Earth and Space News: June 2011

Wednesday, June 29, 2011

Third of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Friday, July 1

Summary: The third of four 2011 partial solar eclipses happens Friday, July 1, as a Southern Hemisphere event favoring coastal East Antarctica.

Earth visibility chart and eclipse statistics for partial solar eclipse of July 1, 2011: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The third of four 2011 partial solar eclipses happens Friday, July 1, as a Southern Hemisphere event with a small D-shaped visibility area favoring the meeting place of the South Atlantic, Indian and Southern oceans around coastal East Antarctica.

Time And Date web site notes that the July 2011 partial solar eclipse’s exclusively small path of visibility does not encompass any major population centers. On the NASA Eclipse Web Site, retired astrophysicist Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” observes: “Such a remote and isolated path means that it may very well turn out to be the solar eclipse that nobody sees.”

The lunar passage between Earth and the sun yields a solar eclipse for Earthlings. A partial solar eclipse signifies that the moon’s passage partly, but not totally, covers the solar surface, from Earth’s perspective.

Only the moon’s lighter, outer shadow, known as the penumbra, traverses Earth’s surface in a partial solar eclipse. The shadow’s two other regions -- the darkest, innermost region, known as the umbra, and the lighter area, known as the antumbra, extending beyond the umbra -- miss Earth’s surface.

The third of four 2011 partial solar eclipses begins with the first casting of the lunar penumbra onto Earth’s surface. The first contact happens Friday, July 1, at 07:53:41.6 Universal Time (10:53 a.m. Antarctica/Syowa Time Zone; 3:53 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time), according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. P1 is the designator for the instant of the penumbra’s first casting onto Earth’s surface.

Greatest eclipse takes place at 08:38:22.7 UT (11:38 a.m. SYOT; 4:38 a.m. EDT). Greatest eclipse marks the instant of closest passage of the axis of the lunar shadow cone to Earth’s center.

The penumbra’s last casting onto Earth’s surface signifies the end of the July 2011 partial solar eclipse. Exit from the moon’s penumbral shadow occurs at 09:22:47.6 UT (12:22 p.m. SYOT; 5:22 a.m. EDT). P4 is the designator for the penumbra’s last casting onto Earth’s surface.

Time And Date identifies Lützow-Holm Bay as the site where the lunar penumbra briefly touches Earth’s surface. The large bay indents the coast of East Antarctica’s Queen Maud Land (Norwegian: Dronning Maud Land). The bay’s western portal is Riiser-Larsen Peninsula. Its eastern portal is the Flatvaer Islands, also known as the Ongul (“Fishhook”) Islands. Claimed as a dependent territory by Norway, Queen Maud Land honors Maud of Wales (Nov. 26, 1869-Nov. 20, 1938), Queen consort of Norway from Nov. 18, 1905, until her death.

The third of four 2011 partial solar eclipses opens Saros series 156. The July 2011 partial solar eclipse is the first of 17 partial solar eclipses in Saros 156.

The third of four 2011 partial solar eclipses takes place just one lunation after its predecessor. The year’s second partial solar eclipse occurred Wednesday, June 1.

The July 2011 partial solar eclipse is succeeded by the year’s fourth and last partial solar eclipse on Friday, Nov. 25. The November 2011 partial solar eclipse anticipates an absence of partial solar eclipses from the eclipse lineup throughout 2012 and 2013. The next partial solar eclipse does not take place until Thursday, Oct. 23, 2014.

The 2011 eclipse lineup comprises a rare 4:2 combination of four solar eclipses and two lunar eclipses. On Wednesday, June 15, a total lunar eclipse punctuates the year’s first two partial solar eclipses. The year’s second lunar eclipse, which is also total, closes the year on Saturday, Dec. 10, as follow-up to 2011’s third and fourth partial solar eclipses.

The 2011 eclipse lineup initiates the occurrence of the rare 4:2 combination in the 21st century. Only five other years offer the 4:2 combination: 2029, 2047, 2065, 2076 and 2094.

The year’s four solar eclipses qualify 2011 as containing the second highest number of annual solar eclipses. From Earth’s perspective, the number of annual solar eclipses spans two as an annual minimum to five as an annual maximum.

