Discovery Quadrangle Is 11th of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface

Summary: Discovery Quadrangle is the 11th of 15 quadrangles of the Mercurian surface and covers middle latitudes longitudinally from 0 to 90 degrees.

Map of Discovery Quadrangle shows area of southern midlatitude illuminated during the Mariner 10 robotic space probe's three Mercury flybys (March 29, 1974; Sept. 21, 1974; march 16, 1975), with notation of "area of darkness" for easternmost 15 degrees; Geologic Map of the Discovery Quadrangle of Mercury by (1984) by Newell J. Trask and Daniel Dzurisin, prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology Program, Planetary Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration: via USGS Publications Warehouse

Discovery Quadrangle is the 11th of 15 quadrangles of the Mercurian surface, and its map covers the Swift Planet's middle latitudes of 21 degrees south to 66 degrees south latitude, from 0 to 90 degrees west longitude.

As the 11th of Mercury's 15 quadrangles, Discovery Quadrangle has the letter-number designation of H-11 or H11. H represents Hermes, Greek mythology's equivalent of Roman mythology's Mercurius.

Discovery Quadrangle's provisional name, Solitudo Hermae Trismegisti, references a large light region on Mercury's surface. Greek French astronomer Eugène Michel Antoniadi (March 1, 1870-Feb. 10, 1944) placed Solitudo Hermae Trismegisti in the southern hemisphere's middle latitudes, between 30 and 60 degrees south latitude, on the map of Mercury's albedo features in his guide, La Planète Mercure, published in 1934 and translated into English by English amateur astronomer Sir Patrick Moore (March 4, 1923-Dec. 9, 2012) in 1974 (figure 5, page 26). Solitudo Hermae Trismegisti (Ancient Greek: Ἑρμῆς ὁ Τρισμέγιστος, "Hermes the Thrice-Greatest"; Classical Latin: Mercurius ter Maximus), "Desert of Thrice-Greatest Hermes," references the syncretism of Greek mythology's Hermes with ancient Egypt's god of wisdom, Thoth, in the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, an ancient Hellenistic, Egypt-based state existing from the commencement of the reign of Ptolemy I Soter (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr, "Ptolemy the Savior"; ca. 367 BC-January 282 BC) in 305 BCE through the death of the last Ptolemaic Pharoah, Cleopatra VII Philopator (κοινή, Koinē, "Common," Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; 69 BCE-Aug. 10, 30 BCE).

The names of Mercury's quadrangles conventionally derive from prominent local features. Discovery Quadrangle's namesake is Discovery Rupes. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) themes rupes (Latin: rūpēs, "cliff, escarpment") after "ships of discovery or scientific expeditions," according to the IAU's U.S.G.S. (U.S. Geological Survey) Astrogeology Science Center-maintained, online Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The escarpment's name, approved in 1976, honors the HMS Discovery, the ship commanded by Royal Navy officer Captain Charles Clerke (Aug. 22, 1741-Aug. 22, 1779) during the third and last expedition to the Pacific Ocean (July 12, 1776-Oct. 4, 1780) conducted by 18th-century British explorer Captain James Cook FRS (Nov. 7, 1728-Feb. 14, 1779).

Discovery Rupes is centered at minus 54.7 degrees south latitude, 37.24 degrees west longitude, according to the IAU's U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center-maintained Gazetter of Planetary Nomenclature. The southern hemisphere escarpment's northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 50.57 degrees south and minus 58.1 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 33.65 degrees west and 42.66 degrees west, respectively. Discovery Rupes has a diameter, or length, of 412 kilometers.

The escarpment's northeast-to-southwest trend cuts across Rameau Crater. The crater's name, approved in 1976, honors 18th-century French composer and music theorist Jean-Philippe Rameau (Sept. 25, 1683-Sept. 12, 1764).

Rameau Crater is centered at minus 54.58 degrees south latitude, 37.24 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 53.9 degrees south and minus 55.26 degrees south, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 36.06 degrees west and 38.41 degrees west, respectively. Rameau Crater has a diameter of 58 kilometers.

Two additional rupes associated with Captain Cook are located near Discovery Rupes in rupes-rich Discovery Quadrangle. Adventure Rupes and Resolution Rupes lie to the southwest of Discovery Rupes.

