Grace Bumbry Made Santuzza Role Debut at Met Opera in Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag

Summary: Grace Bumbry made her Santuzza role debut at Met Opera in Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag, the Italian designer, director and producer’s third Met Opera staging.

American mezzo-soprano Grace Bumbry’s appearances in the 1969-1970 Met Opera season as Santuzza in Franco Zeffirelli’s new staging of Pietro Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana added the fifth of 14 career roles to her Met Opera portfolio: Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli, via Facebook Dec. 24, 2018

Grace Bumbry made her Santuzza role debut at Met Opera in Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag, the Italian designer, director and producer’s third production at the opera house.

American mezzo-soprano Grace Bumbry (born Jan. 4, 1937) added her fifth role debut to her Met Opera portfolio with her appearance as seduced Santuzza in the opening night performance of the 1969-1970 season’s new production of Cavalleria Rusticana by Italian opera composer Pietro Mascagni (Dec. 7, 1863-Aug. 2, 1945). The rustic Sicilian opera’s new staging by Franco Zeffirelli (Feb. 12, 1923-June 15, 2019) debuted Jan. 8, 1970, as a double header with Zeffirelli’s new production of Pagliacci by Italian opera composer and librettist Ruggero Leoncavallo (April 23, 1857-Aug. 9, 1919). Each opera received 19 performances in the 1969-1970 season.

Grace Bumbry sang Santuzza in the new production’s first five performances. Italian tenor Franco Corelli (April 8, 1921-Oct. 29, 2003) joined her as Santuzza’s seducer, Turiddu, in the first five performances.

The Metropolitan Opera staged 16 revivals of Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag production. Grace Bumbry reprised Santuzza in four revivals.

In the 1971-1972 season, she returned for two of the second revival’s 14 performances. She sang opposite American operatic tenor Barry Morell (March 30, 1927-Dec. 4, 2003) in the fifth performance, Oct. 16, 1971. For the sixth performance, Oct. 23, she sang opposite American operatic tenor Enrico Di Giuseppe (Oct. 14, 1932-Dec. 31, 2005) for the next performance, Oct. 23.

Bumbry reprised Santuzza in the 1974-1975 season for the production’s fourth revival. She appeared in eight of the fourth revival’s 22 performances.

She sang in the revival’s first four performances. Italian operatic tenor Franco Tagliavini (Oc. 29, 1934-Aug. 15, 2010) was Bumbry’s Turiddu in the first three performances. American operatic tenor Harry Theyard (born Sept. 28, 1929) sang Turiddu for the fourth performance.

Bumbry also appeared in the fourth revival’s ninth, 10th, 11th and 14th performances. American operatic tenor William Lewis (born Nov. 23, 1935) sang opposite her for the revival’s ninth performance. Harry Treyard returned as Turiddu for the 10th and 14th performances. Franco Corelli returned for the revival’s 11th performance, on Dec. 23, 1974, to sing Turiddu for the last time at the opera house.

The Metropolitan Opera’s fifth revival of Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag took place in the 1977-1978 season. Bumbry reprised Santuzza on Jan. 11, 1978, for the third of the revival’s 20 performances.

The Metropolitan Opera staged the production’s seventh revival in the 1980-1981 season. Bumbry sang Santuzza for the first six of the revival’s 17 performances. Italian tenor Carlo Bini appeared opposite Bumbry’s Santuzza.

Bumbry retired Santuzza from her active Met Opera repertoire during the seventh revival. Her appearance Jan. 10, 1981, in the revival’s sixth performance, marked her 22nd appearance as Santuzza in Zeffirelli’s production.

Grace Bumbry had made her Met Opera debut Oct. 7, 1965, as Princess Eboli in the opera house’s 65th performance of Don Carlo by 19th-century Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901). She made her second and third role debuts at Met Opera in the following season, 1966-1967, with performances as Amneris in Verdi’s Aida and as Azucena in Il Trovatore.

Bumbry made her fourth role debut at Met Opera in the next season, 1967-1968. She sang the title role in Carmen by French Romantic Era composer Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875).

After her fifth role debut as Santuzza in the 1969-1970 season, she claimed her sixth and seventh Met Opera roles in the 1970-1971 season. She sang title roles in Orfeo ed Euridice by German classical composer Christoph von Gluck (July 2, 1714-Nov. 15, 1787) and Tosca by Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini (Dec. 22, 1858-Nov. 29, 1924).