Observers along the path of visibility should recall that direct viewing of partial solar eclipses is unsafe. Safe viewing of partial solar eclipses calls for use of proper equipment and following of proper techniques.

The takeaway for the third of four 2011 partial solar eclipses, which takes place Friday, July 1, is the favoring the Southern Hemisphere with a small D-shaped area off coastal East Antarctica for the event’s exclusive, isolated and remote path of visibility.

animation of July 1, 2011, solar eclipse: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

animation of July 1, 2011, solar eclipse: A.T. Sinclair/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SE2011Jul01P.gif

For further information:

“July 1, 2011 -- Partial Solar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available via Time And Date @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/solar/2011-july-1

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2011.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer’s Handbook.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html

Espenak, Fred. “Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses: 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEcat5/SE2001-2100.html

Espenak, Fred. “Greatest Eclipse.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/SEglossary.html

Espenak, Fred. "Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Jul 01." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future: Eclipses During 2011 > Eclipses During 2011: 2011 Jul 01: Partial Solar Eclipse.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHfigures/OH2011-Fig04.pdf

Littmann, Mark; Ken Willcox; Fred Espenak. “Observing Solar Eclipses Safely.” MrEclipse > Totality.
Available @ http://www.mreclipse.com/Totality2/TotalityCh11.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "First of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Tuesday, Jan. 4." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 29, 2010.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/first-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "First of Two 2011 Total Lunar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, June 15." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 8, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/first-of-two-2011-total-lunar-eclipses.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "July 1, 2011, Partial Solar Eclipse Opens Saros Series 156." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 22, 2011. Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/july-1-2011-partial-solar-eclipse-opens.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Second of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, June 1." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 25, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/second-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Wednesday, June 22, 2011

July 1, 2011, Partial Solar Eclipse Opens Saros Series 156

Summary: The Friday, July 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse opens Saros cycle 156, a series of 69 similar solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of Friday, July 1, 2011, opens Saros solar series 156’s lineup of 69 solar eclipsesPartial solar eclipse of Friday, July 1, 2011, opens Saros solar series 156’s lineup of 69 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Friday, July 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse opens Saros cycle 156, which comprises 69 solar eclipses with similar geometries.

July’s partial solar eclipse begins Friday, July 1, 2011, at 07:53:41.6 Universal Time, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. Greatest eclipse takes place at 08:38:33.7 UT. Greatest eclipse references the instant of the closest passage of the lunar shadow cone’s axis to Earth’s center. The eclipse ends at 09:22:47.6 UT.

July 2011’s partial solar eclipse appears as first in the lineup of 69 solar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 156. Similar geometries group the 69 solar eclipses into a family, known as a series.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site describes Saros 156 solar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 156, the lunar movement is northward of the descending node.

A pair of ascending and descending nodes mark the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the moon’s orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit accounts for the two nodes. The ascending node signals the lunar orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node announces the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

Saros solar series 156’s numerical designation attests to the series’ association with the moon’s descending node. Solar eclipse series occurring near the moon’s descending node are given even Saros numbers. Odd Saros numbers are assigned to solar eclipse series connected with the moon’s ascending node.

The Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) guides the periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses. Each Saros series produces 70 or more eclipses that typically stretch over 12 to 13 centuries.

Saros solar series 156 lasts for 1,226.05 years, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The series encompasses 13 centuries. Saros solar series 156 spans the 21st through 33rd centuries.

Solar eclipses in Saros series 156 observe a sequence order of eight partial solar eclipses, 52 annular eclipses and nine partial solar eclipses. Clearly, annular solar eclipses account for the most number of eclipses to Saros series 156, with a total of 52 occurrences. Partial solar eclipses are credited with a total of 17 occurrences.

The partial solar eclipse of Friday, July 1, which occurs as the third of four partial solar eclipses in 2011, opens Saros solar series 156. This Southern Hemisphere event stages its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 65.2 south at 28.6 east, in the open Southern Ocean, north of East Antarctica's Queen Maud Land.

