Mimantean Crater Herschel Displays Subtle Colors in Close Flyby View

Summary: Mimantean crater Herschel displays subtle colors in a close flyby view obtained Feb. 13, 2010, by Cassini Orbiter’s narrow angle camera.

Herschel Crater dominates the right lower half of false color view of northern part of Mimantean moon’s leading hemisphere; mosaic combines ultraviolet, green and infrared filter images with black-and-white, high resolution clear-filter image obtained Feb. 13, 2010, by Cassini orbiter during closest-ever flyby; NASA ID PIA12572; image addition date 2010-03-29; image credit NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute (SSI): May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal

Mimantean crater Herschel displays subtle colors in a close flyby view obtained during the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft’s closest-ever flyby Feb. 13, 2010.

An image described by Rebecca Whatmore for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) website’s March 29, 2010, multimedia feature, “Color Near Herschel Crater,” reveals subtle colors in the terrain in and around Herschel Crater on Saturnian moon Mimas. The image captures the northern part of the natural satellite’s leading, or forward-facing, hemisphere, which leads in the direction of Mimas’ orbit around its primary.

“The natural color of Mimas visible to the human eye may be a uniform gray or yellow color, but this mosaic has been contrast-enhanced and shows differences at other wavelengths of light,” stated Whatmore. Subtle blues color Herschel Crater and its environs. The older, densely cratered terrain beyond Herschel Crater’s environs exhibits a greenish cast.

“The origin of the color differences is not yet understood, but may be caused by subtle differences in the surface composition between the two terrains,” Whatmore noted. Color variations between the terrain in Herschel Crater’s vicinity and distant terrain also are consistent with false color images obtained Aug. 2, 2005, by Cassini orbiter’s narrow-angle camera.

The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft launched Wednesday, Oct. 15, 1997, at 08:43:00 Universal Coordinated Time (4:43 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time), from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) as the fourth space probe visitor to Saturn and the first Saturn orbiter. The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft comprises two elements. The Cassini orbiter carries 12 instruments. The Huygens probe is equipped with six instruments.

The spacecraft successfully executed Saturn orbital insertion (SOI) Thursday, July 1, 2004, at 02:48 UTC (Wednesday, June 30, at 10:48 p.m. EDT). On Saturday, Feb. 13, 2010, the spacecraft made its closest-ever flyby of Mimas, approaching within approximately 9,500 kilometers (5,900 miles) of the Saturnian moon.

During the Feb. 13 close flyby, the Cassini orbiter’s narrow-angle camera obtained ultraviolet, green and infrared images of Herschel Crater and its environs. The images were captured at an approximate distance of 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) from Mimas.

Based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado, the Cassini imaging team reprojected the images, using orthographic projection, into a single mosaic in order to exaggerate the terrain’s color variations. The color image was then combined with a high-resolution, black-and-white image, taken in visible light with Cassini orbiter’s wide-angle camera. The resulting false-color view of Herschel Crater benefits from the high-resolution information provided by the visible light’s clear-filter images and the color information revealed by the ultraviolet, green and infrared filter images.

The Cassini-Huygens mission, commonly known as Cassini, is designed as a collaborative project involving NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI; Agenzia Spaziale Italiana). NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras, a narrow-angle camera (NAC) and a wide-angle camera (WAC). The Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the Saturn-focused mission on behalf of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD) in Washington.

The Cassini orbiter’s name honors Italian (naturalized French astronomer and engineer Giovanni Domenico Cassini (June 8, 1625-Sept. 14, 1712). Cassini’s astronomical contributions include discovering four Saturnian moons and Saturn’s Cassini Division. Cassini discovered his first Saturnian moon, Iapetus in Oct. 25, 1671. He discovered Rhea on Dec. 23, 1672. His discovery of Tethys occurred on March 21, 1684. Cassini made his discovery of Dione on March 21, 1684. He discovered the Cassini Division, a region between Saturn’s A ring and B ring, in 1675 via a refracting telescope at the Paris Observatory.

The Huygens probe honors Christiaan Huygens (April 14, 1629-July 8, 1695). The Dutch astronomer, inventor, mathematician and physicist’s astronomical contributions include discovery of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, and studying Saturn’s rings. Huygens made his discovery of Saturn’s Titanic moon on March 25, 1655.

The takeaways for Mimantean crater Herschel’s subtle color displays are that the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft’s Cassini orbiter obtained ultraviolet, green and infrared filtered images of the crater’s neighborhood during a closest-ever flyby on Feb. 13, 2010; that a false color view released by NASA on March 29 shows bluish colors for Herschel Crater and its environs; that terrain distanced from the large impact crater reveals a greenish cast; and that the terrain-dependent color variations are hypothesized as reflecting “subtle differences in the surface composition between the two terrains.”