Resolution Rupes is sited to the southwest of Discovery Rupes and to the northeast of Adventure Rupes. The escarpment's name, approved in 1976, honors the HMS Resolution, the Royal Navy sloop commanded by Captain Cook during his second (July 13, 1772-July 30, 1775) and third (July 12, 1776-Oct. 4, 1780) expeditions to the Pacific Ocean.

Resolution Rupes is centered at minus 63.25 degrees south latitude, 50.66 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere rupes finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 62.11 degrees south and minus 64.15 degrees south, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 48.62 degrees west and 53.72 degrees west, respectively. Resolution Rupes has a diameter, or length, of 139 kilometers.

Adventure Rupes is situated as the southernmost of Discovery Quadrangle's three Cook-associated rupes. Adventure Rupes lies to the southwest of nearby Resolution Rupes and distant Discovery Rupes. The escarpment's name, approved in 1976, honors HMS Adventure, the Royal Navy barque commanded by English navigator and Royal Navy officer Captain Tobias Furneaux (Aug. 21, 1735-Sept. 18, 1781) during Captain Cook's second expedition to the Pacific Ocean (July 13, 1772-July 30, 1775).

Adventure Rupes is centered at minus 65.48 degrees south latitude, 65.3 degrees west longitude. The southern hemisphere escarpment establishes northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 63.5 degrees south and minus 65.56 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes occur at 58.39 degrees west and 72.78 degrees west, respectively. Adventure Rupes has a diameter, or length, of 340 kilometers.

In their article, "Large-Scale Lobate Scarps in the Southern Hemisphere of Mercury," in the December 2001 issue of Planetary and Space Science, planetary geologist Thomas Robert Watters and two co-authors noted the formation of the three Cook-associated escarpments by thrust faults that traced a "rough arc" over 1,000 kilometers. According to a digital elevation model derived from NASA's Mariner 10 images, the three landforms experienced vertical uplift on the same side; this new topography suggests a dip to the arc's concave side by the fault-planes. The scientists suggested that the formation of Adventure and Resolution Rupes by a "single thrust fault" accords with this data-supported topographical continuity of the two escarpments. As such, the Adventure-Resolution Rupes thrust fault and the Discovery Rupes thrust fault would have exhibited scale comparability.

Rupes-rich Discovery Quadrangle shares border with five neighbors. Kuiper (H-6) and Beethoven (H-7) quadrangles occur as Discovery Quadrangle's northern neighbors. Debussy Quadrangle (H-14) neighbors along Discovery Quadrangle's eastern border. The southern hemisphere's polar quadrangle, Bach, is contiguous with Discovery Quadrangle's southern border. Michelangelo Quadrangle (H-12) shares Discovery Quadrangle's western border.

The takeaways for Discovery Quadrangle as the 11th of 15 quadrangles of the Mercurian surface are that the middle-latitude quadrangle's namesake is Discovery Rupes, which honors the HMS Discovery, the consort ship of HMS Resolution on British explorer Captain James Cook's third and last Pacific Ocean expedition; that the rupes-rich quadrangle honors Captain Cook with two additional rupes; and that Discovery Quadrangle counts five neighbors, with Kuiper and Beethoven quadrangles to the north, Debussy Quadrangle to the east, Bach Quadrangle to the south and Michelangelo Quadrangle to the west.

Detail of Map of the H-11 (Discovery) Quadrangle of Mercury shows the quadrangle's namesake, Discovery Rupes (upper center) in its northwest-southeast trending cut across Rameau Crater and associated Captain James Cook-honoring escarpments, Resolution Rupes and Adventure Rupes (lower left); credit NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington/USGS: courtesy IAU/USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Map of Discovery Quadrangle shows area of southern midlatitude illuminated during the Mariner 10 robotic space probe's three Mercury flybys (March 29, 1974; Sept. 21, 1974; march 16, 1975), with notation of "area of darkness" for easternmost 15 degrees; Geologic Map of the Discovery Quadrangle of Mercury by (1984) by Newell J. Trask and Daniel Dzurisin, prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology Program, Planetary Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration: via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1658; courtesy of U.S. Geological Services, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's data portal, Astropedia, @ https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Mercury/Geology/Mercury-Geologic-Map-of-the-Discovery-Quadrangle

Detail of Map of the H-11 (Discovery) Quadrangle of Mercury shows the quadrangle's namesake, Discovery Rupes (upper center) in its northwest-southeast trending cut across Rameau Crater and associated Captain James Cook-honoring escarpments, Resolution Rupes and Adventure Rupes (lower left); credit NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington/USGS: courtesy IAU/USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/H-11.pdf

For further information:

Antoniadi, E.M. (Eugène Michel). La Planète Mercure et la Rotation des Satellites. Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars, 1934.