The July 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse precedes Earth’s aphelion (Ancient Greek: ἀπό (apó, “from” + ἥλιος, hḗlios, “sun”) by approximately three days. The year’s farthest center-to-center orbital point of Earth with the sun is expected to be reached Monday, July 4, at 14:54 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Earth will be distanced from the sun by 1.0167404 astronomical units (AU), according to retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak's AstroPixels website. The year's aphelion equates to approximately 152,102,202 kilometers (aphelion's mean value of 1.0167103 AU, 152,097,701 kilometers, plus 2011 aphelion's relative distance of 4,501 kilometers with respect to the mean value).

A partial solar eclipse on Wednesday, July 11, 2029, succeeds the Saros solar series 156’s opening eclipse. This Southern Hemisphere event experiences its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 64.3 south at 85.6 west, in the open Southern Ocean, northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula.

A partial solar eclipse on Tuesday, July 14, 3237, will close the Saros solar series 156. This event's greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 64.1 north at 172.0 west, occurs over the Bering Sea, between Alaska's St. Lawrence Island and the Russian Far Eastern Federal District's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

The takeaway for the July 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse is that the astronomical event opens Saros solar series 156’s lineup of 69 solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of Friday, July 1, 2011, opens Saros solar series 156’s lineup of 69 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Partial solar eclipse of Wednesday, July 11, 2029, occurs as the second of Saros solar series 156’s 69 solar eclipsesPartial solar eclipse of Friday, July 1, 2011, opens Saros solar series 156’s lineup of 69 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2029-07-11.gif

For further information:

Espenak, Fred. “Delta T (ΔT) and Universal Time.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Eclipse Resources > Special Help Features.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/deltaT.html

Espenak, Fred. “Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100.” AstroPixels > Ephemeris > Earth > Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100 (GMT).
Available via AstroPixels @ http://www.astropixels.com/ephemeris/perap2001.html

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses and the Saros.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2011 Jul 01.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 150 to 175: 156 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 156: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 156: 09533 -34 2011 Jul 01.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2011-07-01.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2029 Jul 11.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs: Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 150 to 175: 156 > Saros Series Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 156: Catalog of Solar Eclipses of Saros 156: 09573 -33 2029 Jul 11.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2029-07-11.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Jul 01.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2011Jul01Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2029 Jul 11.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jul11Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2029 Jul 11.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipses: Past and Future > Decade Solar Eclipse Tables > Solar Eclipses: 2021-2030.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEplot/SEplot2001/SE2029Jul11P.GIF

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of July 01.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html

Espenak, Fred. “Saros Series 156.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros156.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Tuesday, Jan. 4.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 29, 2010.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/first-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Jan. 4, 2011, Partial Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 151.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 22, 2010.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/01/jan-4-2011-partial-solar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “June 1, 2011, Partial Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 118.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 1, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/june-1-2011-partial-solar-eclipse.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Second of Four 2011 Partial Solar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, June 1.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, May 25, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/05/second-of-four-2011-partial-solar.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1 Jul, 2011 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2011_07_01

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 11 Jul, 2029 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2029_07_11

Wednesday, June 15, 2011

June 15, 2011, Total Lunar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 130

Summary: The Wednesday, June 15, 2011, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 130, a series of 71 similar lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of June 10, 1416, opened Saros 130’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Wednesday, June 15, 2011, total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 130, which comprises 71 lunar eclipses with similar geometries.

Mid-June’s total lunar eclipse begins Wednesday, June 15, at 17:24:34 Universal Time, according to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site. The eclipse ends at 23:00:45 UT.

June 2011’s total lunar eclipse appears as number 34 in the lineup of 71 lunar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 130. Similar geometries group the 71 lunar eclipses into a family, known as a series.

Retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak’s EclipseWise website describes Saros 130 lunar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s ascending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 130, the lunar movement is southward with respect to the ascending node.

The descending node pairs with the ascending node as intersecting points of Earth’s orbit by the lunar orbit. The two nodes reflect the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the lunar orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node associates with the moon’s orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node links with the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

A Saros cycle of periodicity and recurrence of eclipses approximates 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours). Each series comprises 70 or more lunar eclipses, each intervaled by a Saros cycle. The series typically plays out over 12 to 15 centuries.

Saros series 130 spans 1,262.11 years, according to NASA Eclipse Web Site. Saros series 130 takes in 13 centuries. Saros series 130 stretches from the 15th through 27th centuries.