The 1971-1972 season added an eighth role debut to Bumbry’s Met Opera portfolio. She sang the title role in Samson et Dalila by French Romantic Era composer Camille Saint-Saëns (Oct. 9, 1835-Dec. 16, 1921).

In the 1972-1973 season, Grace Bumbry returned to Verdi for her fourth Verdi opera and ninth role debut at the Metropolitan Opera. She appeared as Lady Macbeth in Verdi’s first Shakespearean opera, Macbeth.

Bumbry’s 10th role debut took place in the following season, 1973-1974. She sang the title role in Salome by German late Romantic-early modern composer Richard Strauss (June 11, 1864-Sept. 8, 1949).

The 1977-1978 season marked Bumbry’s 11th role debut. She appeared as Venus in Tannhäuser by German composer and librettist Wilhelm Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883).

Two seasons later, in 1979-1980, Bumbry claimed her 12th role debut. She sang the title role in La Gioconda by 19th-century Italian opera composer Amilcare Ponchielli (Aug. 31, 1834-Jan. 16, 1886).

Bumbry returned to Verdi for her 13th role debut in the 1983-1984 season. She appeared as Leonora in La Forza del Destino, her fifth Verdi opera at the opera house.

Bumbry’s 14th and last role debut occurred in the 1984-1985 season. She sang the title role in Porgy and Bess by American composer and pianist George Gershwin (Sept. 26, 1898-July 11, 1937).

Bumbry reprised her second role debut for her last active season at Met Opera, 1986-1987. Her last performance as Amneris in Verdi’s Aida took place Nov. 3, 1986.

Grace Bumbry returned to the Metropolitan Opera almost nine and one-half years later for her last appearance at the opera house. On April 27, 1996, she sang “Mon coeur s'ouvre à ta voix” (Saint-Saëns’ Samson et Dalila, Act 2) in the 25th Anniversary Gala for the Metropolitan Opera House’s second music director, James Levine.

The takeaways for Grace Bumbry's making her Santuzza role debut at Met Opera in Zeffirelli’s Cav Pag are that Zeffirelli’s new production of Pietro Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana added Bumbry’s fifth role debut to her Met Opera portfolio and that the American mezzo-soprano reprised the role in four of the production’s 16 revivals.

Italian designer, director and producer Franco Zeffirelli designed costumes and sets for his new productions of Cav Pag (Pietro Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana and Ruggero Leoncavallo’s Pagliacci) in the 1969-1970 Met Opera season: Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli, via Facebook Dec. 26, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

American mezzo-soprano Grace Bumbry’s appearances in the 1969-1970 Met Opera season as Santuzza in Franco Zeffirelli’s new staging of Pietro Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana added the fifth of 14 career roles to her Met Opera portfolio: Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli, via Facebook Dec. 24, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/785068741828606

Italian designer, director and producer Franco Zeffirelli designed costumes and sets for his new productions of Cav Pag (Pietro Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana and Ruggero Leoncavallo’s Pagliacci) in the 1969-1970 Met Opera season: Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli, via Facebook Dec. 26, 2018, @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/786627211672759

For further information:

“Debut: Tito Gobbi (Director).” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 255870 Tosca {621} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/13/1978.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=255870

“Debuts: Grace Bumbry, Margaret Kalil.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 204090 Don Carlo {65} Metropolitan Opera House: 10/7/1965.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=204090

“Debuts: Luigi Alva, Leonard Bernstein, Franco Zeffirelli.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 197440 New Production Falstaff {67} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/6/1964.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=197440

Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli. “Cavalleria Rusticana nel 1969 al Metropolitan di New York fu il primo grande impegno internazionale di Zeffirelli dopo l’incidente automobilistico che lo aveva visto in pericolo di vita: dopo la conferma della presenza di Bernstein come direttore d’Orchestra 1andai da Franco Corelli, che se ne stava in solitario isolamento nella suite di un albergo di New York. Riuscii a convincerlo a uscire dal suo incomprensibile ritiro per cantare la parte di Turiddu.’ FZ #dicembreconzeffirelli 28 dicembre, 'Zeffirelli e Bernstein al MET: Cavalleria Rusticana'" https://bit.ly/2UsQ5Vd.” Facebook. Dec. 19, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/782545145414299

Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli. “Dopo l’intenso lavoro per Cavalleria Rusticana al MET, Franco Zeffirelli ricorda così il suo ritorno alle scene mondiali e all’opera: ‘Le ovazioni dopo la prima furono la migliore medicina di cui avessi bisogno, la dimostrazione che ero ancora in grado di dominare la mia professione. Uscendo alla ribalta per ricevere gli applausi, dissi un addio pieno di sollievo al 1969, a quello strano decennio che si stava chiudendo con tutto il Bene e tutto il Male che aveva portato nella mia vita.’ Venerdì 28, Zeffirelli e Bernstein al MET: Cavalleria Rusticana https://bit.ly/2UsQ5Vd.” Facebook. Dec. 26, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/786627211672759

Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli. “Insieme a Leonard Bernstein come direttore d’orchestra e a Franco Corelli come tenore, Franco Zeffirelli ottenne la partecipazione della grande Grace Bumbry: ‘disse che avrebbe cantato Santuzza lasciando un altro impegno, attratta dal superbo insieme artistico che si stava formando.” FZ #dicembreconzeffirelli 28 dicembre, Zeffirelli e Bernstein al MET: Cavalleria Rusticana > https://bit.ly/2UsQ5Vd.’ Facebook. Dec. 24, 2018.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/posts/785068741828606

Fondazione Franco Zeffirelli Onlus @fondazionefrancozeffirelli. “New York, Metropolitan Opera House, 55 anni fa. Va in scena il Falstaff di Verdi. ‘Il compito che avevo di fronte mi era graditissimo: Rudolf Bing aveva scelto Falstaff come ultimo allestimento al vecchio Metropolitan, prima che il teatro si trasferisse al Lincoln Center. A parte l’onore e il significato di questo invito, ero ansioso di poter finalmente lavorare a New York e con un direttore esaltante come Leonard Bernstein.’ FZ Ogni ultimo sabato del mese, visite guidate a cura del personale del museo https://bit.ly/2Rjeqif.” Facebook. March 6, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/fondazionefrancozeffirelli/photos/a.521465231522293/826992214302925/

“Grace Bumbry: Last Appearance.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 324090 James Levine Gala. Metropolitan Opera House: 04/27/1996.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=324090

Marriner, Derdriu. "Antony and Cleopatra Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Second Met Opera Production." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 15, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/antony-and-cleopatra-was-franco.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Cav Pag Was Franco Zeffirelli’s Third Met Opera Production.” Earth and Space News. Monday, June 22, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/cav-pag-was-franco-zeffirellis-third.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Cav Pag Is Jan. 13, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast.” Earth and Space News. Monday, Jan. 8, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/cavpag-is-jan-13-2018-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Franco Zeffirelli Made His Met Opera Debut in Staging Verdi’s Falstaff." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 1, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/franco-zeffirelli-made-his-met-opera.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Luigi Alva Made Met Opera Debut in Zeffirelli’s Falstaff Production." Earth and Space News. Monday, June 8, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/06/luigi-alva-made-met-opera-debut-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Only Two of 11 Zeffirelli Productions Are Still Revived at Met Opera." Earth and Space News. Monday, May 25, 2020.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/only-two-of-11-zeffirelli-productions.html

“New Productions: Cavalleria Rusticana / Pagliacci.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: New Productions Cavalleria Rusticana {441} Pagliacci {481} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/8/1970.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=220100

Sherrill Milnes @SherrillMilnes. "In memory of the great Franco Zeffirelli, I wanted to share a few photos and an article from the Milnes archives. This is from our performance of Pagliacci at the The Metropolitan Opera with Teresa Stratas, Richard Tucker with Franco directing. He will be missed. #SVFPagliacci." Facebook. June 24, 2019.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/SherrillMilnes/posts/2244764739106315

Mountain River Cruiser Dragonfly Habitats: Big Eyes, Slanted Stripes

Summary: North American mountain river cruiser dragonfly habitats get big eyes, brown wings, dark, long, spiny legs, slant-striped thoraxes and spotted abdomens.

