Black-Tailed Bee Flies Are Not Averse to Elementary's Dead Man's Switch

Summary: Black-tailed bee flies are likelier to arrive on brownstone rooftops than in mouths open in amazement on Elementary's Dead Man's Switch April 25, 2013.

greater bee fly (Bombylius major), also known as black-tailed beefly; G. Richard Thompson Wildlife Management Area, ridge top western portion, Linden, Northern Virginia; Jan. 1, 2000: Judy Gallagher (Judy Gallagher), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Black-tailed bee flies appear among the New York native fly species that perhaps avoid mouths wide open in astonishment on Elementary procedural drama television series episode Dead Man's Switch April 25, 2013.

Director Larry Teng and writers Liz Friedman and Christopher Silber begin the first season's 20th episode with Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) beautifying his arm tattoos. Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) considers herself capable and caring even as she challenges Sherlock's creativity and credentials concerning conserving body tattoos, where she claims no competence. Sherlock demurs, "I am an actual tattoo artist," when Joan declares, "Well, wouldn't it be easier if someone else did it, like an actual tattoo artist."

Sherlock endures Joan's dismissive facial and verbal expressions with, "Close your mouth, Watson. You'll catch a fly" before explaining, "I did a lot of these myself."

Ms. Hudson (Candis Cayne) functions as the Holmes brownstone housekeeper since Snow Angels April 4, 2013, so house flies (Musca domestica) find neither filth nor food.

Perhaps black-tailed bee flies, as bumblebee (Bombus) and honeybee (Apis) mimics, go from New York City parks all the way to the Holmes brownstone's rooftop hives. The Holmes brownstone has neither nectar-heavy flowers nor sunny-banked burrows for black-tailed bee flies that hover hummingbird-like during feeding, mating and nesting seasons March through June. Black-tailed bee flies, identified by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10. 1778), install 0.19-inch (0.5-millimeter) eggs in Andrena (mining), Colletes (plasterer) and Halictus (sweat) bee nests.

Black-tailed bee flies journey from white-yellow egg stages to hatched larval and maggot stages respectively feeding upon host food stores and host larval and pupal stages.

Black-tailed bee flies, known as big, dark-bordered or greater bee flies and as Bombylius major (from Greek βόμβος, "buzzing" and Latin maior, "greater"), keep bee-like behavior.

Black-tailed bee fly life cycles link eggs; mobile, slender larvae (from Latin lārva, "ghost"); chunky, sedentary maggots; and bristled, hooked pupae (from Latin pūpa, "girl") stages. Three hundred wingbeats per second move black-topped, brown- and red-legged, brown- and yellow-bodied physically and sexually mature black-tailed bee flies backward and forward, downward and upward. Big-eyed, mature black-tailed bee flies net non-biting, non-stinging parts; 0.47- to 0.71-inch- (12- to 18-millimeter-) long bodies; and 0.98-inch (24-millimeter) by 0.16-inch (4-millimeter) clear-bottomed, dark-topped wings.

Their black, 0.22- to 0.28-inch- (5.5- to 7-millimeter-) long proboscis offers black-tailed bee flies, unless obstructed by ambush bugs (Reduviidae) and crab spiders (Thomisidae), nutritious nectars.

Black-tailed bee flies pollinate cultivated and wild flowers, with crabapple (Malus), dandelions (Taraxacum), lilac (Syringa), plum (Prunus), primroses (Primula), spring-beauty (Claytonia) and violets (Viola) as priorities.

Black-tailed bee flies queue up continentally everywhere except Antarctica and quest bare-patched soil for nesting and cultivated garden and wild field, meadow, woodland flowers for nectaring. They require old, open, sunny coastlines, farmlands, fields, forest and woodland edges, forests, gardens, glades, grasslands, heathlands, hedgerows, meadows, moorlands, parks, quarries, roadsides, slopes and woodlands. They survive from Canada, excluding Nunavut and the territories and including Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, through the United States and into Baja California and Mexico.

