D'Arrest Crater Parents Four Satellites on Lunar Northeast Near Side

Summary: D'Arrest Crater parents four satellites in the lava-flooded terrain near southwestern Mare Tranquillitatis on the lunar northeast near side.

Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 60 presents the D'Arrest Crater system's parent and four satellites (lower left), with D'Arrest M satellite's shape outlined with dotted oval; image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU; Date of Last Nomenclature Update July 26, 2017: via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

D'Arrest Crater parents four satellite craters in the lava-flooded terrain near southwestern Mare Tranquillitatis in the northeastern quadrant of the lunar near side.

D'Arrest Crater occupies the northeastern quadrant on the lunar near side. The low northern latitude impact crater reposes near the moon's prime meridian, which marks zero degrees longitude on the lunar disc, and the equator.

D'Arrest Crater is centered at 2.26 degrees north latitude, 14.60 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The low latitude, lunar northern hemisphere-sited crater registers northmost and southmost latitudes of 2.75 degrees north and 1.78 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere resident records eastmost and westmost longitudes of 15.09 degrees east and 14.11 degrees east, respectively. D'Arrest Crater's diameter traverses 29.67 kilometers.

The D'Arrest Crater system comprises parent crater D'Arrest and four satellites. Satellites D'Arrest A and D'Arrest M reside as the closest of the D'Arrest system's satellites to D'Arrest Crater. They neighbor, with D'Arrest A sited in east central D'Arrest M, to the west of their parent crater. Third closest D'Arrest satellite D'Arrest B is positioned to the southwest of its parent and south of satellites A and M. Satellite D'Arrest R is located to the southeast of its parent crater and of the system's three other satellites.

D'Arrest A is centered at 1.94 degrees north latitude, 13.64 degrees east longitude. The satellite posts northmost and southmost latitudes of 2.00 degrees north and 1.87 degrees north, respectively. It obtains its eastmost and westmost longitudes at 13.70 degrees east and 13.58 degrees east, respectively. D'Arrest A has a diameter of 3.75 kilometers.

D'Arrest M is centered at 1.95 degrees north latitude, 13.50 degrees east longitude. The satellite establishes its northmost and southmost latitudes at 2.26 degrees north and 1.64 degrees north, respectively. It marks its eastmost and westmost longitudes at 13.90 degrees east and 13.10 degrees east, respectively. D'Arrest M's diameter measures 25.27 kilometers.

D'Arrest B is centered at 0.96 degrees north latitude, 13.61 degrees east longitude. The satellite finds its northmost and southmost latitudes at 1.04 degrees north and 0.88 degrees north, respectively. Its eastmost and westmost longitudes occur at 13.69 degrees east and 13.53 degrees east, respectively. D'Arrest B has a diameter of 4.99 kilometers.

D'Arrest R is centered at 0.47 degrees north latitude, 15.63 degrees east longitude. It achieves northmost and southmost latitudes of 0.76 degrees north and 0.19 degrees north, respectively. Its eastmost and westmost longitudes are listed at 15.92 degrees east and 15.34 degrees east, respectively. D'Arrest R's diameter measures 17.37 kilometers.

Parent crater D'Arrest's diameter of 29.67 kilometers ranks as the largest in the D'Arrest Crater system. D'Arrest M satellite's diameter of 25.27 kilometers qualifies as the second largest in the system and as the largest of the system's four satellites. D'Arrest A satellite's diameter of 3.75 kilometers places it as the smallest in the D'Arrest Crater system.

Parent crater D'Arrest occupies the northernmost location in the D'Arrest Crater system. Satellite D'Arrest M is sited as the system's northernmost satellite. Satellite D'Arrest M also places as the westernmost member of the D'Arrest Crater system. Satellite D'Arrest R is positioned as the easternmost and southernmost member of the D'Arrest Crater system.

The D'Arrest Crater system occupies the lava-flooded terrain near the southwestern edges of Mare Tranquillitatis (Latin: mare, "sea"; plural, maria, "seas"; tranquillitatis, "of tranquility"). The Sea of Tranquility is centered at 8.35 degrees north latitude, 30.83 degrees east longitude. The equator-straddler extends its northernmost and southernmost latitudes to 19.37 degrees north and minus 4.05 degrees south, respectively. The eastern hemisphere-sited dark, basaltic plain's easternmost and westernmost longitudes touch 45.49 degrees east and 16.92 degrees east, respectively. The Sea of Tranquility's diameter spans 875.75 kilometers.