Mountain River Cruiser damselfly (Macromia margarita) belongs to the Macromia genus; Macromia species with prey depicted as "The Dragonfly and its Victim" in D. and M. Fairchild, Book of Monsters (1914), page 194: No known restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons

North American mountain river cruiser dragonfly habitats attract cultivators with clean water and naturalists with distribution ranges between Alabama and Mississippi and into Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky.

Mountain river cruisers bear their common name for long male mate-seeking patrols of mountain rivers and the scientific name Macromia margarita (Margaret's equally long [large dragonfly]). The species' scientific name margarita commemorates Margaret Lucille Shepherd Westfall (Aug. 5, 1921-Feb. 9, 2000), wife of Minter Jackson Westfall, Jr. (Jan. 28, 1916-July 20, 2003). Scientific designations defer to descriptions in 1947 by Dr. Westfall, co-founder of the International Odonata Research Institute and entomologist at the University of Florida in Gainesville.

Mountain river cruiser dragonfly life cycles expect clean Piedmont and rocky mountain rivers and streams with good currents, open woodlands and perch-friendly waterside shrubs and trees.

June through August function as earliest to latest flight seasons even though June furnishes wildlife mapping opportunities in all of North America's mountain river cruiser niches.

Mountain river cruisers go from night-time resting roosts to daytime hunting, patrolling and pre-mating perches on stems and twigs in brushy, shrubby, woody nearby waterside vegetation. Each morning they head back and forth over the same 100-yard (91.44-meter) shorelines alongside, and stretches of, southeastern rivers and streams at swift sustained cruising speeds. They imprison aquatic and terrestrial low-flying and low-lying motionless and moving invertebrate prey within black, clawed, long, ridged, spiny, three-segmented legs and projectable, retractable lower lips.

Ants, biting midges, ducks, falcons, fish, flycatchers, frogs, grebes, lizards, robber flies, spiders, turtles and water beetles and mites jeopardize North American mountain river cruiser habitats.

Immature mountain river cruiser dragonflies keep dull, faded, light, pale colors and small sizes even though adults know brilliant blacks, greens and yellows and large sizes.

Incomplete metamorphosis links green, round eggs laid by females at high speeds over water surfaces, little adult-like, multi-molting, nonflying larvae, naiads or nymphs and molted tenerals. Brown-eyed, shiny-winged, soft-bodied, weak-flying tenerals manage physical and sexual maturation away from water and move back to mate in trees and manipulate eggs into ovipositing sites. River cruiser members of the Macromiidae cruiser family need aphids, beetles, borers, caddisflies, copepods, crane flies, dobsonflies, gnats, leafhoppers, mosquitoes, rotifers, scuds, water fleas and worms.

North American mountain river cruiser habitats offer season-coldest temperatures, north- to southward, from minus 5 to 0 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20.55 to minus 17.77 degrees Celsius).

Beech, bellflower, birch, bladderwort, cattail, daisy, grass, greenbrier, heath, laurel, madder, maple, nettle, olive, pepperbush, pine, pondweed, rush, sedge, water-lily and willow families promote mountain river cruisers.

Brown-tinted wings, single-, yellow-, side-striped black thoraxes, small yellow eyespots, yellow-banded black faces and yellow-spotted black abdomens with interrupted yellow rings qualify as adult female hallmarks. Adult males reveal the same shiny black bodies and yellow spots and stripes even though they retain big, bright green eyes and clubbed, not cylindrical, abdomens. Adults show off 2.84- to 3.07-inch (72- to 78-millimeter) head-body lengths, 49- to 57-inch (1.93- to 2.24-millimeter) abdomens and 1.81- to 2.05-inch (46- to 52-millimeter) hindwings.

Single-, slant-striped thoraxes and spotted abdomens with one broken ring tell big-eyed, brown-winged, spiny-legged mountain river cruisers from other odonates in mountain river cruiser dragonfly habitats.