The Holmes brownstone backyard and, with its already resident Holmes beehives, perhaps tempt black-tailed bee flies only as temporary stops during feeding, mating, nesting spring-summer transits.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller), preparing for an all-night search through attorney Duke Landers' computer files for clues to the identity of Henry8, informs Alfredo Llamosa (Ato Essandoh), standing behind in blue t-shirt and grayish vest, that he plans to miss his one year anniversary chip presentation the next day in CBS Elementary's Dead Man's Switch (season 1 episode 20): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook April 24, 2013

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

greater bee fly (Bombylius major), also known as black-tailed beefly; G. Richard Thompson Wildlife Management Area, ridge top western portion, Linden, Northern Virginia; Jan. 1, 2000: Judy Gallagher (Judy Gallagher), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/52450054@N04/6948692144/

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller), preparing for an all-night search through attorney Duke Landers' computer files for clues to the identity of Henry8, informs Alfredo Llamosa (Ato Essandoh), standing behind in blue t-shirt and grayish vest, that he plans to miss his one year anniversary chip presentation the next day in CBS Elementary's Dead Man's Switch (season 1 episode 20): Elementary @CBSElementary, via Facebook April 24, 2013, @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/241261409332311

For further information:

"Dead Man's Switch." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 25, 2013.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. 1892. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd.

Eaton, Eric R. 25 January 2013. "Fly Day Friday: Greater Bee Fly." Bug Eric.
Available @ http://bugeric.blogspot.com/2013/01/fly-day-friday-greater-bee-fly.html

Elementary @CBSElementary. 24 April 2013. “Things get intense when Sherlock becomes part of a crime he was trying to prevent. Watch a preview of tomorrow's new Elementary! http://bit.ly/11DPE88.” Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/ElementaryCBS/photos/a.151627898295663/241261409332311

Kulzer, Louise. 1996. "Bee Flies of the Genus Bombylius Order Diptera, Family Bombyliidae." Bug of the Month: April 1996. Article originally appeared in Scarabogram, newsletter of Scarabs: The Bug Society, new series no. 192 (April 1996): 3-4.
Available @ https://crawford.tardigrade.net/bugs/BugofMonth19.html

Linnæi, Caroli. 1758. "228. Bombylius. major." Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727519

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/are-snowdrop-flowers-why-yogurt-appears.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/barako-coffee-allays-ailments-on.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/liberian-coffee-perhaps-averts.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/why-are-lemon-presses-for-lemons-on.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/bach-chaconne-absorbs-anguish-on.html

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Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

"Snow Angels." Elementary: The First Season. Los Angeles CA: Paramount Pictures Corporation, April 4, 2013.

April 25, 2013 Partial Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 112

Summary: The Thursday, April 25, 2013, partial lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 112, a series of 72 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of May 20, 859, opened Saros 112’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Thursday, April 25, 2013, partial lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 112, which comprises 72 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

April’s partial lunar eclipse begins Thursday, April 25, at 18:03:38 Universal Time, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place at 20:07:30 UT. Greatest eclipse indicates the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow. The eclipse ends at 22:11:26 UT.

April 2013’s partial lunar eclipse appears as number 65 in the lineup of 72 lunar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 112. Similar geometries classify the 72 lunar eclipses as a family, known as a series.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website describes Saros 112 lunar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s ascending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 112, the lunar movement is southward with respect to the ascending node.

The ascending node and a descending node pair mark the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes reflect the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node associates with the moon’s orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node links with the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

A Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours informs the periodicity and recurrence of eclipses. A Saros series comprises 70 or more lunar eclipses, with each separated from its predecessor by a Saros cycle. A Saros series has a typical timeline of 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 112 lasts for 1,280.14 years, according to NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 112 plays out over 14 centuries. Saros series 112 spans the ninth through 22nd centuries.