The D'Arrest Crater system remembers French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer and galaxy discoverer Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (Aug. 13, 1822-June 14, 1875). The International Astronomical Union officially adopted D'Arrest as the parent crater's name in 1935. Approval was granted during the organization's Vth (5th) General Assembly, held Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17, in Paris, France.

Official approval of the names of the D'Arrest Crater system's four satellites occurred in 2006. The IAU's XXVIth (26th) General Assembly was held in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2006 from Monday, Aug. 14, to Friday, Aug. 25.

undated portrait of 19th-century French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer Heinrich Louis D'Arrest by Danish photographer Bertel Christian Budtz Müller (Dec. 26, 1837-Dec. 30, 1884); Royal Library (Danish: Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen, northeastern Denmark: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 60 presents the D'Arrest Crater system's parent and four satellites (lower left), with D'Arrest M satellite's shape outlined with dotted oval; image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU; Date of Last Nomenclature Update July 26, 2017: via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/Lunar/lac_60_wac.pdf (image URL); https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1695 (feature URL)

D'Arrest Crater (center left), west of Dionysius Crater (center right); De Morgan and Cayley craters north (above) and Whewell Crater to northeast (above; center/upper left) D'Arrest Crater: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/File:Normal_Dionysius-Clementine.jpg

undated portrait of 19th-century French Huguenot German-Danish astronomer Heinrich Louis D'Arrest by Danish photographer Bertel Christian Budtz Müller (Dec. 26, 1837-Dec. 30, 1884); Royal Library (Danish: Det Kongelige Bibliotek), Copenhagen, northeastern Denmark: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heinrich_Louis_d%27Arrest_by_Budtz_M%C3%BCller.jpg; Public Domain, via GetArchive @ https://jenikirbyhistory.getarchive.net/media/heinrich-louis-darrest-by-budtz-muller-41e725

For further information:

Adams, J.C. (John Couch). "Address Delivered by the President, Professor Adams, on presenting the Gold Medal of the Society to Professor Heinrich D'Arrest." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 35, issue 4 (February 1875): 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/35.4.265.
Available via Oxford Academic @ https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/35/4/265/1192168

Bussey, Ben; and Paul Spudis. The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Revised and updated edition. First published 2004. Cambridge UK; Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Dreyer, J. (John Louis Emil). "Heinrich Louis d'Arrest." Pages 1-14. Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft, II. Jahrgang (1876).
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Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. "Comet Names and Designations." Harvard University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) International Comet Quarterly (ICQ) > List of Comet Designations and Names.
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Hellweg, J.F., Captain. "The Naval Observatory's New Telescope." Proceedings Vol. 61/1/383. January 1935.
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International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest A.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8546

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest B.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8547

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest M.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM
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International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “D'Arrest R.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > Mars System > Phobos. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
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International Astronomical Union. “Whewell.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Last updated Oct 18, 2010 12:00 PM.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6533

Joeveer, Mihkel. "d’Arrest, Heinrich Louis." Springer Link > Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers: pages 515-516. First Online: 24 December 2016.
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Krajnović, Davor. "Chapter 6: "'That star is not on the map': The German side of the discovery." Pages 185-244. In: William E. Sheehan, editor-in-chief; and Trudy E. Bell, C. Kennett, R. Smith, eds., Neptune: From Grand Discovery to a World Revealed. Essays on the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of John Couch Adams. Historical & Cultural Astronomy (HCA) series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021.
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Moon Crater D'Arrest Honors German-Danish Astronomer Heinrich D'Arrest." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 27, 2024.
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Nine Craters Honor Phobos Finder's Wife and Eight Mars Scientists." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 20, 2024.
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Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "D'Arrest (Moon) Named after Heinrich Louis D'Arrest -- German astronomer (1822-1875)." We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Crater > Features Associated With Crater: Crater D'Arrest.
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Parsons, Alex; Inkleby. "Mare Tranquillitatis (Moon) 'Sea of Tranquility.'" We Name the Stars > Moon > Feature Type: Mare > Features Associated With Mare: Mare Tranquillitatis.
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Sheehan, William E., editor-in-chief; and Trudy E. Bell; C. Kennett; R. Smith, eds. Neptune: From Grand Discovery to a World Revealed. Essays on the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of John Couch Adams. Historical & Cultural Astronomy (HCA) series. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2021.
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Available via LPOD @ http://www2.lpod.org/wiki/December_11,_2006

Near Side Julius Caesar Crater Honors Roman General and Statesman

Summary: Near side Julius Caesar Crater honors Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar, whose accomplishments included introducing the Julian calendar.