Davies, Merton E.; Stephen E. Dwornik; Donald E. Gault; and Robert G. Strom. Atlas of Mercury. Special Publication SP-423. Prepared for the Office of Space Sciences. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1978.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/

Davies, Merton E.; Stephen E. Dwornik; Donald E. Gault; and Robert G. Strom. "H-11 Discovery Quadrangle." Atlas of Mercury: 94-107. Special Publication SP-423. Prepared for the Office of Space Sciences. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1978.
Available @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-423/h11.htm

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Adventure Rupes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mercury. Last updated Oct. 7, 2016.
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International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Discovery Rupes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mercury. Last updated Oct. 11, 2016.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1548

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Rameau.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mercury. Last updated Oct. 12, 2016.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4936

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Resolution Rupes.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mercury. Last updated Oct. 13, 2016.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5003

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: Mercury.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mercury.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MERCURY/target

Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "PIA10384: Mercury's Violent History." NASA JPL Photojournal. Image addition date 2008-01-30.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA10384

Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "PIA10610: Now Introducing: Eminescu." NASA JPL Photojournal. Image addition date 2008-04-17.
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Lunar and Planetary Institute. "Mercury Map Catalog." Lunar and Planetary Institute > Resources.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mercury_maps/

Marriner, Derdriu. "Beethoven Quadrangle Is Seventh of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 5, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/03/beethoven-quadrangle-is-seventh-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Borealis Quadrangle Is First of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/borealis-quadrangle-is-first-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Derain Quadrangle Is Tenth of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/03/derain-quadrangle-is-tenth-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Eminescu Quadrangle Is Ninth of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 19, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/03/eminescu-quadrangle-is-ninth-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Hokusai Quadrangle Is Fifth of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 19, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/hokusai-quadrangle-is-fifth-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Kuiper Quadrangle Is Sixth of 15 Quadrangles of the Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/kuiper-quadrangle-is-sixth-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Raditladi Quadrangle Is Fourth of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 12, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/raditladi-quadrangle-is-fourth-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Shakespeare Quadrangle Is Third of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 29, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/shakespeare-quadrangle-is-third-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Tolstoj Quadrangle Is Eighth of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, March 12, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/03/tolstoj-quadrangle-is-eighth-of-15.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Victoria Quadrangle is Second of 15 Quadrangles of Mercurian Surface." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Jan. 22, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/victoria-quadrangle-is-second-of-15.html

Trask, Newell J.; and Daniel Dzurisin. Geologic Map of the Discovery Quadrangle of Mercury. IMAP 1658 H-11. Atlas of Mercury 1:5,000,000 Geologic Series. Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Reston VA: U.S. Geological Survey, Nov. 23, 1984.
Available via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Astropedia Web Portal @ https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Mercury/Geology/Mercury-Geologic-Map-of-the-Discovery-Quadrangle
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1658

U.S. Geological Survey. Shaded Relief Map of the Discovery Quadrangle of Mercury (Solitudo Hermae Trismegisti Albedo Province). IMAP 1030 H-11. Atlas of Mercury 1:5,000,000 Topographic Series. Prepared on behalf of the Planetology Programs Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Reston VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1977.
Available via USGS Astrogeology Science Center's Astropedia Web Portal @ https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Mercury/Topography/Mercury-Shaded-Relief-Map-of-the-Discovery-Quadrangle

Watters, T.R. (Thomas Robert); A.C. Cook; M.S. (Mark S.) Robinson, M.S. (2001). "Large-Scale Lobate Scarps in the Southern Hemisphere of Mercury." Planetary and Space Science, vol. 49, issues 14–15 (December 2001): 1523-1530. DOI:10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00090-3.
Available via ScienceDirect @ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032063301000903?via%3Dihub
Available via Smithsonian Research Online's DSpace Repository @ https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/3294/200118.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

First 2014 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse Tuesday, April 29

Summary: The first 2013 solar eclipse is an annular solar eclipse Tuesday, April 29, that favors the Southern Hemisphere, specifically East Antarctica.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics for annular solar eclipse of April 29, 2014: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The first 2014 solar eclipse is an annular solar eclipse Tuesday, April 29, that favors the Southern Hemisphere with a minuscule D-shaped path of annularity exclusively poised over East Antarctica.

