Goclenius Crater Parents Two Satellites in Southwest Mare Fecunditatis

Summary: Goclenius Crater parents two satellites in southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), an equator-straddling lava plain on the moon’s near side.

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 80 shows Ibn Battuta (center left, fifth square from bottom) above Goclenius U (fourth square from bottom); scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Goclenius Crater parents two satellites in southwest Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity), a dark, equator-straddling lava plain located in the lunar near side’s eastern hemisphere.

Goclenius Crater’s worn rim outlines the floor-fractured crater’s (FFC) irregular elliptical shape. Rilles (German: grooves) transect the primary crater’s fairly smooth, dark floor. Its somewhat egg-shaped shallow basin measures a depth of only 2.2 kilometers, according to geographer and U.S. Geological Survey geologist Richard J. Pike’s 1976 article, “Crater Dimensions From Apollo Data and Supplemental Sources” (page 464).

Primary crater Goclenius is centered on the lunar near side at minus 10.05 degrees south latitude, 45.03 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 9.17 degrees south and minus 10.93 degrees south, respectively. Goclenius maintains eastern hemisphere occupancy with easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 46.24 degrees east and 43.83 degrees east, respectively.

The lunar impact crater’s diameter spans 73.04 kilometers. Geologists Wilfred B. Bryan, Peter Alfons Jezek and Mary-Linda Adams confirm the crater’s “distorted” elliptical shape with measurements of 63 kilometers and 44 kilometers along the major and minor axes, respectively.

Goclenius satellite B perches on its parent’s step-like terraced northwestern wall. B is centered at minutes 9.22 degrees south latitude, 44.47 degrees east longitude. The satellite marks northernmost and southernmost latitudes of minus 9.12 degrees south and minus 9.33 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 44.58 degrees east and 44.37 degrees east, respectively. B has a diameter of 6.22 kilometers.

Satellite U lies to its parent’s east, farther away from the southwestern edges of Mare Fecunditatis. U is centered at minus 9.33 degrees south latitude, 50.15 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to minus 8.97 degrees south and minus 9.7 degrees south, respectively. U claims easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 50.52 degrees east and 49.78 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 22.14 kilometers.

Goclenius U’s distance from its parent crater places the satellite in the vicinity of Ibn Battuta, previously designated as Goclenius A. Located to the northeast of its former parent, Ibn Battuta lies approximately two-plus degrees north of Goclenius U.

Ibn Battuta is a circular, symmetrical lunar impact creater. A small crater sits, west of center, on Ibn Battuta’s dark floor.

Ibn Battuta is centered at minus 6.95 degrees south latitude, 50.44 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes register at minus 6.76 degrees south and minus 7.14 degrees south, respectively. Easternmost and westernmost longitudes reach 50.63 degrees east and 50.25 degrees east, respectively. Its diameter measures 11.51 kilometers.

Goclenius is named after Rudolf Göckel (Aug. 22, 1572-March 3, 1621), a German physician who taught physics, medicine and mathematics at the University of Marburg (German: Philipps-Universität Marburg) in central Germany’s State of Hesse. Italian Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli (April 17, 1598-June 25, 1671) Latinized Göckel’s name as Goclenius in his encyclopedia astronomical reference work, Almagestum Novum (New Almagest), published in 1651. Riccioli biographized Göckel as “Medicinae Doctor in Academia Marpurgensi, edidit Anno 1615 Uraniam suam, cum geminis filiabus Astronomia & Astrologia” (page XLIV).

The International Astronomical Union approved Goclenius as the crater’s official name in 1935. Goclenius B and U received name approval in 2006.

IAU approval of Ibn Battuta in 1976 as the official name for Goclenius A reduced the crater’s parentage from three to two satellites. The newly named crater honors Moroccan explorer geographer Abu Abd Allah Mohammed Ibn Abd Allah Ibn Battuta (Feb. 25, 1304-ca. 1368/1369). Ibn Battuta is located to the northeast of its former parent.

The takeaways for Goclenius Crater’s parentage of two satellites in southwest Mare Fecunditatis are that Goclenius satellite B sits on its parent’s northwestern rim, Goclenius satellite U is distanced to the east of its parent and that Ibn Battuta, formerly designated as Goclenius satellite A, is located near U.