Julius Caesar Crater (left center) neighbors west of Mare Tranquillitatis and south-southwest of Mare Serenitatis on lunar near side's northeastern quadrant; Moon 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography, Near Side High Resolution: via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Lunar near side Julius Caesar Crater honors Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar, whose achievements included the establishment of the Julian calendar.

Julius Caesar Crater occupies the lunar near side's northeastern quadrant. The low northern latitude impact crater resides near the moon's prime meridian, which marks zero degrees longitude on the lunar disc.

Julius Caesar Crater is centered at 9.17 degrees north latitude, 15.21 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union’s (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 10.56 degrees north and 7.77 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere crater registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 16.63 degrees east and 13.80 degrees east, respectively. Julius Caesar Crater has a diameter of 84.72 kilometers.

Caesar's impact crater lies near the northwestern edges of Mare Tranquillitatis ("Sea of Tranquility"). Its location places it south-southwest of Mare Serenitatis ("Sea of Serenity") and southwest of Sinus Honoris ("Bay of Honor"), the Sea of Tranquility's northern and northwestern neighbors.

Mare Tranquillitatis is centered at 8.35 degrees north latitude, 30.83 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes for the lunar mare (Latin: mare, "sea"; plural, maria, "seas") touch 19.37 degrees north and minus 4.05 degrees south, respectively. The dark, basaltic plain's easternmost and westernmost longitudes tap 45.49 degrees east and 16.92 degrees east, respectively. Mare Tranquillitatis has a diameter of 875.75 kilometers.

Mare Serenitatis is centered at 27.29 degrees north latitude, 18.36 degrees east longitude. Northernmost and southernmost latitudes for the lunar mare reach 37.81 degrees north and 16.13 degrees north, respectively. The dark plain's easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 29.92 degrees east and 6.59 degrees east, respectively. Mare Serenitatis has a diameter of 674.28 kilometers.

Sinus Honoris is centered at 11.72 degrees north latitude, 17.87 degrees east longitude. The small northern hemisphere-sited plain (Latin: sinus, "bay") finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 13.26 degrees north and 9.92 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere bay obtains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 19.26 degrees east and 15.49 degrees east, respectively. Sinus Honoris has a diameter of 111.61 kilometers.

Julius Caesar Crater is situated to the west-northwest of Sosigenes Crater's location on the western edge of Mare Tranquillitatis. Sosigenes Crater is centered at 8.70 degrees east latitude, 17.60 degrees east longitude. The northern hemisphere-dwelling circular impact crater realizes northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 8.98 degrees north and 8.42 degrees north, respectively. The eastern hemisphere-sited bright crater recognizes its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 17.88 degrees east and 17.31 degrees east, respectively. Sosigenes Crater's diameter measures 16.99 kilometers.

"A large incomplete formation of irregular shape," assessed British selenographer Thomas Gwyn Empy Elger (Oct. 27, 1836-Jan. 9, 1897) in his description of Julius Caesar Crater in his Victorian era lunar guide, The Moon: A Full Description and Map of Its Principal Physical Features, published in 1895. "The floor of Julius Caesar is uneven in tone, becoming gradually duskier from S. to N., the northern end ranking among the darkest areas on the lunar surface" (page 56).

In his lunar descriptions, Elger followed the convention of correlating east and west on the moon with the observer's eastern and western horizons. Consequently, he referenced Julius Caesar Crater's heavily worn western wall as eastern. "The wall on the E. is much terraced and forms a flat 'S' curve."

The International Astronomical Union officially approved Julius Caesar Crater’s name in 1935, during the organization’s Vth (5th) General Assembly, held Wednesday, July 10, to Wednesday, July 17, in Paris, France. Lunar Crater Julius Caesar honors first century BCE Roman general and statesman Gaius Julius Caesar (July 12, 100 BCE-March 15, 44 BCE).

Julius Caesar's achievements expand beyond military campaigns and statesmanship to include an astronomical contribution. In 46 BCE, during his third of five consulships, Caesar considered the dissatisfactory irregularities in the lunar-based Roman calendar, according to Greek biographer Plutarch (46 BCE-ca. 122 CE) in Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly known as Parallel Lives.

"The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility. For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the Romans, so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called Mercedonius. . . . But Caesar laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any," according to the translation (volume VII, page 579, 581) first published in 1919 by American classicist Bernadotte Perrin (Sep. 15, 1847-Aug. 31, 1920).