The first 2014 solar eclipse experiences annularity with first contact of the northern edge of the moon’s antumbral (Latin: ante, "before" + umbra, "shadow") shadow with Earth’s surface. The annular solar eclipse begins Tuesday, April 29, at 05:57:35.1 Universal Time.

Greatest eclipse takes place only six minutes later, at 06:03:25.0 UT. Greatest eclipse designates the instant of the closest passage of the lunar shadow cone’s axis to Earth’s center.

The greatest eclipse’s geographic coordinates are 70 degrees 38.7 minutes south latitude and 131 degrees 15.6 minutes east longitude. The path width at greatest eclipse is 0.0 kilometers.

On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” notes the geographic coordinates of 131 degrees 15.6 minutes east longitude and 79 degrees 38.7 minutes south latitude as closest to the shadow axis. The sun’s placement at that location would be at the horizon.

Last contact of the moon's antumbral shadow with Earth’s surface signals the end of 2014’s only annular solar eclipse. Annularity ends at 06:09:36 UT.

"Mr. Eclipse" describes 2014's only annular solar eclipse as "rather unusual." While the lunar antumbral shadow's central axis bypasses altogether, the antumbra's northern edge manages a grazing of Earth's surface. April's annular solar eclipse has a rare classification as a non-central annular eclipse. "Mr. Eclipse" finds that only 68, or 1.7 percent, of the 3,956 annular eclipses taking place in a 5,000-year period between 2000 BCE (Before Common, or Current, Era) and 3000 CE (Common, or Current, Era) bear the non-central annular classification.

A partial solar eclipse frames 2014’s only annular solar eclipse. The path of partiality is much wider than that of annularity. The path of partiality originates in the penumbra umbra, the lunar shadow’s outer, lighter flanks. The moon only partly covers the solar disk during a partial solar eclipse.

The path of annularity traces the passage of the moon’s antumbral shadow across Earth’s surface. The antumbra (Latin: ante “before” + umbra “shadow”) is the lighter, outer extension beyond the umbra, the shadow’s darkest, innermost region. In an annular eclipse, the sun’s limbs extend beyond the overlying moon to form an annulus (Latin: “little ring”).

The path of partiality takes in three of the Southern Hemisphere’s four oceans: the Indian, the Southern and the South Pacific oceans. Continentally, mainland Australia and the island state of Tasmania lie within the path of visibility for partiality. Southern Indonesia also has viewing privileges along the path of partiality.

The partial solar eclipse begins Thursday, April 29, at 03:52:38.2 UT. End time for the partial solar eclipse is at 08:14:29.2 UT. Partiality lasts for 4 hours 21 minutes 51 seconds.

April 2014’s solar eclipse takes place one week before May’s monthly apogee, the farthest center-to-center distance between Earth and moon in the lunar orbit. Apogee takes place May 6, at 10:22 UT, at a distance of 404,319 kilometers (251,232.179 miles). May’s apogee ranks as the minimum of 2014’s monthly apogees.

The April 2014 annular solar eclipse belongs to Saros series 148. A Saros cycle groups eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle has an approximate duration of 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

Most recently, an annular solar eclipse occurred Friday, May 10, 2013. The next annular solar eclipse after April 29, 2014’s occurrence happens 3 years 4 months later, on Sept. 1, 2016. The September 2016 serves as the first of two consecutive annular solar eclipse. Its successor takes place almost 5.5 months later, on Feb. 26, 2017.

Observers of the annular and partial phases of April 2014’s solar eclipse should avoid looking directly at the sun. Safe viewing of April 2014’s solar eclipse entails use of proper equipment and following of proper techniques.