Lunar eclipses in Saros cycle 112 display a sequence order of seven penumbral lunar eclipses, 21 partial lunar eclipses, 15 total lunar eclipses, 22 partial lunar eclipses and seven penumbral lunar eclipses. Partial lunar eclipses claim the most frequency in Saros series 112, with a total of 43 occurrences. Total lunar eclipses occur as the second most frequent lunar eclipse type in the series, with a total of 15 occurrences.

The ninth century’s penumbral eclipse of May 20, 859, initiated Saros series 112. This eclipse will occur near the northern edge of the penumbra (shadow’s lighter, outer region). This event staged its greatest eclipse over the southwestern Pacific Ocean, north of France’s special collectivity of New Caledonia (la Nouvelle-Calédonie).

The 22nd century’s penumbral eclipse of Sunday, July 12, 2139, ends Saros series 112. This eclipse will occur near the penumbra’s southern edge. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, west of southern Africa’s Republic of Namibia, southeast of Saint Helena and northeast of Tristan da Cunha.

The Thursday, April 25, 2013, partial lunar eclipse closes Saros series 112’s second string of partial lunar eclipses as the last of the sequence’s 22 partial lunar eclipses. This event will experience its greatest eclipse over the southwestern Indian Ocean, north of the island Republic of Mauritius and east of the island Republic of Madagascar.

The partial lunar eclipse of Saturday, April 15, 1995, is the immediate predecessor of April 2013’s penumbral lunar eclipse in Saros series 112. This event’s greatest eclipse took place over the southwestern Pacific Ocean, southwest of the island country of Tuvalu and northwest of the Fijian dependency of Rotuma.

The April 1995 partial lunar eclipse appears as number 21 within the second sequence of 22 partial lunar eclipses in Saros series 112. This eclipse occurs as number 64 in the series’ lineup of 72 lunar eclipses.

The penumbral lunar eclipse of Tuesday, May 7, 2031, is the successor of the Thursday, April 25, 2013, partial lunar eclipse in Saros series 112. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over eastern Bolivia’s Santa Cruz Department (Departamento de Santa Cruz).

The May 2031 eclipse occurs as the first of seven in Saros series 112’s closing sequence of penumbral lunar eclipses. This eclipse appears as number 66 in the series’ lineup of 72 lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Thursday, April 25, 2013, partial lunar eclipse is that the astronomical event occurs as number 65 in Saros series 112’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses and as the closing eclipse in the series’ second string of 22 partial lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Sunday, July 12, 2139, will close Saros 112’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Penumbral lunar eclipse of May 20, 859, opened Saros 112’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/0801-0900/LE0859-05-20N.gif

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Sunday, July 12, 2139, will close Saros 112’s lineup of 72 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2101-2200/LE2139-07-12N.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2013.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1995 Apr 15." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 112 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 112: 64 28 1995 Apr 15.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1995-04-15P.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2013 Apr 25." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 112 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 112: 65 29 2013 Apr 25.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2013-04-25P.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Lunar Eclipse of 1995 Apr 15.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1901-2000/LE1995Apr15Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2013 Apr 25.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWisse @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2013Apr25Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 0859 May 20." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 112 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 112: 01 -35 0859 May 20.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/0801-0900/LE0859-05-20N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2031 May 07." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 112 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 112: 66 30 2031 May 07.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2031-05-07N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2139 Jul 12." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 112 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 112: 72 36 2139 Jul 12.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2101-2200/LE2139-07-12N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 0859 May 20.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 0801 to 0900 (801 CE to 900 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/0801-0900/LE0859May20Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2031 May 07.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2031May07Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2139 Jul 12.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2101 to 2200 (2101 CE to 2200 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2101-2200/LE2139Jul12Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 112." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros112.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Three 2013 Lunar Eclipses Happens April 25 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 17, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/first-of-three-2013-lunar-eclipses.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Lunar Eclipse of 15 Apr, 1995 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1995_04_15

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Lunar Eclipse of 25 Apr, 2013 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2013_04_25

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 7 May, 2031 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2031_05_07

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 11 Jul, 2139 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2101 AD > 2121-2140 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2139_07_11

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 20 May, 0859 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 0001-1000 AD > 0801 AD > 0841-0860 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/0859_05_20

First of Three 2013 Lunar Eclipses Happens April 25 as Partial Eclipse

Summary: The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses happens April 25 as a partial eclipse that disfavors North America and favors Africa, Asia and Australia.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for partial lunar eclipse of Thursday, April 25, 2013: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses happens April 25 as a partial eclipse disfavoring North America as a no-visibility continent and favoring the Indian Ocean, most of Africa and much of central and western Asia with all eclipse visibility.