Artist’s concept of Saturn Orbital Insertion (SOI) maneuver shows that the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft has just crossed the ring plane, just after the beginning of firing by the spacecraft’s main engine (center) in order to reduce velocity with respect to Saturn; NASA ID PIA03883; image addition date 2002-12-11; image credit NASA/JPL: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Herschel Crater dominates the right lower half of false color view of northern part of Mimantean moon’s leading hemisphere; mosaic combines ultraviolet, green and infrared filter images with black-and-white, high resolution clear-filter image obtained Feb. 13, 2010, by Cassini orbiter during closest-ever flyby; NASA ID PIA12572; image addition date 2010-03-29; image credit NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute (SSI): May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12572; Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library https://images.nasa.gov/details/PIA12572; via NASA Cassini-Huygens mission pages @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia12572.html

Artist’s concept of Saturn Orbital Insertion (SOI) maneuver shows that the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft has just crossed the ring plane, just after the beginning of firing by the spacecraft’s main engine (center) in order to reduce velocity with respect to Saturn; NASA ID PIA03883; image addition date 2002-12-11; image credit NASA/JPL: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03883; Generally not subject to copyright in the United States; may use this material for educational or informational purposes, including photo collections, textbooks, public exhibits, computer graphical simulations and Internet Web pages; general permission extends to personal Web pages, via NASA Image and Video Library @ https://images.nasa.gov/details-PIA03883

For further information:

Herschel, William. “Account of the Discovery of a Sixth and Seventh Satellite of the Planet Saturn; With Remarks on the Construction of Its Ring, Its Atmosphere, Its Rotation on an Axis, and Its Spheroidical Figure. Read November 12, 1789.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. LXXX, for the Year 1790, Part I: 1-20. London UK: Lockyer Davis and Peter Elmsly, Printers to The Royal Society, MDCCXC (1790).
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51828893

Herschel, William. “Description of a Forty-Feet Reflecting Telescope. Read June 11, 1795.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for the Year MDCCXCV, vol. LXXXV, Part II: 347-409. London UK: Peter Elmsly, Printer to The Royal Society, 1795.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51831451

International Astronomical Union. “Herschel .” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Aug. 14, 2008.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2478

Lavoie, Sue, site manager. “PIA03883: Artists’s Conception of Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Photojournal. Image addition date Dec. 11, 2002.
Available @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/pia03883

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. “Mimantean Crater Herschel Honors Mimas Discoverer William Herschel.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 7, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/09/mimantean-crater-herschel-honors-mimas.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “Mimantean Crater Herschel Partially Overlies Oeta Chasma.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Oct. 5, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/09/mimantean-crater-herschel-partially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “William Herschel Discovered Mimas With Newly Built 40-Foot Telescope.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sep. 21, 2019.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/09/william-herschel-discovered-mimas-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. “William Herschel Discovered Saturnian Moon Mimas Sept. 17, 1789.” Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Sept. 14, 2011.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/09/william-herschel-discovered-saturnian.html

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

U.S. Geological Survey. “Preliminary Pictorial Map of Mimas.” Atlas of the Saturnian Satellites. IMAP 1482. Prepared for the Voyager Imaging Team in cooperation with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Directed by R.M. (Raymond Milner) Batson / U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeologic Studies. Airbrush representation by Jay L. Inge. Data preparation and preliminary image processing by K.F. Mullins, Christopher Isbell, E.M. Lee, H.G. Morgan and B.A. Skiff. Reston VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1982.
Available @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1489
Available @ http://171.67.35.48/view/6829740

Whatmore, Rebecca, ed. “Color Near Herschel Crater.” NASA > Mission Pages > Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn > Multimedia. March 29, 2010. Page last updated May 12, 2010.
Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia12572.html

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Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia12571.html

Mimantean Crater Herschel Honors Mimas Discoverer William Herschel

Summary: Mimantean crater Herschel honors Mimas discoverer William Herschel, who discovered Mimas 20 days after discovering Saturn’s sixth moon, Enceladus.

Detail shows Herschel Crater, with neighboring craters Balin and Dynas (east; right) and Oeta Chasma (north-northwest; left), on leading hemisphere of Saturnian moon Mimas; scale 1:5,000,000 (1 mm = 5 km) at 0 degrees latitude; Preliminary Pictorial Map of Mimas (IMAP 1489) prepared by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Voyager Imaging Team in cooperation with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 1982: Public Domain, via USGS Publication Warehouse

Mimantean crater Herschel honors Mimas discoverer William Herschel, whose discovery of Saturn’s seventh moon, Mimas, occurred 20 days after his discovery of Saturn’s sixth moon, Enceladus.

Herschel Crater prominently straddles the equator of Mimas, one of the seven ellipsoidal satellites of the sixth planet from the sun, Saturn. The huge impact crater distinguishes itself as the dominant feature on the Saturnian moon’s heavily cratered landscape. It is located on the leading hemisphere of its parent body.

Herschel Crater is centered at minus 1.38 degrees south latitude, 111.76 degrees west longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes extend to 18.14 degrees north and minus 21.5 degrees south, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch to 90.91 degrees west and 131.1 degrees west, respectively.