The Mountain River Cruiser damselfly (Macromia margarita) is found in the American Southeast (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia); NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite image of Southeastern United States obtained Dec. 13, 2017, at 18:54 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Mountain River Cruiser damselfly (Macromia margarita) belongs to the Macromia genus; Macromia species with prey depicted as "The Dragonfly and its Victim" in D. and M. Fairchild, Book of Monsters (1914), page 194: No known restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Book_of_monsters_(1914)_(19776390044).jpg

The Mountain River Cruiser damselfly (Macromia margarita) is found in the American Southeast (Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia); NOAA-20 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) satellite image of Southeastern United States obtained Dec. 13, 2017, at 18:54 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SE_United_States_on_Dec_13_2017.jpg

For further information:

Abbott, John C. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Texas and the South-Central United States: Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico. Princeton NJ; Oxford UK: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Beaton, Giff. Dragonflies & Damselflies of Georgia and the Southeast. Athens GA; London UK: University of Georgia Press, 2007.

Berger, Cynthia. Dragonflies. Mechanicsburg PA: Stackpole Books: Wild Guide, 2004.

Bright, Ethan. "Macromia Rambur, 1842 (River Crusiers)." Aquatic Insects of Michigan > Odonata (Dragon- and Damselflies) of Michigan > Anisoptera Selys, 1854 -- Dragonflies > Macromia Rambur, 1842 (River Crusiers).
Available @ http://www.aquaticinsects.org/sp/Odonata/sp_oom.html

Fairchild, David and Marian. 1914. "The Dragonfly and Its Victim." Pages 194-195. Book of Monsters: Portraits and Biographies of a Few of the Inhabitants and Woodland and Meadow. Washington DC: National Geographic Society.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/bookofmonstersby00fair/page/194/mode/1up

"Macromia margarita." James Cook University-Medusa: The Odonata - Dragonflies and Damselflies > Anisoptera > Macromiidae > Macromia.
Available via James Cook University-Medusa @ https://medusa.jcu.edu.au/Dragonflies/openset/displaySpecies.php?spid=717

Paulson, Dennis. Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, Princeton Field Guides, 2011.

"The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map." The National Gardening Association > Gardening Tools > Learning Library USDA Hardiness Zone > USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
Available @ https://garden.org/nga/zipzone/2012/

Westfall, M.J. (Minter J.), Jr. "A New Macromia From North Carolina." Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, vol. 63, no. 1 (June 1947): 32-36. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1947.

Lignotubers Assure Arboricultural Management of Lignotuberous Shoots

Summary: Lignotubers assure arboricultural management of lignotuberous shoots from lignotuberous buds, according to G. M. Moore in the June 2020 Arborist News.

lignotubers at base/root-collar of shoots of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.): Edward L. Barnard, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Lignotubers assure stress-alleviating arboricultural management of lignotuberous shoots from lignotuberous buds, according to the June 2020 Arborist News article, Managing Dormant Buds as Arboricultural Assets: Lignotubers (Basal Burls) by G. M. Moore.

Lignotuberous shoots, with strong attachments to root systems, boast strong-trunked 20.34-foot- (6.2-meter-), 61.02-foot- (18.6-meter-) and 101.71-foot- (31-meter-) tall trees respectively within one, three and five years. Big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), maidenhair (Ginkgo biloba), mountain laurel (Umbellularia californica) and rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum) count among lignotuberous species. Lignotubers (from Latin lignum, "wood" and tūber, "bump") develop, as basal swellings, from axillary lignotuberous buds at the first three leaf nodes on young seedling stems.

Arboricultural management esteems lignotubers

Dormant lignotuberous buds with ready reserves of stored carbohydrates furnish lignotuberous species with full energy levels for flourishing fast-growing lignotuberous shoots during extreme, severe environmental stress.

Lignotubers generally generate lignotuberous shoots from dormant lignotuberous buds only after all other tree shoots and their tree canopies, crowns and trunks get damaged and destroyed. Such extreme, severe environmental stresses as high temperatures during wildfires harm no lignotubers, whose below-ground huddling has help from high insulating properties of the surrounding soil. Ninety percent of 700 Eucalyptus species include lignotubers even though harsh, stressful versus cool, temperate, wet environments re

Arboricultural management judges lignotubers ideally juggling lignotuberous shoots at weekly 11.02-inch (28-centimeter) ahormonally-controlled rates through judicious attachments to established roots' carbohydrate reserves and nutrient-absorbing, water-absorbing capacities.

Keeping one to few strongly-attached shoots from late-winter to early-spring formative and structural pruning kindles raised-canopy, single-stemmed trees, not bushy, codominant-stemmed, low-growing trees with included bark.