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” identifies areas of all eclipse visibility. Eastern Africa, central Asia, western Australia and eastern Europe offer visibility of the entire ecliptic event.

Northwestern South America joins North America in no-visibility of the April 2013 partial eclipse. Espenak notes that eastern parts of South America experience only part of the ecliptic event because the start of the eclipse precedes moonrise there.

The Indian Ocean is the only one of Earth’s three major oceans to enjoy all eclipse visibility. The Southern Ocean and the continent that it surrounds, Antarctica, also fall within the area of all eclipse visibility.

The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses begins with the lunar surface’s first contact with Earth’s lighter, outer shadow, known as penumbra. The start of the penumbral eclipse, designated as P1, happens Thursday, April 25, at 18:03:38 Universal Time (2:03 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time).

The partial eclipse starts at 19:54:08 UT (3:54 p.m. EDT) with first contact of the lunar surface with Earth’s umbra. U1 designates the instant of first entrance into the darkest, innermost part of Earth’s shadow.

During the partial eclipse, Earth’s umbra only covers a portion of the visible lunar surface. The partial coverage that distinguishes a partial lunar eclipse differs from the umbra’s total coverage of the lunar surface that characterizes a total lunar eclipse.

Greatest eclipse happens at 20:07:30 UT (4:07 p.m. EDT). Greatest eclipse references the instant of the moon’s closest passage to the axis of Earth’s shadow.

The partial eclipse ends at 20:21:02 UT (4:21 p.m. EDT). U4 designates the instant of the event’s last umbral contact.

The penumbral eclipse ends at 22:11:26 UT (6:11 p.m. EDT). P4 is the designator for the instant of last penumbral contact. The end of the penumbral eclipse also signifies the end of the April 2013 lunar eclipse.

The April 2013 event’s penumbral eclipse has a total duration of 4 hours 7 minutes 48 seconds. Within the total time frame, the event’s partial eclipse lasts for 26 minutes 54 seconds.

The April 2013 partial lunar eclipse is sandwiched between penumbral lunar eclipses. A penumbral eclipse on Wednesday, Nov. 28, closed 2012’s lineup of two lunar eclipses. The April 2013 event opens the year as the only partial lunar eclipse among 2013’s three lunar eclipses. The two consecutive penumbral lunar eclipses appearing in the wake of the April partial lunar eclipse take place Saturday, May 25, and Friday, Oct. 18.

After the April 2013 ecliptic event, partial lunar eclipses disappear from eclipse lineups for four and one-fourth years. The next appearance of a partial lunar eclipse occurs Monday, Aug. 7, 2017.

The April 2013 partial lunar eclipse belongs to Saros Series 112. The Saros cycle associates eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle covers approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

The first of three 2013 lunar eclipses happens April 25 as a partial eclipse, favors the Indian Ocean with complete visibility and, in the event’s aftermath, marks an absence of partial lunar eclipses from eclipse lineups for four and one-fourth years.

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for partial lunar Eclipse of Thursday, April 25, 2013: SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Earth visibility chart and eclipse data for partial lunar eclipse of Thursday, April 25, 2013: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2013-Fig01.pdf

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for partial lunar Eclipse of Thursday, April 25, 2013: SockPuppetForTomruen at English Wikipedia, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2013Apr25.png

For further information:

“April 25 / April 26, 2013 -- Partial Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available via Time And Date @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2013-april-25

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2013.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2013.html

Espenak, Fred. "Figure 1 Partial Lunar Eclipse of 2013 Apr 25." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page > Lunar Eclipses Past and Future: Eclipses During 2013 > Eclipses During 2013: 2013 Apr 25 Partial Lunar Eclipse: Partial Lunar Eclipse of April 25.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2013-Fig01.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Two 2012 Lunar Eclipses Happens June 4 as Partial Eclipse.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 30, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-of-two-2012-lunar-eclipses.html

Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance

Summary: Angela Hewitt and Gary Watson of The Morton Arboretum examine planting defects, digs, dirt and disturbance as urban tree root management concerns.