Lunar eclipses in Saros cycle 130 observe a sequence order of eight penumbral lunar eclipses, 20 partial lunar eclipses, 14 total lunar eclipses, 22 partial lunar eclipses and seven penumbral lunar eclipses. Partial lunar eclipses occur most frequently in Saros series 130, with a total of 42 occurrences. Penumbral lunar eclipses account for the second most frequent lunar eclipse type in the series, with a total of 15 occurrences.

The 15th century’s penumbral eclipse of June 10, 1416, initiated Saros cycle 130. This event staged its greatest eclipse over the South Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Kingdom of Tonga.

The 27th century's penumbral eclipse of Friday, July 26, 2678, ends Saros series 130. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over the southeastern Pacific Ocean, west of northern Chile.

The Wednesday, June 15, 2011, total lunar eclipse occurs as number six within the sequence of 14 total lunar eclipses in Saros series 130. This event will experience its greatest eclipse over the southwestern Indian Ocean, southeast of France’s overseas department of Réunion and southwest of the island Republic of Mauritius.

The total lunar eclipse of Friday, June 4, 1993, is the immediate predecessor of June 2011’s total lunar eclipse. This event’s greatest eclipse occurred over the southwestern Pacific Ocean, west of France’s special collectivity of New Caledonia (la Nouvelle-Calédonie).

The June 4, 1993, total lunar eclipse appears as number five within the sequence of 14 total lunar eclipses in Saros series 130. This eclipse occurs as number 33 in the series’ lineup of 71 lunar eclipses.

The total lunar eclipse of Tuesday, June 26, 2029, is the successor of the Wednesday, June 15, 2011, total lunar eclipse in Saros series 130. This event’s greatest eclipse will take place over the state of Paraná in Brazil’s South Region (Região Sul do Brasil).

The June 2029 eclipse occurs as number seven within the sequence of 14 total lunar eclipses in Saros series 130. This eclipse occupies slot 35 in the series’ lineup of 71 lunar eclipses.

The takeaway for the Wednesday, June 15, 2011, total lunar eclipse is that the astronomical event occurs as number 34 in Saros series 130’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses and as number seven in the series’ sequence of 14 total lunar eclipses.

Penumbral lunar eclipse of Friday, July 26, 2678, will close Saros 130’s lineup of 71 lunar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak and Jean Meeus (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2011.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html

Espenak, Fred. “Key to Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaroscatkey.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 1416 Jun 10.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 130 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 130: 01 -34 1416 Jun 10.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1401-1500/LE1416-06-10N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral 2678 Jul 26.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page: Lunar Eclipse Catalogs: Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 126 to 150: 130 > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series: Saros Series 130: 71 36 2678 Jul 26.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2601-2700/LE2678-07-26N.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 1416 Jun 10.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1401 to 1500 (1401 CE to 1500 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1401-1500/LE1416Jun10Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 2678 Jul 26.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2601 to 2700 (2601 CE to 2700 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2601-2700/LE2678Jul26Nprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total + 1993 June 04." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Saros Series 130.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/1901-2000/LE1993-06-04T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total + 2011 Jun 15.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 130.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2011-06-15T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total + 2029 Jun 26." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series > Lunar Eclipses of Saros Series 1 to 180 > Saros Series 130.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCLEmap/2001-2100/LE2029-06-26T.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 1993 Jun 04.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/1901-2000/LE1993Jun04Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 2011 Jun 15.” EclipseWise > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Lunar Eclipses -2999 to +3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2011Jun15Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 2029 Jun 26.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/lunar/LEprime/2001-2100/LE2029Jun26Tprime.html

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 130." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros130.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “First of Two 2011 Total Lunar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, June 15.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 8, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/first-of-two-2011-total-lunar-eclipses.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 10 Jun, 1416 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1401 AD > 1401-1420 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1416_06_10

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Penumbral Lunar Eclipse of 26 Jul, 2678 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2601 AD > 2661-2680 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2678_07_26

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 4 Jun, 1993 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1993_06_04

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 15 Jun, 2011 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2011_06_15

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Total Lunar Eclipse of 26 Jun, 2029 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Lunar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2029_06_26

Saturday, June 11, 2011

Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress

Summary: Dr. Kevin T. Smith covers ecosystem ages, dates, health and stress that tree ring patterns estimate for non-specialists and specify for dendrochronologists.

tree ring patterns of 357-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), with five fire scars at 1683, 1693, 1747, 1795 and 1861: Chris Schnepf/University of Idaho/Bugwood.org, CC BY 3.0 United States, via Forestry Images

Tree ring patterns are indicators of local ecosystem ages, dates, health and stress, according to the article Tree Rings and the Local Environment published in the June 2011 issue of Arborist News.