Arboricultural management links length-limiting, pruning, weight-limiting schedules and pruning and thinning schedules to sound branch anatomies for epicormic shoots and single-stem, single-trunk structures for lignotuberous shoots. Higher branch/stem nodes versus the stem's first three leaf nodes respectively manifest epicormic-bud versus lignotuberous-bud mortality rates of 0 to 50 versus 50 to 100 percent. Initial response mechanisms net epicormic shoots with weak root attachments within days of moderate-stress, high-stress branching, leafed-out canopy loss, for photosynthesizing replacements within weeks to months.

Lignotubers offer last-resort survival shoots re-sprouted with strong root attachments within weeks of high-stress, severe-stress canopy and trunk damage, into single-stem, single-trunk replacements within several years.

Urban tree management prefers placing, when visual identification proves problematic, shoots proximitous to trunk bases in the less manageable, riskier category of epicormic, not lignotuberous, shoots.

Lignotuberous shoots at tree bases to intact canopies and trunks qualify as usual signs of environmental stress, with ready remedies, or poor management, with difficult resolutions. They realize greater mortality than epicormic shoots and require of urban tree management regular inspections the first weeks and the spring after damage, fire and pruning. Swift-growing shoots shelter stored carbohydrates whose significant supplies support their damaged, structurally-weakened trees' large, mature, valuable roots for branch and canopy re-establishment and anti-disease, anti-pest energy.

Lignotubers tally cheaper, faster returns of amenity value than newly-planted, same-species, slower-growing seedlings through attachment to established, large root systems and significant reserves of stored carbohydrates.

anksia aemula joins Eucalyptus species and a wide range of tree genera in exhibiting lignotubers; new growth via lignotubers occurs on burned cones of Banksia aemula north of Brisbane in northeastern Australia's Queensland; Monday, Nov. 10, 2014, 14:48:40: Tatters ✾, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

lignotubers at base/root-collar of shoots of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.): Edward L. Barnard, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=4824098

Banksia aemula joins Eucalyptus species and a wide range of tree genera in exhibiting lignotubers; new growth via lignotubers occurs on burned cones of Banksia aemula north of Brisbane in northeastern Australia's Queensland; Monday, Nov. 10, 2014, 14:48:40: Tatters ✾, CC BY SA 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/tgerus/15214126973/

For further information:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2020. "Included Bark Ages Safely With Fused, Entwining Natural Braces ." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/05/included-bark-ages-safely-with-fused.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 April 2020. "Canker Identification and Canker Management Apply to Landscape Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/04/canker-identification-and-canker.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 March 2020. "Arboricultural Operation Safety Training Averts Hazardous Incidents." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/03/arboricultural-operation-safety.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 February 2020. "Biochar Applications Are Best With Compost and Fertilizer Applications." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/02/biochar-applications-are-best-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 January 2020. "Fungicide Injections Affect Dutch Elm Disease and Internal Decay." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2020/01/fungicide-injections-affect-dutch-elm.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 December 2019. "Pruning Cuts Applied Ably, Appropriately Are Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/12/pruning-cuts-applied-ably-appropriately.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 November 2019. "Structural Growing Media and Supported Pavement Affect Tree Responses." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/11/structural-growing-media-and-supported.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 October 2019. "Tree Pruning Systems Answer to Best Management Practices." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/10/tree-pruning-systems-answer-to-best.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 September 2019. "Southeastern Street Tree Arthropod Pests Are Online Survey Subjects." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/09/southeastern-street-tree-arthropod.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 August 2019. "Cost Approach Approximates Plant Repair, Replacement or Restoration." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/08/cost-approach-approximates-plant-repair.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 July 2019. "Indirect Watering Devices Are There for Newly Transplanted Urban Trees." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/07/indirect-watering-devices-are-there-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2019. "Plant Appraisal Data Collection Allies Off-Site and On-Site Research." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/plant-appraisal-data-collection-allies.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2019. "Wire Basket Removal or Wire Basket Retention: Girdling or Stable Roots." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/05/wire-basket-removal-or-wire-basket.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2019. "Woody Plant Appraisal Data Collection for Shrubs, Trees and Vines." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/04/woody-plant-appraisal-data-collection.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 March 2019. "Balancing Roadside Tree Benefits and Risk of Streetscape Tree Crashes." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/03/balancing-roadside-tree-benefits-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2019. “Plant Appraisal Estimate, Scope, Data, Analysis, Reconciliation, Report.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/02/plant-appraisal-estimate-scope-data.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 January 2019. “Urban Tree Vulnerability in Residential Toronto, Ontario, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2019/01/urban-tree-vulnerability-in-residential.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 December 2018. "Plant Appraisal: Cost and Value Estimates and Economic Principles." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/plant-appraisal-cost-and-value.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 December 2018. "Six-Year Forest Health Ambassador Program of Oakville, Ontario, Canada." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/12/six-year-forest-health-ambassador.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2018. "Nursery Production Systems: Tough Urban Landscape Trees on Rough Sites." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/10/nursery-production-systems-tough-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2018. "Induced-Resistance Agents, Silicon Fertilizers, Synthetic Fungicides." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/09/induced-resistance-agents-silicon.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 August 2018. "Nursery Production Systems for Successful Urban Tree Plantings." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/08/nursery-production-systems-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 July 2018. "Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/tree-roots-branch-in-fabric-containers.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Moore, G. M. June 2020. "Managing Dormant Buds as Arboricultural Assets: Lignotubers (Basal Burls)." Arborist News 29(3): 16-22.