Apollo 14 mission’s view of Ibn Battuta Crater (upper left), formerly designated as Goclenius A: NASA ID AS14-73-10163; photo taken during lunar revolution 28; film magazine M: NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA does not maintain a copyright, via Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 80 shows Ibn Battuta (center left, fifth square from bottom) above Goclenius U (fourth square from bottom); scale 1:1,000,000; Mercator Projection: United States Air Force (USAF) Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC) via USGS/Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_80_wac.pdf

Apollo 14 mission’s view of Ibn Battuta Crater (upper left), formerly designated as Goclenius A: NASA ID AS14-73-10163; photo taken during lunar revolution 28; film magazine M: NASA Johnson Space Center Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, NASA does not maintain a copyright, via Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth @ https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/SearchPhotos/photo.pl?mission=AS14&roll=73&frame=10163;
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), No known copyright restrictions, via U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) @ https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as14-73-10163-apollo-14-apollo-14-mission-image-view-of-the-goclenius-a-crater-ab6a77

For further information:

Ashley, James. “The Ghosts of Mare Fecunditatis.” NASA ASU (Arizona State University) LROC (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera). Oct. 31, 2012.
Available @ http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/588

Bryan, W. (Wilfred) B.; P. A. (Peter Alfons) Jezek; and Mary-Linda Adams. “Volcanic and Tectonic Evolution of Crater Goclenius, Western Mare Fecunditatis.” In: Proceedings of the Sixth Lunar Science Conference, vol. 3 Physical Studies: 2563-2569. New York NY: Pergamon Press, Inc., 1975.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (NASA Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1975LPSC....6.2563B

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Elger, Thomas Gwyn. “Goclenius.” The Moon, A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features: 129. London UK: George Philip & Son, 1895.
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/moonfulldescript00elgerich/page/129

Elston, Donald P. “Geologic Map of the Colombo Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-714 (LAC-79). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1972.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i714

Godwin, Robert, comp. and ed. Apollo 8: The NASA Mission Reports. Second edition. Burlington, Canada: Apogee Books, 1971.

Hodges, Carroll Ann. “Geologic Map of the Langrenus Quadrangle of the Moon.” Geologic Atlas of the Moon. IMAP-739 (LAC-80). Prepared in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the USAF Aeronautical Chart and Information Center. Department of the Interior United States Geological Survey, 1973.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i739

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2198

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9511

International Astronomical Union. “Goclenius U.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/9512

International Astronomical Union. “Ibn Battuta.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2633

International Astronomical Union. “Mare Fecunditatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3673

Jozwiak, Lauren M.; James W. Head; Maria T. Zuber; David E. Smith; and Gregory A. Neumann. “Lunar Floor-Fractured Craters: Classification, Distribution, Origin and Implications for Magmatism and Shallow Crustal Structure.” Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 117, issue E11 (November 2012): E11005.
Available @ http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/4320.pdf

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Colombo Crater Parents 10 Satellites in Southeastern Lunar Near Side.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 19, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/colombo-crater-parents-10-satellites-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Gutenberg Crater Parents Nine Satellites on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 26, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/gutenberg-crater-parents-nine.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Magelhaens Crater Parents One Satellite on Southwest Mare Fecunditatis.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 3, 2014.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/magelhaens-crater-parents-one-satellite.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Orloff, Richard W. “Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference. NASA History Series. NASA SP 4029. Washington DC: NASA Headquarters Office of Policy and Plans, 2000.
Available via NASA History @ https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029.pdf

Orowan, E. (Egon). “Origin of the Surface Features of the Moon.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences (Jan. 22, 1974): 141-163.
Available via JSTOR @ https://www.jstor.org/stable/78497

Pike, Richard J. “Crater Dimensions From Apollo Data and Supplemental Sources.” The Moon, vol. 15 (June-July 1976): 463-477.
Available via Harvard ADSABS (National Astrophysics Data System Abstracts) @ http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976Moon...15..463P