Built environments contribute to urban tree root management concerns; water oak (Quercus nigra) with root problems caused by embedded concrete and metal objects: Randy Cyr/Greentree/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Defects, digs, dirt and disturbance are urban tree root management concerns, according to Root Management Challenges on Urban Sites: Human Intervention in Root Development in the April 2013 issue of Arborist News.

Angela Hewitt and Gary Watson begin with the observation that "Conflict between human activity and tree roots is constant" since developments above-ground typically bring changes below-ground. They consider as examples of "human intervention in root development" cultivation of nursery stock in containers and fields and disturbance of and obstacles in urban soils.

Master arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards depend upon nursery-grown stock to supplement sturdy species, such as silver maples, that tolerate air-poor, penetration-resistant soils.

Construction practices for leveling soils, landscaping practices for moving transplants and nursery practices for nurturing seedlings encourage root-unfriendly "human intervention that does not exist in nature."

Adventitious root flares and girdling roots furnish examples of urban tree root management concerns when field-grown nursery stock follow extreme pruning and too deep transplanting schedules.

Healthy flares go downward and outward from natural soil lines while adventitious flares grow down and out from root shanks 12-plus inches (30-plus centimeters) below ground-level. Disturbed soils have to be removed by root crown air excavation tools to heap the depression back up to natural soil lines with well-aerated pea gravel. Removal during dormant seasons is the procedure for girdling roots, whose cause is severed lateral roots inspiring non-severed lateral roots to grow perpendicularly around trunk bases.

Nursery stock juggle roots circling and descending from jamming up against narrow container walls during too infrequent transplant schedules without shaving, or box-cutting, root ball exteriors.

Roots that spread from four to five sides of trunks, to distances twice the heights of tall trees and thrice those of wide, keep trees anchored.

The "excellent" growing conditions and the "high-quality" soils in nurseries, where "competition is minimized," lead to transplants too deeply, thinly and weakly flared in urban soils. Measurements of bulk densities for air-poor, compacted, drought- or waterlogging-prone, fill-and-rubble, nutrient-poor urban soils may rival those of concrete, at 2.2 grams per cubic centimeter. Severance by heavy equipment for building and maintaining infrastructure and underground wires at distances closer than thrice trunk diameters numbers among urban tree root management concerns.

Drainage-friendly, nutrient-rich gravels and ground-level mulches overcome compacted fills while air excavation and ground-penetrating radar obtain root locations that excavators operate directional boring equipment to avoid.

Built environments prove to be obstacle courses since compacted fill provides stable anchorage to such infrastructure as building foundations, impermeable pavements, retaining walls and sewer pipes.

Ratios of foundation depth to tree-to-building distances equivalent to thrice heights quantify cycles of stress-fracturing foundation subsidence in high shrink-swell soils that anchor "high-water" demand trees. Moisture and nutrient extremes around retaining walls and in sewer systems require math-based measures since roots resist growing into 20-foot (6.1-meter) gaps between them and obstacles. Math spaces trees at minimal 6- to 10-foot (2- to 3-meter) distances from pavements atop 6-inch (15-centimeter) gravel-and-rubble bases on 4-inch (10-centimeter) metal, plastic, polystyrene barriers.

The "intense competition for space in urban landscapes" takes its toll in urban tree root management concerns and its triumphs from inventive remediation of human intervention.