Six-Lined Racerunner: Blue-Green-White Below, Green-Black-Brown Above

Summary: North American six-lined racerunner habitats get rough-scaled brown tails, green-black-brown bodies and smooth-scaled blue-green-white bellies and throats.

six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus); Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (GTM NERR), northeastern Florida; Thursday, April 14, 2011, 20:26:56: Cindy Elder/GTM NERR (GTMResearchReserve), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

North American six-lined racerunner habitats abound along Illinois-Iowa-Minnesota-Wisconsin borders, from Delaware through Florida, New Mexico, Wyoming, southern South Dakota, Missouri and Indiana, eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia and Maryland and everywhere in-between.

Six-lined racerunners bear common names as back-striped eastern subspecies, prairie seven-lined subspecies westward and Texas yellow-headed subspecies and the scientific name Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (leg armor-bearing, six-lined). They carry Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sexlineatus, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis (leg-armored, six-lined, green) and Cnemidophorus sexlineatus stephensae (Hazel J. Stephens Hickey, April 18, 1930-Aug. 17, 2009) subspecies names. Descriptions in 1766, 1966 and 1992 derive from Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778), Charles Lowe, Jr. (April 16, 1920-Sept. 13, 2002) and Stanley Trauth.

Six-lined racerunner life cycles expect dry, open, sunny grasslands, sandy floodplains and woodlands with sunlit rocks for basking, thicket edges and well-drained soils for underground burrows.

April through June fit six-lined racerunner life cycles with related giant, plateau and Texas spotted, little striped, orange-throated and western whiptails' spring through summer breeding seasons.

Prairie seven-lined and six-lined racerunners grab the early morning sun's rays on ground-cover, rocks and soil until their body temperatures get to optimum ranges for foraging. They hasten into dense vegetation and underground burrows rather than have direct confrontations with competitors, enemies, intruders, predators and rivals while hunting for perches and prey. Identification of idle perches, of invertebrate prey and of invertebrate and vertebrate predators involves scent or taste by deep-forked, mobile tongues and sight by dark eyes.

Agro-industrialists, breeders, collectors, polluters and predatory crows, foxes, hedgehogs, mice, opossums, owls, raccoons, raptors, rats, shrews, skunks, snakes and weasels jeopardize North American six-lined racerunner habitats.

Prairie seven-lined and six-lined racerunners know brief courtships before internal fertilizations of calcium carbonate-shelled eggs that females keep laying in two seasonal 1- to 6-egg clutches.

Females lay the season's second clutch three weeks after the first laid in June and July, for 1- to 2-month incubations and June to September hatchings. Juveniles manifest light blue tails and measure about one-half snout-vent (excrementary opening) and total lengths of physically and sexually mature prairie seven-lined and six-lined racerunner adults. Crawling and low-, slow-flying, day-active, ground- to near-ground-level, opportunistic ants, beetles, centipedes, cockroaches, crickets, flies, gnats, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, moths, slugs, snails, spiders and termites nourish adults.