Pike, Richard J. Geometric Interpretation of Lunar Craters. Apollo 15-17 Orbital Investigations. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1046-C. Prepared on behalf of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1980.
Available via U.S. Geological Survey @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1046c/report.pdf

Ricciolo, Ioanne Baptista. “Rodulphus Goclenius.” Almagestum Novum Astronomiam Veterem Novamque Complectens Observationibus Aliorum, et Propriis Novisque Theorematibus, ac Tabulis Promotam, tomus primus: XLIV. In tres tomos. Bononiae: Ex Typographia Haeredis Victorij Benatij, MDCLI (1651).
Available via ETH-Bibliothek Zürich’s e-rara.ch @ https://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/pageview/140243

Schultz, Peter H. “Floor-Fractured Lunar Craters.” The Moon, vol. 15 (June-July 1976): 241-273.
Available via Harvard ADSABS @ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1976Moon...15..241S

Schultz, Peter H. Moon Morphology: Interpretations Based on Lunar Orbiter Photography. Austin TX: University of Texas Press, 1976.

U.S. Geological Survey. Color-Coded Topography and Shaded Relief Map of the Lunar Near Side and Far Side Hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2769. Page last modified Nov. 30, 2016. Flagstaff AZ: U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Science Center, 2003.
Available via USGS Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Webb Crater Parents 17 Satellites in Eastern Lunar Near Side

Summary: Webb Crater parents 17 satellites in the eastern lunar near side, with five sharing the northeastern Mare Fecunditatis with their parent.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 62 shows nine satellites (C, E, F, G, L, P, U, W, X) in the Webb Crater system in Mare Fecunditatis, Sinus Successus and Mare Spumans in the lunar near side’s southeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Webb Crater parents 17 satellites in the eastern lunar near side, with five in northeastern Mare Fecunditatis with their parent; three in neighboring Sinus Successus; two in Mare Spumans; three between Mare Spumans and Sinus Successus; and four between Mare Spumans and Mare Fecunditatis.

Primary lunar impact crater Webb is centered at minus 0.98 degrees south latitude, 60 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The southeastern quadrant crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes at minus 0.63 degrees south and minus 1.33 degrees south, respectively. Webb registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 60.35 degrees east and 59.65 degrees east, respectively. The small crater has a diameter of 21.41 kilometers.

Five of Webb Crater’s 17 satellites occupy the equator-straddling, northeastern Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fecundity) with their parent. Webb U lies to the northwest of its parent as an occupant of the near side’s northern hemisphere. U is centered at 1.85 degrees north latitude, 56.23 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 5.73 kilometers.

Satellites B, D, H and Q share the lunar southern hemisphere’s portion of Mare Fecunditatis with their parent. Lying to the west of its parent, Webb B is centered at minus 0.85 degrees south latitude, 58.37 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 6.45 kilometers. Lying southwest of its parent, Webb D is centered at minus 2.38 degrees south latitude, 57.52 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 6.53 kilometers. Lying more closely to its parent’s southwest, Webb H is centered at minus 2.15 degrees south latitude, 59.44 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 9.98 kilometers. To its parent’s east, Webb Q is centered at minus 1.13 degrees south latitude, 61.24 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 4.28 kilometers.

Equator-straddling Sinus Successus (Bay of Success) bulges along northeastern Mare Fecunditatis. The lunar bay hosts Webb Crater satellites P, W and X. With center coordinates at 2.39 degrees north latitude, 57.69 degrees east longitude, Webb P is sited in Sinus Successus and has a diameter of 37.86 kilometers.

Satellites W and X cluster along the bay’s northern edge. W is centered at 3.02 degrees north latitude, 58.12 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 7.75 kilometers. X is centered at 3.22 degrees north latitude, 58.25 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 7.98 kilometers.

Equator-straddling Mare Spumans (Foaming Sea) lies to the east of Mare Fecunditatis and Sinus Successus. The basaltic plain hosts Webb satellites C and L. With center coordinates of 0.15 degrees north latitude, 63.83 degrees east longitude, Webb C primarily is located in northwestern Mare Spumans and has a diameter of 34.34 kilometers. Resting along the northwestern edge of Mare Spumans, Webb L is centered at 0.16 degrees north latitude, 62.73 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 6.3 kilometers.