Deep planting encourages urban tree root management concern of adventitious roots forming on stems well above soil line; boxwood (Buxus spp.) with adventitious roots above soil line: Mary Ann Hansen/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Built environments contribute to urban tree root management concerns; water oak (Quercus nigra) with root problems caused by embedded concrete and metal objects: Randy Cyr/Greentree/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1238206

Overly deep planting encourages urban tree root management concern of adventitious roots forming on stems well above soil line; boxwood (Buxus spp.) with adventitious roots above soil line: Mary Ann Hansen/Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5337028

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Hewitt, Angela; and Watson, Gary. April 2013. "Root Management Challenges on Urban Sites: Human Intervention in Root Development." Arborist News 22(2): 12-17.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=20b3f7db-ef85-4964-969f-a29d00fc2957#?page=16

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Babcock Crater Honors American Astronomer Harold Delos Babcock

Summary: Babcock Crater honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock, whose astronomical expertise emphasized solar magnetism and solar spectroscopy.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 64 shows the lunar far side’s Babcock Crater with its two satellites on the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Babcock Crater honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock, whose astronomical achievements included researching solar magnetism and solar spectroscopy.

Babcock Crater is a lunar impact crater in the equatorial latitudes of the lunar far side’s portions of the moon’s northern and eastern hemispheres. Impacts have bombarded Babcock’s eroded rim. The interior floor’s relative levelness results from lava flow-resurfacing.

Babcock is centered at 4.13 degrees north latitude, 94.14 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach 5.8 degrees north and 2.65 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater’s easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 95.71 degrees east and 92.56 degrees east, respectively. Babcock Crater’s diameter spans 95.28 kilometers.

Zasyadko is small, bowl-shaped lunar impact crater that presents proximitous placement to the crater’s midpoint. Zasyadko’s interior floor is relatively small.

Zasyadko is centered at 3.96 degrees north latitude, 94.19 degrees east longitude. It confines its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 4.12 degrees north and 3.79 degrees north, respectively. It restricts its easternmost and westernmost longitudes to 94.36 degrees east and 94.02 degrees east, respectively. Zasyadko Crater has a diameter of 10.27 kilometers.

Babcock Crater parents two satellites. Both Babcock H and Babcock K associate with their parent’s eastern side.

Babcock H resides along its parent’s eastern side. Satellite H lies to the northeast of Babcock K. Babcock H’s placement qualifies it as the most easterly and most northerly of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

Babcock H is centered at 3.11 degrees north latitude, 96.51 degrees east longitude. It finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 4.15 degrees north and 2.06 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 97.55 degrees east and 95.46 degrees east, respectively. Babcock H’s diameter of 63.4 kilometers qualifies it as the larger of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

Babcock K resides to the east-southeast of its parent. Satellite K’s placement qualifies it as the more distant and the more southerly of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

Babcock K is centered at 1.19 degrees north latitude, 95.14 degrees east longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes narrow to 1.35 degrees north and 1.02 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 95.31 degrees east and 94.98 degrees east, respectively. Babcock K’s diameter of 9.98 kilometers qualifies it as the smaller of the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites.

The Babcock Crater system resides on far side’s northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea), just beyond the near side’s northeastern limb. The equatorial lunar mare (Latin: mare, “sea”) wraps around the moon’s leading (eastern near side) limb in its occupancy of the near side’s and far side’s portions of the moon’s northern, southern and eastern hemispheres.

Mare Smythii is centered at minus 1.71 degrees south latitude, 87.05 degrees east longitude. The equatorial lunar mare’s northernmost and southernmost latitudes stretch to 4.5 degrees north and minus 7.46 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes touch 92.72 degrees east and 80.94 degrees east, respectively. Mare Smythii’s diameter spans 373.97 kilometers.

Babcock Crater honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock (Jan. 24, 1882-April 8, 1968). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved Babcock as the crater’s official name in 1970, during the organization’s XIVth (14th) General Assembly, which was held in Brighton, United Kingdom, from Tuesday, Aug. 18, to Thursday, Aug. 27. Prior to its official naming, Babcock Crater was referenced as Crater 189.