Kevin T. Smith, University of New Hampshire plant biology affiliate professor and USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station supervisory plant physiologist, begins with tree ring counts. Layered growth from "inward cell divisions by the vascular cambium, the new cell generator" between xylem and the inner bark, phloem, can be counted in cross-sections. Ecosystem conditions, genetic programming and tree conditions determine growth since temperate climatic zone alternation of spring and summer growth with winter dormancy produces one annual layer.

Seasonal moisture encourages early-wood ring formation that defies calendar correlations in Mediterranean dry and tropical climates while tropical late-wood expresses El Niño and La Niña cycles.

Extra, false rings from the vascular cambium prematurely deactivating and reactivating during growing seasons frustrate ring-counting ecosystem ages, dates, health and stress from bark to pith. Barrier zones produced by trees after wounding by fires, insects, landscape equipment, storms and vandalism get confused with growth boundaries and misidentified as tree ring patterns.

Diffuse-porous hardwoods such as sugar maples have "narrow vessels scattered across" growth rings, whose boundaries become detectable in finely sanded cross-sections, cut stumps and sawed branches. Conifers such as red cedar and spruce involve thick-walled late-wood tracheids growing late in the season before thin-walled early-wood tracheids grow early in the next season.

Ring boundaries in such ring-porous hardwoods as ash, locust and oak join one year's fine-pored, late-formed summer vessels and the next year's early-formed, wide spring vessels.

Growth stimulation from the forest canopy's sunlit openings and growth suppression by fungal infections or in closed canopies keep tree ring patterns respectively wide or tight-spaced.

Cores extracted from trunks through increment borers, cut stumps and sawed branches let dendrochronologists specify the "calendar year of wood formation" for all area tree rings.

Dendrochronologists comparatively measure core samples from area trees for chemical characteristics, early-wood to late-wood proportions, late-wood and ring widths, resin canals and scars and wood density. They need marker years, "unusual rings" in essentially all trees in a study area or region," and measurements for cross-dating ecosystem ages, dates, health and stress.

Cross-dating offers precise, not estimated, years for tree ring patterns while marker years operate to date archaeological samples, area dead and living trees and wooden structures.

Core samples, cut stumps, electric planes used across the grain, increment borers, modeling and statistical techniques and sawed branches provide dendrochronologists with the tools for cross-dating.

Such "environmental processes of forest dynamics" as pest outbreaks, recurring fires and variable light, precipitation and temperature qualify as events whose timing dendrochronological tools can establish. Narrow, tightly spaced tree ring patterns reveal such ecosystem stresses as defoliation by red spruce budworms in northern Maine in 1920, extreme drought and reduced sunlight. Wide tree ring patterns show ecosystem health, sunlit canopies and wet years while Colorado Front Range fires in 1915, 1933, 1956 and 1980 scar Fremont cottonwoods.

Tree ring patterns tell dendrochronologists specifics of ecosystem ages, dates, health and stress and master gardeners, master naturalists and tree stewards estimates of area tree ages.

Helene Løvstrand Svarva, Fellow at NTNU (Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet; Norwegian University of Science and Technology), takes samples June 28, 2008, with increment borer in Sogndal, Sogne og Fjordane County, western Norway: Terje Thun, NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet Museum of Natural History and Archaeology (NTNU Vitenskapsmuseet), CC BY 2.0 Generic, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

Smith, Kevin T. June 2011. "Tree Rings and the Local Environment." Arborist News 20(3): 12-16.
Available @ http://viewer.epaperflip.com/Viewer.aspx?docid=20477746-09e1-496a-9639-a2bc0101cd42#?page=14

Wednesday, June 8, 2011

First of Two 2011 Total Lunar Eclipses Happens Wednesday, June 15

Summary: The first of two 2011 total lunar eclipses happens Wednesday, June 15, and favors four continents with visibility of the entire eclipse.

details of the moon's passage through Earth's shadow during June 2011 lunar eclipse and the June 2011 lunar eclipse visibility areas: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA GSFC Emeritus," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The first of two 2011 total lunar eclipses happens Wednesday, June 15, and favors four (Antarctica, central and western Asia, western Australia) of the world’s seven continents with visibility of the entire eclipse.

