’s northernmost historic district (sestiere), Cannaregio. The opera house, designed by Italian architect, painter and stage designer Tommaso Bezzi (ca. 1650-Feb. 23, 1729), was inaugurated in 1678.

Agrippina received its Metropolitan Opera premiere in the 2019-2020 Met Opera season. The premiere took place Thursday, Feb. 6, 2020, at 7:30 p.m.

In addition to the premiere, eight performances of Agrippina have been scheduled for the 2019-2020 season. Six additional performances are offered in February. The premiere month’s additional performances take place Sunday, Feb. 9, at 3 p.m.; Thursday, Feb. 13, at 7:30 p.m.; Monday, Feb. 17, at 7:30 p.m.; Saturday, Feb. 22, at 8 p.m.; Tuesday, Feb. 25, at 7:30 p.m.; and Saturday matinee broadcast, Feb. 29, at 1 p.m.

The season’s last two performances of Agrippina are set in March. The month’s performances take place Tuesday, March 3, at 7:30 p.m. and, closing night, Saturday, March 7, at 8 p.m.

The two-act opera has an estimated run time of 3 hours 45 minutes. Act I runs for 101 minutes. An intermission of 30 minutes follows. Act II is estimated at 94 minutes.

Harry Bicket conducts all performances of Agrippina. The British conductor and Baroque interpreter made his Metropolitan Opera debut Dec. 2, 2004, in the Metropolitan Opera premiere of Handel’s Rodelinda. In the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Harry Bicket also conducts Così fan tutte by 18th century Classical Era composer Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791).

Brenda Rae appears as Poppea, whose three suitors are Emperor Claudius, ambitious Nerone and lovestruck Ottone. The American operatic soprano’s appearance in Agrippina’s Metropolitan Opera premiere Feb. 6, 2020, marked her Metropolitan Opera debut.

Joyce DiDonato appears in the title role of the scheming Agrippina. The American operatic lyric-coloratura mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 2, 2005, in the trouser role of Cherubino in the opera house’s 419th performance of Mozart’s Le Nozze di Figaro. During the 2019-2020 Met Opera season, Joyce DiDonato also appears as Charlotte in Werther by French Romantic Era composer Jules Massenet (May 12, 1842-Aug. 13, 1912).

Kate Lindsey appears in the trouser role of Nerone, Agrippina's son and Emperor Claudius' stepson. The American mezzo-soprano made her Metropolitan Opera debut Sept. 20, 2005, as Javotte in the opera house’s 250th performance of Massenet’s Manon.

Iestyn Davies appears as Ottone, who prefers marriage with Poppea to an imperial coronation. The British classical countertenor made his Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 14, 2011, as Unulfo in the opera house’s 15th performance of Handel’s Rodelinda.

Duncan Rock appears as Pallante, Agrippina's freedman. The Australian baritone made his Metropolitan Opera debut Oct. 2, 2017, as Schaunard in the opera house’s 1,306th performance of La Bohème by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

Matthew Rose appears as Emperor Claudio, who seeks reconciliation in his final decisions. The English operatic bass made his Metropolitan Opera debut Nov. 18, 2011, as Colline in the opera house’s 1,240th performance of Puccini’s La Bohème.

The Metropolitan Opera premiere of Agrippina during the 2019-2020 season debuts Sir David McVicar’s new production. Handel’s original setting was Rome in the mid-first century CE. Sir David’s production resets the opera to “the present,” according to The Metropolitan Opera website’s page on Agrippina’s 2019-2020 season performances.

Sir David’s production team comprises John Macfarlane, set and costume designer, and Paule Constable, lighting designer. Andrew George is the production’s choreographer.

The takeaway for Agrippina as the Feb. 29, 2020, Met Opera Saturday matinee broadcast is that Handel’s newly staged opera airs at 1 p.m. Eastern Standard Time and numbers as the 13th of 23 Saturday matinees broadcast weekly through Saturday, May 9, 2020.

Met Opera's 2019-2020 season debuts Sir David McVicar's new production of Handel's Agrippina, with sets and costumes designed by John Macfarlane: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 2, 2019

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Met Opera's 2019-2020 season debuts Sir David McVicar's new production of Handel's Agrippina, with sets designed by John Macfarlane: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 15, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162332707945533/

Met Opera's 2019-2020 season debuts Sir David McVicar's new production of Handel's Agrippina, with sets and costumes designed by John Macfarlane: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Aug. 2, 2019, @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162278045665533/

For further information:

“Debut: Kate Lindsey.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351294 Manon {250} Metropolitan Opera House: 09/20/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351294

“Debut: Matthew Rose.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354168 La Bohème {1240} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/18/2011.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354168

“Debuts: Alexander Soddy, Angel Blue, Duncan Rock.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 356747 La Bohème {1306} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/02/2017.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=356747

"Debuts: Brenda Rae, Nicholas Tamagna." MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 357409 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Agrippina {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/06/2020.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357409

“Debuts: Iestyn Davies, Moritz Linn.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 354154 Rodelinda {15} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/14/2011.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=354154

“Debuts: Kobie van Rensburg, Zachary Vail Elkind, Harry Bicket . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351094 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Rodelinda {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/02/2004.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351094

“Debuts: Mark Wigglesworth, Maurizio Muraro, Joyce DiDonato . . .” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 351338 Le Nozze di Figaro {419} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/02/2005.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=351338