Herschel Crater’s diameter spans 139 kilometers. Its diameter equates to “nearly one-third the diameter of Mimas itself” (page 5), according to U.S. Astrogeology Science Center astrogeologist Raymind Milner Batson (July 8, 1931-May 5, 2013) in Voyager 1 and 2 Atlas of Six Saturnian Satellites, published by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1984. Batson detailed Mimas’ diameter at 394 kilometers.

Mimas’ conspicuous crater profiles as a “classic central-peak crater,” (page 424) according to planetary geologists Jeffrey Moore, Paul Schenk, Lindsey Bruesch, Erik Asphaug and William McKinnon in “Large Impact Features on Middle-Sized Icy Satellites,” published in the October 2004 issue of Icarus. They determined the central peak’s rise at approximately 6 to 8 kilometers (3.72 to 4.97 miles) above the crater’s floor.

Two craters, Balin and Dynas, lie to the east of Herschel Crater. Dynas is found almost due east of Herschel. Balin is sited to the northwest of Balin.

Balin is centered at 14.71 degrees north latitude, 82.51 degrees west longitude. The crater’s registers its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 20.56 degrees north and 9.51 degrees north, respectively. It obtains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 78.33 degrees west and 88.3 degrees west, respectively. With a diameter of 35 kilometers, Balin is approximately one-fourth of Herschel Crater’s size.

Dynas is centered at 2.35 degrees north latitude, 80.71 degrees west longitude. Its northernmost and southernmost latitudes occur at 7.6 degrees north and minus 3.86 degrees south, respectively. The crater finds its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 74.56 degrees west and 86.56 degrees west, respectively. With a diameter of 35 kilometer, Dynas is similarly sized to Balin.

Herschel’s north-northwestern rim cuts into Oeta Chasma. The degraded chasm is centered at 19 degrees north latitude, 122.7 degrees west longitude. Oeta obtains its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 35 degrees north and 8 degrees north, respectively. The chasm marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 111.4 degrees west and 132 degrees west, respectively. Oeta Chasma’s diameter measures 110 kilometers.

Mimantean crater Herschel honors German-British astronomer William Herschel (Nov. 15, 1738-Aug. 25, 1822). The IAU approved the crater’s name in 1982, during the organization’s XVIIIth (18th) General Assembly, held in Patras, Greece, from Tuesday, Aug. 17, to Thursday, Aug. 26.

William Herschel discovered Mimas on Thursday, Sept. 17, 1789. Only 20 days earlier, on Friday, Aug. 28, he had made his discovery of Enceladus as Saturn’s sixth moon.

Features on Mimas receive their names from Arthurian legend or Greek mythology. Herschel Crater stands out as the only one of the 35 named Mimantean craters with a non-Arthurian name.

Herschel Crater’s eastern neighbors, Balin and Dynas, owe their names to Arthurian legend. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature’s entries describe Sir Balin as a knight of “matchless courage and virtue” and Sir Dynas as “a knight of the Round Table.”

Balin, Dynas and 27 other Mimantean craters joined Herschel Crater in receiving approval of their names in 1982 during the IAU’s XVIIIth (18th) General Assembly. Official approval of six of the 35 named Mimantean craters was given on July 14, 2008.

The IAU also approved names from Arthurian legend and Greek mythology for eight chasmata in 1982. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature describes the origin of Oeta Chasma’s name as “Shook by a Titan in the war between Titans and Olympians.”

The takeaways for Mimantean crater Herschel’s honoring of Mimas discoverer William Herschel are that the German-British astronomer’s discovery of Saturn’s seventh satellite occurred only 20 days after his discovery of the ringed planet’s sixth satellite and that Herschel Crater claims the exclusive honor of a historical namesake among Mimas’ 35 named craters.

Artist’s rendering of interior of Mimantean crater Herschel depicts the crater’s walls and its central peaks rising above the crater’s floor, against the backdrop of Mimas’ primary, ringed planet Saturn; illustration by David Seal, mission planner and engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Detail shows Herschel Crater, with neighboring craters Balin and Dynas (east; right) and Oeta Chasma (north-northwest; left), on leading hemisphere of Saturnian moon Mimas; scale 1:5,000,000 (1 mm = 5 km) at 0 degrees latitude; Preliminary Pictorial Map of Mimas (IMAP 1489) prepared by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for the Voyager Imaging Team in cooperation with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 1982: Public Domain, via USGS Publication Warehouse @ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1489

Artist’s rendering of interior of Mimantean crater Herschel depicts the crater’s walls and its central peaks rising above the crater’s floor, against the backdrop of Mimas’ primary, ringed planet Saturn; illustration by David Seal, mission planner and engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herschel_Crater.jpg

For further information:

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Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51828893

Herschel, William. “Description of a Forty-Feet Reflecting Telescope. Read June 11, 1795.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for the Year MDCCXCV, vol. LXXXV, Part II: 347-409. London UK: Peter Elmsly, Printer to The Royal Society, 1795.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51831451

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Available @ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia12572.html

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