The visibility region separates the Americas. Greenland and North America are excluded from visibility of any portion of the June 2011 eclipse.

Apart from all of Ecuador and portions of Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, most of South America falls within the visibility area for portions of the lunar eclipse. Totality is available to observers in eastern Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.

Occurrence of the eclipse’s early stages before moonrise prevents observation of the entire event in Europe. Fred Espenak, known as “Mr. Eclipse,” notes on NASA’s Eclipse Web Site that, apart from northern Scotland and northern Scandinavia, totality is fortuitously available throughout Europe. Iceland, however, is excluded completely from the visibility area.

Occurrence of the eclipse’s last stages after moonset deprives eastern Asia, eastern Australia and New Zealand of visibility of the entire ecliptic event.

The first of two 2011 total lunar eclipses begins and ends with a penumbral eclipse, which defines the astronomical event’s parameters. The penumbral eclipse lasts for 5 hours 36 minutes 11 seconds.

Partial and total eclipses occur within the penumbral eclipse’s framework. The partial eclipse endures for 3 hours 39 minutes 44 seconds. The total eclipse spans 1 hour 40 minutes 12 seconds.

According to NASA’s Eclipse Web Site, the first of two 2011 total lunar eclipses begins Wednesday, June 15, as a penumbral eclipse at 17:24:34 UT (1:24 p.m. EDT). Astronomers designate the penumbral lunar eclipse’s start time as P1.

The partial eclipse phase begins at 18:22:56 UT (2:22 p.m. EDT). U1 is the designator for the partial lunar eclipse’s start time.

The June 2011 lunar eclipse commences totality at 19:22:30 UT (3:22 p.m. EDT). U2 designates the total lunar eclipse’s start time.

Greatest eclipse happens at 20:12:37 UT (4:12 EDT). Greatest eclipse represents the instant of the moon's closest passage to the axis of Earth's shadow.

The total lunar eclipse phase ends at 21:02:42 UT (5:02 EDT). U3 is the designator for the total lunar eclipse’s end time.

The partial lunar eclipse phase ends at 22:02:15 UT (6:02 p.m. EDT). U4 designates the partial lunar eclipse’s end time.

The penumbral phase of the June 2011 lunar eclipse ends at 23:00:45 UT (7:00 EDT). P4 is the designator for the penumbral lunar eclipse’s end time.

The second 2011 lunar eclipse also experiences totality. Occurring Saturday, Dec. 10, the year’s second total lunar eclipse excludes the continents of Antarctica and South America from visibility.

Fred Espenak notes on NASA’s Eclipse Web Site that the 2011 eclipse lineup features a rare 4:2 combination of two total lunar eclipses and four partial solar eclipses. The 21st century witnesses only six 4:2 combinations: 2011, 2029, 2047, 2065, 2076 and 2094.

The June 2011 total lunar eclipse belongs to Saros Series 130. The Saros cycle organizes lunar and solar eclipses into families, known as series. A Saros cycle endures for approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours).