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season Opens Monday, Sept. 23, With Porgy and Bess.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 16, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-opera-season-opens-monday.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Fifth Week Has Gluck, Massenet and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 14, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-fifth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera Season’s Fourth Week Has Gershwin, Massenet and Puccini.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Oct. 7, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/2019-2020-met-opera-seasons-fourth-week.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “2019-2020 Met Opera’s Second Week Has Gershwin, Massenet, Puccini, Verdi.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Sept. 23, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/2019-2020-met-operas-second-week-has.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Manon Lescaut Is the Dec. 3, 2016, Metropolitan Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Nov. 28, 2016.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/manon-lescaut-is-dec-3-2016.html

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. Sir David McVicar brings three thrilling stagings to the Met next season—revivals of Puccini’s Tosca and Donizetti’s Maria Stuarda, as well as the Met premiere production of Handel’s Agrippina—all showcasing the director’s versatility and vision. Buy tickets: bit.ly/2YDrq54 Photo by Antoni Bofill / Liceu.” Facebook. Aug. 2, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162278045665533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Reimagining a Baroque classic, Sir David McVicar’s new production of Handel’s Agrippina ingeniously updates this wry satire about the abuse of power to the present moment. Here’s a first look at the striking set design by John Macfarlane and lighting design by Paule Constable, from technical rehearsals this week. Photo by Jonathan Tichler / Met Opera.” Facebook. Aug. 15, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532/10162332707945533/

Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications

Summary: Biochar applications, along with compost and fertilizer, act on afflicted soils in ecofriendly ways, according to an Arborist News article February 2020.

Burning woody biomass produces biochar, a soil enrichant; Wednesday, May 7, 2014: Oregon Department of Forestry, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Biochar applications assist in ameliorating the estimated 80 percent of above-ground afflictions that acknowledge below-ground abuses of roots and soils, according to an article in the February 2020 issue of Arborist News.

The article Applications of Biochar for Arboriculture bares biological, chemical or nutritional, and physical components of soil properties as co-influentially, interactively building soil quality and suitability. Co-authors Chelsi Abbott and Chris Fields-Johnson configure as biological dead, decomposing organic matter plant roots; soil food web arthropod, detritivore, microbe members and their waste products. Chemical components designate acid, neutral, alkaline pH levels; macronutrients and micronutrients such as iron, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; and redox potential (relative availability of oxygen).

Biochar applications embrace physically structural and textural aggregated, layered content of clay, sand, silt particles that expose aeration, infiltrational, percolational water movements; strength; and water-holding capacities.

Incomplete, interrupted, low-oxygen firing of organic-mattered biomass forms charcoal, whose maximum quality and yield, with minimum air pollution, modern biochar manufacturing processes fine-tune for biochar applications.

Biochar applications guarantee greatest successes with biochar that gets light refracted when held up, sound resonating when dropped or struck and biomass burned without producing flames. Their International Biochar Initiative (IBI) standardization, Organic Materials Resources Institute (OMRI) certification and third-party lab verification herald high-quality agricultural/forestry residue, green-landscape waste, recycled, salvaged woody biomass. Biochar applications influence the chemical or nutritional component of soil properties by improving nutrient use availability and efficiency rather than by impacting soil nutrient levels directly.

Biochar applications journey through subsurface soil layers for more judicious microbial habitats and respiration, as biological components of soil properties, not for more direct food sources.

Biochar applications know directest impacts upon physical components of soil properties by kindling long-term air and water porosity, stable macropores and soil aggregates, and downward, outward-penetrating roots.

Environmentally beneficial biochar applications lead to lowered atmospheric carbon levels, green waste, nutrient pollution and stormwater runoff; and, through carbon sequestration, to stable soil carbon levels. Biochar applications best manage compacted, heavy-traffic; container; flooded, poor-draining, slow-drying; organic matter-poor; planter; poorly aggregated, high-clay content; poor nutrient and water-retaining, high-gravel or high-sand content soils. They perhaps need three-plus years to nurse stressed soils back into more navigable, porous, resilient networks for penetrating roots necessitating downward, outward-spreading air, nutrients and water.

Biochar applications observe more immediate benefits when they obtain biological activation by occurring with simultaneous compost, fertilizer, mulch treatments oriented against obstructed micronutrients and pH levels.

The soil renovation process of radial trenching puts one-plus-inch (2.5-plus-centimeter) compost, 0.25-inch (0.6-centimeter) biochar applications through 12-inch (30-centimeter) below-ground depths through root-zone tillage with air tools.

Biochar applications with compost for soil injection, soil renovation, topdressing and vertical mulching queue up singly or in combination with one another or all other quests. Timely establishment and survival versus long-term growth and health require more intensive biochar applications immediately around urban trees versus less intensive biochar applications over root zones. Disturbed soils sometimes suggest the disruptive, expensive biochar applications for immediate, large-scale landscape impacts of compost-supplemented soil renovation over compost-supplemented soil injection, topdressing and vertical mulching.

Environmentally beneficial biochar applications threaten arborists without personal protective equipment with combustion around aerated ignition sources and, if still dusty, with breathing troubles and messy sites.

New vegetation emerges in Yew Creek Forest, Douglas County, southwestern Oregon, from biochar applications, which encourage soil microbial activity via soil nutrient returns; Wednesday, Aug. 28, 2019, 11:23:15: NRCS Oregon, CC BY ND 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Burning woody biomass produces biochar, a soil enrichant; Wednesday, May 7, 2014: Oregon Department of Forestry, CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/oregondepartmentofforestry/16637208254/

New vegetation emerges in Yew Creek Forest, Douglas County, southwestern Oregon, from biochar applications, which encourage soil microbial activity via soil nutrient returns; Wednesday, Aug. 28, 2019, 11:23:15: NRCS Oregon, CC BY ND 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcs_oregon/48673943561/

For further information:

Fields-Johnson, Chris; and Chelsi Abbott. February 2020. "Applications of Biochar for Arboriculture." Arborist News 29(1): 12-17.

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html