The takeaway for the first 2014 solar eclipse, which occurs as an annular solar eclipse Tuesday, April 29, is the path of annularity’s minuscule D shape that exclusively favors East Antarctica and also the event's rare status as a non-central annular eclipse.

animation showing annular solar eclipse of April 29, 2014: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Eclipse Web Site, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics for annular solar eclipse of April 29, 2014: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2014-Fig02.pdf

animation showing annular solar eclipse of April 29, 2014: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Eclipse Web Site, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SolarEclipse2014Apr29A.GIF

For further information:

“April 29, 2014 -- Annular Solar Eclipse.” TimeAndDate > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available via Time And Date @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2014-april-29

Espenak, Fred. "." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page > Solar Eclipses Past and Future: Eclipses During 2014 > Eclipses During 2014: 2014 Apr 29 Annular Solar Eclipse: Annular Solar Eclipse of April 29.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2014-Fig02.pdf

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2014.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer’s Handbook.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2014.html

Espenak, Fred. “Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE2001-2100.html

Espenak, Fred. “Greatest Eclipse.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/SEglossary.html

Espenak, Fred. “Moon at Perigee and Apogee: 2001 to 2100 Greenwich Mean Time.” AstroPixels > Ephemeris > Moon.
Available via AstroPixels @ http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/moon/moonperap2001.html

Espenak, Fred. “Table 2: Local Circumstances for the Annular Solar Eclipse of 2014 April 29 from Australia.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observers Handbook > Observers Handbook Tables > Observers Handbook 2014.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2014-Tab02.pdf

Littmann, Mark; Ken Willcox; Fred Espenak. “Observing Solar Eclipses Safely.” MrEclipse > Totality.
Available @ http://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityCh11.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "April 29, 2014, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 148." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, April 16, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/april-29-2014-annular-solar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First 2012 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse Sunday, May 20.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 16, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/first-2012-solar-eclipse-is-annular.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First 2013 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse, Friday, May 10.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 8, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/first-2013-solar-eclipse-is-annular.html

April 29, 2014, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 148

Summary: The Tuesday, April 29, 2014, annular solar eclipse belongs to Saros series 148, a series of 75 similar solar eclipses.

Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1653, opened Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Tuesday, April 29, 2014, annular solar eclipse belongs to Saros series 148, which comprises 75 solar eclipses with similar geometries.

April’s solar eclipse begins Tuesday, April 29, at 03:52:38.2 Universal Time, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. Annularity begins at 05:57:35.1 UT. Greatest eclipse takes place at 12:46:28.6 UT. Greatest eclipse refers to the instant of the closest passage of the lunar shadow cone’s axis to Earth’s center. The eclipse ends at 08:14:29.2 UT.

April 2014’s annular solar eclipse numbers as 21 in the lineup of 75 solar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 148. Similar geometries connect the series’ 75 solar eclipses as a family, known as a series.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site describes Saros 148 solar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 148, the lunar movement is northward of the descending node.

A pair of ascending and descending nodes signals the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes suggest the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the moon’s orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node references the lunar orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node refers to the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

The Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) governs the periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses. Each Saros series comprises 70 or more eclipses and unfolds over 12 to 13 centuries.

Saros solar series 148 lasts for 1,334.23 years, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The series lasts for 14 centuries. Saros solar series 148 spans the 17th through 30th centuries.

Solar eclipses in Saros series 148 sequence as 20 partial solar eclipses, two annular solar eclipses, one hybrid solar eclipse, 40 total solar eclipses and 12 partial solar eclipses. Total solar eclipses take place as the most frequent eclipse type in Saros series 148, with a total of 40 occurrences. Partial solar eclipses appear as the second most frequent, with a total of 32 occurrences.

The partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1653, opened Saros solar series 148. This Southern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 61.0 south at 149.7 west, took place over the Southern Ocean, one degree south of the overlap of Antarctica’s ocean with the southeastern Pacific Ocean.

The partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2987, will close Saros solar series 148. This Northern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 65.2 north at 177.4 east, will occur over Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the Russian Far East.

The annular solar eclipse of Tuesday, April 29, 2014, numbers as first of two annular solar eclipses in Saros solar series 148’s annular sequence. This Southern Hemisphere event experiences its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 70.6 south at 131.3 east, over East Antarctica, northeast of Concordia Station.

A partial solar eclipse on Wednesday, April 17, 1996, was the immediate predecessor of the April 2014 annular solar eclipse in Saros solar series 148. This Southern Hemisphere event’s greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 71.3 south at 104.0 west, occurred in the Southern Ocean, northwest of West Antarctica’s Thurston Island.