The letter designations for the Babcock Crater system’s two satellites received approval in 2006. Prior to its official naming, Babcock H was identified as Crater 192.

Harold Delos Babcock’s interests in astronomy especially concerned solar spectroscopy and solar magnetism. Babcock pursued his interests via the Carnegie Institution of Washington’s Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) in Los Angeles County’s San Gabriel Mountains. His employment at Mount Wilson, at the invitation of American solar astronomer George Ellery Hale (June 29, 1868-Feb. 21, 1938), began on Feb. 1, 1909, according to American astronomer and physicist Ira Sprague Bowen’s (Dec. 21, 1898-Feb. 6, 1973) biography in the National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir, published in 1974.

Babcock selected chromium and vanadium, two elements with prominent lines in the solar spectrum, for his investigations of the Zeeman effect of magnetic field-caused splitting of spectral lines into components. In 1911, Babcock published his findings on the Zeeman effect for chromium and for vanadium in the April 1911 and October 1911 issues, respectively, of the Astrophysical Journal.

After his Feb. 1, 1948, official retirement from Mount Wilson Observatory, Babcock and his son, Horace Welcome Babcock (Sept. 13, 1912-ug. 29, 2003), collaborated on measuring the sun’s magnetic field. The father-son team published their findings in the December 1952 issue of Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

The takeaways for Babcock Crater, which honors American astronomer Harold Delos Babcock, are that the lunar impact crater lies along the northeastern Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea) on the lunar far side, just beyond the near side’s northeastern limb; that Babcock Crater parents two satellites; and that the crater’s namesake made significant contributions to solar magnetism and solar spectroscopy.

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Babcock Crater’s equatorial-latitude occupancy of the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Details of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 64 shows the lunar far side’s Babcock Crater with its two satellites on the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea); courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_64_wac.pdf

Detail of Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Babcock Crater’s equatorial-latitude occupancy of the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii (Smyth’s Sea): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_farside.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Washington DC: NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19830003761.pdf

Babcock, Harold D. “The Zeeman Effect for Chromium.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. XXXIII, no. 3 (April 1911): 217-233.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044059981654?urlappend=%3Bseq=253

Babcock, Harold D. “The Zeeman Effect for Vanadium.” The Astrophysical Journal, vol. XXXIV, no. 3 (October 1911): 209-224.
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044059981662?urlappend=%3Bseq=243

Babcock, Horace W.; and Harold D. Babcock. “Mapping the Magnetic Fields of the Sun.” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, vol. 64, no. 381 (December 1952).
Available via IOPscience @ https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1538-3873/64/381

Bowen, Ira S. “Harold Delos Babcock 1882-1968.” National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1974.
Available via NAS (National Academy of Sciences) Online @ http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/babcock-harold.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

de Jager, C. (Cornelis); and A. (Arnost) Jappel, eds. XIVth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XIV B Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly Brighton, United Kingdom, August 18-27, 1970. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1971.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-Verlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Babcock.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/535

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Babcock H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7455

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Babcock K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/7456

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Smythii.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3689

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Zasyadko.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6706

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Dreyer Crater Honors Danish British Astronomer John Louis Emil Dreyer.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/dreyer-crater-honors-danish-british.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Dreyer Crater Parents Six Satellites Along Eastern Mare Marginis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/dreyer-crater-parents-six-satellites.html

The Moon Wiki. “Babcock.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > B Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Babcock

The Moon Wiki. “IAU Directions.” The Moon.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_directions

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Smythii.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > S Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Smythii

The Moon Wiki. “Zasyadko.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > Z Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Zasyadko

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and Department of Defense Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Lunar Farside Chart LFC-1. Second edition. October 1967.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LunarFarsideCharts/LFC-1%201stEd/LFC-1%202ndEd/LFC-1A/

Plaskett, H.H. (Harry Hemley). “Obituary Notice: Harold D. Babcock.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 10, no. 1 (1969): 68-72.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0010//0000068.000.html

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/