The takeaway for the Wednesday, June 15, event as the first of two 2011 total lunar eclipses is the favoring of four of Earth’s seven continents with entire visibility.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

graphic of "orientation of the earth as viewed from the center of the moon during greatest eclipse" for total lunar eclipse of Wednesday, June 15, 2011: Tom Ruen (SockPuppetForTomruen), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_from_moon-2011Jun15.png

For further information:

“December 10 / December 11, 2011 -- Total Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2011-december-10

Espenak, Fred. “Eclipses During 2011.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html

Espenak, Fred. “Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEdecade/LEdecade2011.html

Espenak, Fred. "Table 3 -- Crater Immersion and Emersion Times for the Total Lunar Eclipse of 2011 June 15." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Observer's Handbook > Observer's Handbook Tables.
Available @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OHtables/OH2011-Tab03.pdf

Espenak, Fred. "Total Lunar Eclipse of 2011 Jun 15." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Lunar Eclipse Page > Lunar Eclipses: 2011-2020: 2011 Jun 15.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEplot/LEplot2001/LE2011Jun15T.pdf

Espenak, Fred; Jean Meeus. "Saros Series 130." NASA Eclipse Web Site > Lunar Eclipses > Catalog of Lunar Eclipse Saros Series.
Available A https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/LEsaros/LEsaros130.html

“June 15 / June 16, 2011 Total Lunar Eclipse.” Time And Date > Sun & Moon > Eclipses.
Available @ https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/lunar/2011-june-15

Marriner, Derdriu. “2010 Total Lunar Eclipse Tuesday, Dec. 21, Favors North America.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 15, 2010.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/2010-total-lunar-eclipse-tuesday-dec-21.html

Wednesday, June 1, 2011

June 1, 2011, Partial Solar Eclipse Belongs to Saros Series 118

Summary: The Wednesday, June 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 118, a series of 72 similar solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of May 24, 803, opened Saros solar series 118’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

The Wednesday, June 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse belongs to Saros cycle 118, which comprises 72 solar eclipses with similar geometries.

Early June’s partial solar eclipse begins Wednesday, June 1, 2011, at 19:25:18 Universal Time (3:25:18 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time), according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The instant of the closest passage of the lunar shadow cone’s axis to Earth’s center, known as the greatest eclipse, occurs 1 hour 50 minutes 53 seconds later, at 21:16:11 UT (5:16:11 p.m. EDT). The eclipse ends at 23:06:56 UT (7:06:56 p.m. EDT).

June 2011’s partial solar eclipse appears as number 68 in the lineup of 72 solar eclipses that compose Saros cycle 118. Similar geometries gather the 72 solar eclipses into a family, known as a series.

The NASA Eclipse Web Site describes Saros 118 solar eclipses as sharing the geometry of occurring at the moon’s descending node. With each succeeding eclipse in Saros 118, the lunar movement is northward of the descending node.

A pair of ascending and descending nodes signal the intersections of Earth’s orbit by the moon’s orbit. The two nodes are associated with the approximately 5.1 degree tilt of the moon’s orbit with respect to Earth’s orbit. The ascending node concerns the lunar orbital crossing to the north of Earth’s orbit. The descending node links with the lunar orbital crossing to the south of Earth’s orbit.

The Saros cycle of approximately 6,585.3 days (18 years 11 days 8 hours) applies to the periodicity and recurrence of solar eclipses. Each Saros series contains 70 or more eclipses that typically occur over 12 to 13 centuries.

Saros solar series 118 endures for 1,280.14 years, according to the NASA Eclipse Web Site. The series traverses 13 centuries. The ninth through the 21st centuries frame Saros solar series 118.

Solar eclipses in Saros series 118 presents a sequence order of 8 partial solar eclipses, 40 total solar eclipses, 2 hybrid solar eclipses, 15 annular solar eclipses and 7 partial solar eclipses. Total solar eclipses contribute the most number of eclipses to Saros series 118, with a total of 40 occurrences. Partials and annulars tie as the second most frequent solar eclipse type in the series, with each accounting for 15 occurrences.

The ninth century’s partial solar eclipse of May 24, 803, opened Saros solar series 118. This Southern Hemisphere event's greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 68.1 south at 0.7 west, occurred over the Southern Ocean, north of East Antarctica's Fimbul Ice Shelf.

The 21st century’s partial solar eclipse of Thursday, July 15, 2083, ends Saros solar series 118. This Northern Hemisphere event's greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 64.0 north at 37.7 west, will take place over the North Atlantic Ocean, off southeastern Greenland.

June 2011’s partial solar eclipse occurs as the third within the closing sequence of seven partial solar eclipses in Saros series 118. This Northern Hemisphere event stages its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 67.8 north at 46.8 east, over the Barents Sea, off northwestern Russia's Kanin Peninsula.