The April 1996 partial solar eclipse closed Saros solar series 148’s opening sequence of 20 partial solar eclipses. This eclipse numbered 20 in the series’ lineup of 75 solar eclipses.

An annular solar eclipse on Sunday, May 9, 2032, succeeds the April 2014 annular solar eclipse in Saros solar series 148. This Southern Hemisphere event will stage its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 51.3 south at 7.1 west, over the open South Atlantic Ocean, northeast of South Georgia Island (where British polar explorer Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, Feb. 15, 1874-Jan. 5, 1922, is buried).

The May annular solar eclipse will occur as the second in Saros solar series 148’s sequence of two annular solar eclipses. This eclipse numbers 22 in the series’ lineup of 75 solar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Tuesday, April 29, 2014, annular solar eclipse is that the astronomical event numbers as 21 in Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses and opens the series’ sequence of two annular solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2987, will close Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Sept. 21, 1653, opened Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1601-1700/1653-09-21.gif

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, Dec. 12, 2987, will close Saros solar series 148’s lineup of 75 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2901-3000/2987-12-12.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Annular 2014 Apr 29.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 09539 -15 2014 Apr 29.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2014-04-29.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Annular 2032 May 09.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 09579 -14 2032 May 09.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2032-05-09.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 2014 Apr 29.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2014Apr29Aprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 2032 May 09.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2032May09Aprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses and the Saros.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Solar Eclipse Maps.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Resources.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SEmapkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1653 Sep 21.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 08671 -35 1653 Sep 21.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1601-1700/1653-09-21.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1996 Apr 17.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 09499 -16 1996 Apr 17.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1901-2000/1996-04-17.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2987 Dec 12.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 125 to 150: 148 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 148: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 148: 11866 39 2987 Dec 12.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2901-3000/2987-12-12.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1653 Sep 21.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1601 to 1700 (1601 CE to 1700 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1601-1700/SE1653Sep21Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1996 Apr 17.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1901-2000/SE1996Apr17Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2987 Dec 12.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2901 to 3000 (2901 CE to 3000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2901-3000/SE2987Dec12Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Saros Series 148.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros148.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First 2013 Solar Eclipse Is Annular Solar Eclipse Friday, May 10.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 8, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/first-2013-solar-eclipse-is-annular.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Friday, May 10, 2013, Annular Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Cycle 138.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 1, 2013.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/friday-may-10-2013-annular-solar.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 29 Apr, 2014 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2014_04_29

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Annular Solar Eclipse of 9 May, 2032 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2032_05_09

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 12 Dec, 2987 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2901 AD > 2981-3000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2987_12_12

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 17 Apr, 1996 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1996_04_17

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 21 Sep, 1653 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1601 AD > 1641-1660 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1653_09_21

Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars

Summary: Kim D. Coder of North America's University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, uses buds, bundle scars, leaf drops and leaf scars for tree twig identification.

tree twig anatomy: striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) with terminal bud breaking: Rob Routledge/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Tree twig identification appears third in four-step examinations of deciduous, evergreen and persistent-leaved trees, according to Advanced Twig Anatomy: Everyone Needs Buds (Part II) in the April 2014 issue of Arborist News.

Kim D. Coder of North America's University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, bids master arborists, master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards to sequence foliage drops. Determination of twigs as deciduous from leaf drops within one calendar year or as evergreen from "persistent-leaved" foliage renewing every three years characterizes the first step. The second step demands differentiating among alternate, near-opposite, opposite or whorled leaf scars before determining the absence or the presence of false or true terminal buds.

The fourth step examines bundle scars, known as "leaf traces in newly removed leaves" or as "remnants of broken lines of vascular tissue that served" leaves.

Scars form from the "visible disruption after abscission or removal of an organ," such as when flowers, fruits, leaves, shoots and stipules fall off tree twigs. All twig scars generate information even though bud, leaf, stipule and terminal bud scars get prioritized for ecosystem stress, species-specific growth rates and tree twig identification.

Some species have "leaf-like blades, bud scale-like growths, or spine-like points" as bracts (modified leaves) whose stipular scars look "ring-like" or "slit-like" just above axillary buds.