North American six-lined racerunner habitats offer season-coldest temperature ranges, north to southward, from minus 25 to 25 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 31.66 to minus 3.88 degrees Celsius).

Beach dunes, dry, hot, porous-soiled, open, sunny, well-drained fields, floodplains, grasslands, gravelly and sandy banks, hilly prairies, rocky outcroppings, sandhills, thickets and woodlands protect six-lined racerunners.

Six to 10.5 inches (15.24 to 26.67 centimeters) and 7.06 ounces (200 grams) queue up as physically and sexually mature six-lined racerunner total lengths and weights. Adults reveal blue-white or white abdomens with large, lengthwise-rowed, rectangular, smooth scales, green or green-black-brown bodies with grainy-, small-scaled backs and rough-scaled, side-striped, whorled brown tails. Females and males show respectively white and blue or green throats while prairie seven-lined and six-lined racerunners respectively sport bright green- or green-black-brown-banded backs and heads.

Blue-green-throated males and white-throated females team grainy-, small-scaled backs with brown, rough-scaled, whorled tails and large-, rectangular-, smooth-scaled blue-white abdomens in North American six-lined racerunner habitats.

dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus), under synonym of Ameiva sex-lineata; J. Sera, illustration; George Lehman/Lehman & Duval Lithographers; J.E. Holbrook's North American Herpetology (1836), vol. I, Plate VI, opposite page 63: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus); Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve (GTM NERR), northeastern Florida; Thursday, April 14, 2011, 20:26:56: Cindy Elder/GTM NERR (GTMResearchReserve), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/gtmnerr/6638402499/

dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus), under synonym of Ameiva sex-lineata; J. Sera, illustration; George Lehman/Lehman & Duval Lithographers; J.E. Holbrook's North American Herpetology (1836), vol. I, Plate VI, opposite page 63: Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4075463' Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/7209597608/

For further information:

Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 7, Reptiles, edited by Michael Hutchins, James B. Murphy, and Neil Schlager. Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group, 2003.

"Hazel. [sic] J Hickey of Jonesboro, Arkansas / 1930 - 2009 / Obituary." Emerson Funeral Home > Obituaries.
Available @ http://www.emersonfuneralhome.com/obituary/410643

Holbrook, John Edwards. 1836. "Ameiva sex-lineata. Plate VI." North American Herpetology; Or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. I: 63-66. Philadelphia PA: J. Dobson.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4075463

Linnaeus. 1766. "18. Lacerta 6-lineata." Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I: 364. Editio Duodecima, Reformata. Holmiae [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946560

Lowe, Charles H. 1966. "The Prairie Lined Racerunner: Cnemidophorus sexlineatus viridis subsp. nov. Prairie Lined Racerunner." Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science, vol. 4, no. 1 (March 1966): 44-45. Flagstaff AZ: Arizona Academy of Science.
Available via JSTOR @ http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034171

Roberts, Kory (kaptainkory). 3 January 2007. "Prairie Racerunner (Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis)." Herps of Arkansas > Lizards.
Available @ http://www.herpsofarkansas.com/Lizard/AspidoscelisSexlineata

Trauth, Stanley E. 1992. "A New Subspecies of Six-lined Racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Sauria: Teiidae), from Southern Texas: Cnemidophorus sexlineatus new subspecies." Texas Journal of Science, vol. 44, no. 4 (January 1992): 437-443. Lubbock TX: Texas Academy of Science.
Available via ResearchGate @ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242553746/

Trauth, Stanley E. 1995. "An Emendation to the Subspecies Name Cnemidophorus sexlineatus stephensi (Sauria: Teiidae): Chemidophorus sexlineatus stephensae." Bulletin of the Chicago Herpetological Society, vol. 30, no. 4 (April 1995): 68. Chicago IL: Chicago Herpetological Society.
Available @ http://www.chicagoherp.org/bulletin/30(4).pdf

Uetz, Peter. "Aspidoscelis sexlineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)." Reptile Database.
Available @ http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Aspidoscelis&species=sexlineatus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cnemidophorus+sexlineatus%27%29%29

Wildcat Glades Conservation & Audubon Center @wildcatglades. 25 May 2014. "I saw a couple Six-lined Racerunner lizards today on the trail." Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/wildcatglades/photos/a.97213991452.89001.72183971452/10152128990506453/