Webb E, F and G are found as northern hemisphere satellites in the terrain between Mare Spumans and Sinus Successus. As the most northerly of the trio, Webb G is centered at 1.67 degrees north latitude, 61.22 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 9.07 kilometers. Satellite F’s northeastern border snuggles against Webb G’s southwestern reaches. F is centered at 1.47 degrees north latitude, 61 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 9.54 kilometers. Soloing to the south-southeast of F, Webb E is centered at 0.94 degrees north latitude, 61.05 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 6.82 kilometers.

Webb J, K, M and N are found as southern hemisphere satellites in the terrain to the south of Sinus Successus, between Mare Spumans and Mare Fecunditatis. As the most northerly of the quartet, Webb M is centered at minus 0.26 degrees south latitude, 63.81 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 5.83 kilometers. Cozying its northeastern arc with M’s southwestern border, Webb N is centered at minus 0.32 degrees south latitude, 63.62 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 5.86 kilometers. With M and N resting against its northwestern border, Webb J is centered at minus 0.62 degrees south latitude, 63.99 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 26.53 kilometers. Soloing to the west of J, Webb K is centered at minus 0.85 degrees south latitude, 62.96 degrees east longitude and has a diameter of 18.61 kilometers.

Three of Webb’s satellites are larger than their parent. With a diameter of 21.41 kilometers, the parent is smaller than P at 37.86 kilometers, C at 34.34 kilometers and J at 26.53 kilometers.

Adjoining satellites M and N rate as the Webb Crater system’s two smallest satellites. Slightly larger N has a diameter of 5.86 kilometers to M’s 5.83-kilometer diameter.

The Webb Crater system honors 19th-century British astronomer and Anglican clergyman Thomas William Webb (Dec. 14, 1807-May 19, 1885). The International Astronomical Union (IAU) approved the parent crater’s name in 1935 during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, held in Paris, France, from Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17. Approval of the system’s 17 satellite designations took place in 2006.

The takeaways for Webb Crater’s parentage of 17 satellites in the eastern lunar near side are the Webb Crater system stretches from northeastern Mare Fecunditatis eastward, through Sinus Successus, to Mare Spumans; and that three satellites (C, J, P) are larger than their parent.

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 80 shows the primary crater and eight satellites (B, D, H, J, K, M, N, Q) in the Webb Crater system in Mare Fecunditatis and Mare Spumans in the lunar near side’s southeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 62 shows nine satellites (C, E, F, G, L, P, U, W, X) in the Webb Crater system in Mare Fecunditatis, Sinus Successus and Mare Spumans in the lunar near side’s southeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_62_wac.pdf

Detail of Lunar Astronautical Chart (LAC) 80 shows the primary crater and eight satellites (B, D, H, J, K, M, N, Q) in the Webb Crater system in Mare Fecunditatis and Mare Spumans in the lunar near side’s southeastern quadrant; courtesy NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) / GSFC (Goddard Space Flight Center) / ASU (Arizona State University): U.S. Geological Survey, Public Domain, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_80_wac.pdf

For further information:

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Grego, Peter. The Moon and How to Observe It. Astronomers’ Observing Guides. London UK: Springer-VErlag, 2005.

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Fecunditatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 25, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3673

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Sinus Successus.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5571

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6504

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13825

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13826

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb D.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13827

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb E.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13828

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb F.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13829

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13830

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb H.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13831

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb J.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13832

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb K.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13833

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb L.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13834

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb M.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13835

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb N.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13836

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb P.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13837

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb Q.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13838

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb U.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13839

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb W.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13840

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Webb X.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13841

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Condon Crater Honors 20th-Century American Physicist Edward Condon." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Feb. 29, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/condon-crater-honors-20th-century.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Webb Crater Honors 19th-Century British Astronomer Thomas William Webb.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Dec. 5, 2012.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/webb-crater-honors-19th-century-british.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V B Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

van der Hucht, Karel A., ed. XXVIth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 26th General Assembly Prague, Czech Republic, August 14-25, 2006. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Dec. 30, 2008.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/