Leaf arrangements involve one scar on alternating sides, two on near-opposite or opposite sides and three or more whorled through both sides of nodal torus rings. Their raised, surface-level or sunken positions on twigs juggle broad crescent, circular, half round, heart, horseshoe, oval, shield, thin crescent, three-lobed, triangular, U- or V-like shapes.

Completion of step two for tree twig identification sometimes kickstarts passage through steps three and four since alternate- and near-opposite-leaved species far outnumber opposite- and whorled-leaved.

Examination of tree twig buds, as "compound protective devices used to shield growing points during non-growth periods," further levels the species-specific options in tree twig anatomy. Buds may be composed of compacted or unexpanded primordial internodes, developing flower or leaf tissues, primordial lateral growing points and scaly, waxed paper-like coverings called cataphylls. Cataphylls, whose immature bracts cover growing points and growing point-related tissues, necessitate classifications as alternate-, overlapping-scaled imbricates, one-scaled singles, paired-, overlapping-scaled two-ranked or non-overlapping, paired valvates.

Scales never occur on naked buds whose growing points primordial leaves and trichomes (hairs) sometimes obscure but whose presence offers typically raised, sunken or surface-level looks.

Tree twig anatomy positions accessory buds around axillary buds, axillary buds at leaf bases, pseudoterminal buds near terminal twig scars and terminal buds at twig tips. Axillary, pseudoterminal and terminal scars qualify as indicators of axil buds near leafy twigs, the previous terminal twig shoot's death-place and the previous terminal bud's location.

All buds, sessile (stalk-less) or stalked, reveal conical to oval or round, large or small, long or short, narrow or wide and point- or round-tipped shapes. Shape also surfaces in step four, where the 12 petiole leaf-base scar shapes show cross sections of one to five-plus bundle scars or one U-shaped scar.

Tree twig identification tracks tree-related ecosystem stress, growth rates and winter identification and turns unusual facts, such as pseudoterminal bud-effected zigzag growth patterns, into backyard-friendly knowledge.

white ash (Fraxinus americana) leaf scar and terminal bud: Brett Marshall/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum) with terminal bud breaking: Rob Routledge/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5472075

white ash (Fraxinus americana) leaf scar and terminal bud: Brett Marshall/Sault College/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images @ http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5468100

For further information:

Coder, Kim D. April 2014. "Advanced Twig Anatomy: Everyone Needs Buds (Part II)." Arborist News 23(2): 12-19.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=1ee7afcc-6b5d-408e-aff0-a2f800b715b6#?page=26

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

White-Flowered Angel Trumpet Tree Botanical Illustrations and Images

Summary: White-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images depict hardy, self-fertile, short-flowered, spineless-fruited shrubs and small trees.

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), under synonym Datura cornigera (horn-bearing Datura), by Scottish botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch (Feb. 28, 1817-Jan. 14, 1892); 1-portion of corolla tube with stamen; 2-pistil; Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1846), table 4252: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library

White-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images assemble distribution ranges, life cycles and physical appearances for one of seven angel trumpet tree species native to South, and naturalized to Central, America.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees belong among the Ecuadorian, northern Chilean, Peruvian, southern Colombian and western Bolivian native flora as borrachero ("drunkenness"), campana ("bell"), estramonio and floripondio. They carry common names for trumpet-like flowers and for brain-controlling, cocaine-like, death-inducing white powder from dried seeds and the scientific name Brugmansia arborea ("Brugmans' arboreal [flower]"). Brugmansia derives from Christiaan Hendrick Persoon's (Feb. 1, 1761-Nov. 16, 1836) dedicating, in 1805, the genus name to Sebald Justinus Brugmans (March 24, 1763-July 22, 1819).

The second name arborea (from the same-spelled Latin, "pertaining to trees") emphasizes the species' woodiness explicated by Carl Linnaeus (May 23, 1707-Jan. 10, 1778) in 1753.

Non-bushiness, non-erect flowers, non-spiny fruits favored Robert Sweet's (1783-Jan. 20, 1835) finding, in 1818, the Datura genus furnished by Linnaeus taxonomies false for angel trumpet trees.