The partial solar eclipse of Friday, May 21, 1993, was the immediate predecessor of June 2011’s partial solar eclipse in the Saros solar series 118. This Northern Hemisphere event experiences its greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 68.8 north at 162.3 east, over northeastern Sakha Republic in the Russian Far East Federal District.

The May 1993 eclipse numbered as the second within the closing sequence of seven partial solar eclipses in Saros solar series 118. This eclipse claimed number 67 within the series’ lineup of 72 solar eclipses.

The successor of June 2011’s partial solar eclipse in Saros series 118 will appear Tuesday, June 12, 2029. This Northern Hemisphere event's greatest eclipse, with coordinates of 66.8 north at 66.2 west, occurs over Nunavut's Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island's Cumberland Peninsula, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

The June 2029 eclipse numbers as fourth within the closing sequence of seven partial solar eclipses in Saros solar series 118 and as number 69 within the series’ lineup of 72 solar eclipses.

The takeaway for the June 1, 2011, partial solar eclipse is that the event appears as number 68 in Saros solar series 118’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses and as the third occurrence in the series’ closing sequence of seven partial solar eclipses.

Partial solar eclipse of July 15, 2083, will close Saros solar series 118’s lineup of 72 solar eclipses: "Permission is freely granted to reproduce this data when accompanied by an acknowledgment, Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak (NASA's GSFC)," via NASA Eclipse Web Site

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 0803 May 24.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 118 > Saros Series Calalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 118: 06682 -36 0803 May 24.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/0801-0900/803-05-24.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 1993 May 21.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 118 > Saros Series Calalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 118: 09493 30 1993 May 21.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/1901-2000/1993-05-21.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2011 Jun 01.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 118 > Saros Series Calalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 118: 09532 31 2011 Jun 01.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2011-06-01.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2029 Jun 12.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 118 > Saros Series Calalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 118: 09572 32 2029 Jun 12.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2029-06-12.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial 2083 Jul 15.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Page: Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180 > Eclipses and the Saros: Return to Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series > Catalog of Solar Eclipse Saros Series: Solar Eclipses of Saros 0 to 180: Summary of Saros Series 100 to 125: 118 > Saros Series Calalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros Series 118: 09694 35 2083 Jul 15.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/5MCSEmap/2001-2100/2083-07-15.gif

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 0803 May 24.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 0801 to 900 (801 CE to 900 CE).
Available via EclipseWise@ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/0801-0900/SE0803May24Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1993 May 21.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 1901 to 2000 (1901 CE to 2000 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/1901-2000/SE1993May21Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2011 Jun 01.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2011Jun01Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2029 Jun 12.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2029Jun12Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 2083 Jul 15.” EclipseWise > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Links > Six Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses -2999 to 3000 (3000 BCE to 3000 CE) > 2001 to 2100 (2001 CE to 2100 CE).
Available via EclipseWise @ http://eclipsewise.com/solar/SEprime/2001-2100/SE2083Jul15Pprime.html

Espenak, Fred. “Partial Solar Eclipse of June 01.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipses: Past and Future.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/OH/OH2011.html

Espenak, Fred. “Saros Series 118.” NASA Eclipse Web Site > Solar Eclipses > Solar Eclipse Catalogs > Saros Catalog of Solar Eclipses: Saros 0-180.
Available via NASA Eclipse Web Site @ https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros118.html

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 1 Jun, 2011 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2001-2020 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2011_06_01

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 12 Jun, 2029 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2021-2040 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2029_06_12

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 15 Jul, 2083 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 2001-3000 AD > 2081-2100 AD
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/2083_07_15

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 21 May, 1993 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 1001-2000 AD > 1901 AD > 1981-2000 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/1993_05_21

Smith, Ian Cameron. “Partial Solar Eclipse of 24 May, 0803 AD.” Moon Blink > Hermit Eclipse > Eclipse Database > Full Solar Catalog > 0001-1000 AD > 0801-0820 AD.
Available @ https://moonblink.info/Eclipse/eclipse/0803_05_24

Walker, John. “Lunar Perigee and Apogee Calculator.” Fourmilab Switzerland > Earth and Moon Viewer.
Available @ https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/pacalc.html