The white-flowered angel trumpet tree's wildlife-dispersable, wind-spreadable fruits generate cocaine-like, dry, white powder from 100 to 300-plus dark, fine-haired, sometimes kidney- or wedge-shaped, somewhat cork-like or smooth, thick seeds. Bolivian, Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian white-flowered angel trumpet trees have self-fertile flowers that herald hugely harvestable berry-like, oval, 1.77-inch- (4.5-centimeter-) wide, 2.36-inch- (6-centimeter-) long fruits. They, alone of seven angel trumpet tree species, include the only self-fertile flowers, with female and male parts on every tree, and the shortest, whitest flowers.

White-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images juggle orange-red, trumpet-shaped, 11.81-inch- (30-centimeter-) long corollas (from the Latin corōlla, "little crown") with three to five lobes.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees know 6.29- to 7.88-inch (16- to 20-centimeter) corolla rim diameters and 2.76-inch (7-centimeter) diameters for calyxes (from the Greek κάλυξ, kálux, "husk").

White-flowered angel trumpet trees load female and male parts onto 4.72- to 6.69-inch- (12- to 17-centimeter-) long calyxes for continuous small-quantitied, not fewer, cross-pollinated, large-quantitied, flushes. Green, sheath-like, side-slit calyxes maintain creamy to ivory or white stalked flowers moving horizontally against or near somewhat elliptical, somewhat oval evergreen leaves with coarse-toothed margins. Stalked, 7.88- to 11.81-inch- (20- to 30-centimeter-) long, 3.94- to 5.91-inch- (10- to 15-centimeter-) wide nestle into alternate niches on white-flowered angel trumpet tree forked branches.

White-flowered angel trumpet botanical illustrations and images observe the cold- and drought-hardiest Brugmansia species occurring at 6,561.68- to 9,842.52-foot (2,000- to 3,000-meter) altitudes above sea level.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees produce the rare hybrid Brugmansia x flava ("Brugmans' hybrid yellow [flower]") with Brugmansia sanguinea ("Brugmans' blood-stained [flower]") at their five overlapping biogeographies.

White-flowered angel trumpet trees queue up for 15.75- to 55.12-inch (400- to 1,400-millimeter) yearly rainfall and from seeds and 6- to 8-inch (15.24- to 20.32-centimeter) cuttings. They require fertile, somewhat shaded, sunny, well-drained soils and United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zone 7b-like minimums above 0 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 17.77 degrees Celsius). The International Union for Conservation of Nature shows them as extinct in native wildernesses through eradication campaigns against brain-controlling, death-inducing scopolamine pulverized from leaves and seeds.

Continuous, few-flowered, long-calyxed, short-blossomed, white-bloomed flushes and hardiness typify mature 9.84 to 22.97-foot (3- to 7-meter) models for white-flowered angel trumpet tree botanical illustrations and images.

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), with seed pod and long green calyx: Tom Hulse, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), under synonym Datura cornigera (horn-bearing Datura), by Scottish botanical illustrator Walter Hood Fitch (Feb. 28, 1817-Jan. 14, 1892); 1-portion of corolla tube with stamen; 2-pistil; Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1846), table 4252: Public Domain, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/434691; Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/61021753@N02/8572641718/

white-flowered angel trumpet (Brugmansia arborea), with seed pod and long green calyx: Tom Hulse, CC BY SA 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brugmansia_arborea_with_fruit.jpg

For further information:

Hay, A. 2014. "Brugmansia arborea." The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T51247708A58386508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51247708A58386508.en.
Available @ http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/51247708/0

Hay, Alistair; Monika Gottschalk; Adolfo Holguín. 2012. Huanduj: Brugmansia. Kew, England: Royal Botanic Gardens.

Hooker, William Jackson, Sir. 1846. "Tab. 4252. Datura cornigera. Horn-bearing Datura." Curtis's Botanical Magazine, third series vol. II (vol. LXXII of the whole work). London, England: Reeve Brothers.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/434692

Linnæi, Caroli. 1753. "3. Datura arborea." Species Plantarum, Exhibentes Plantas Rite Cognitas, ad Genera Relatas, cum Differentiis Specificis, Nominibus Trivialibus, Synonymis Selectis, Locis Natalibus, Secundum Systema Sexuale Digestas. Tomus I: 179. Holmiæ [Stockholm, Sweden]: Laurentii Salvii [Laurentius Salvius].
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358198

Preissel, Ulrike; Hans-Georg Preissel. 2002. Brugmansia and Datura: Angel's Trumpets and Thorn Apples. Buffalo NY: Firefly Books.