Caesar's new solar-based calendar took effect Jan. 1, 45 BCE, during his fourth consulship. The Julian calendar's first year lasted a lengthy 445 days. Its lengthiness reconciled Roman Calendar problems, such as seasonal drift-occasioned discrepancy between the calendar and the tropical year of the full annual solar cycle. Beginning in 44 BCE, during Caesar's fifth consulship, his calendar observed 365 days, with the addition of an extra day every fourth year.

image of Julius Caesar Crater, spliced 2013 by Wikimedia user James Stuby (Jstuby at English Wikipedia) from Frames 4090 h1 and h2 obtained during NASA's Lunar Orbiter IV mission, which acquired photographic data (419 high resolution and 127 medium resolution frames) from May 11 to 26, 1967: James Stuby at English Wikipedia, CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Julius Caesar Crater (left center) neighbors west of Mare Tranquillitatis and south-southwest of Mare Serenitatis on lunar near side's northeastern quadrant; Moon 1:10 million-scale Shaded Relief and Color-coded Topography, Near Side High Resolution: via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://asc-planetarynames-data.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/moon_nearside.pdf

image of Julius Caesar Crater, spliced 2013 by Wikimedia user James Stuby (Jstuby at English Wikipedia) from Frames 4090 h1 and h2 obtained during NASA's Lunar Orbiter IV mission, which acquired photographic data (419 high resolution and 127 medium resolution frames) from May 11 to 26, 1967: James Stuby at English Wikipedia, CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Julius_Caesar_crater_4090_h1_4090_h2.jpg; via USRA LPI (Lunar and Planetary Institute) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunarorbiter/frame/?4090

For further information:

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3686

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

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Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

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Available via USRA LPI (Lunar and Planetary Institute) @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunarorbiter/frame/?4090

Perrin, Bernadotte. "Caesar. LIX. The adjustment of the calendar, however, and the correction of the irregularity in the computation of time, were not only studied scientifically by him, but also brought to completion, and proved to be of the highest utility. For not only in very ancient times was the relation of the lunar to the solar year in great confusion among the Romans, so that the sacrificial feasts and festivals, diverging gradually, at last fell in opposite seasons of the year, but also at this time people generally had no way of computing the actual solar year; the priests alone knew the proper time, and would suddenly and to everybody's surprise insert the intercalary month called Mercedonius. . . . But Caesar laid the problem before the best philosophers and mathematicians, and out of the methods of correction which were already at hand compounded one of his own which was more accurate than any." Pages 579, 581. Plutarch's Lives. Vol. VII Demosthenes and Cicero, Alexander and Caesar. First printed 1919. Reprinted 1928, 1949, 1958, 1967. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., MCMLXVII [1967]).
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/plutarchslives07plut/page/579/mode/1up

Planck, Andrew. "Moon Craters Aristoteles and Julius Caesar." Andrew Planck > Blog. Nov. 28, 2022.
Available @ http://andrewplanck.com/moon-craters-aristoteles-and-julius-caesar/

Seligman, Courtney. "Maps of The Moon." Courtney Seligman Website > Satellites (Moons) > The Moon.
Available @ https://cseligman.com/text/moons/moonmap.htm

Stratton, F.J.M. (Frederick John Marrian), ed. Vth General Assembly Transactions of the IAU Vol. V B Proceedings of the 5th General Assembly Paris France, July 10-17, 1935. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, Jan. 1, 1936.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/
Available via The Moon Wiki @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/IAU_Transactions_V

U.S. Geological Survey, 2003, Color-coded topography and shaded relief map of the lunar near side and far side hemispheres. U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I–2769. Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Solar System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Manuscript approved for publication April 23, 2002. Reston VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.
Available via U.S. Geological Survey Publications Warehouse @ https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2769/

Wood, Charles A. "Observer's Log: Julius Caesar and the Haemus Mountains." Sky & Telescope, vol. 102, no. 3 (September 2001): 108.
Available via the Free Library by Farlex @ https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Julius+Caesar+and+the+Haemus+Mountains-a079274835

Diana Craterlet Lies in North Mare Tranquillitatis on Lunar Near Side

Summary: Diana Craterlet lies in north Mare Tranquillitatis on the lunar near side in the northeast quadrant with nearest named neighbors Grace and Mons Esam.

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Diana's (lower left center) Montes Agricola neighborhood in lunar near side's northern Mare Tranquillitatis: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Diana Craterlet lies in north Mare Tranquillitatis on the lunar near side with the northeastern quadrant's Grace Craterlet and Mons Esam as nearest named neighbors.

Diana is centered at 14.29 degrees north latitude, 35.65 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northern hemisphere craterlet achieves its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 14.31 degrees north and 14.27 degrees north, respectively. The northeastern quadrant craterlet maintains its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 35.68 degrees east and 35.63 degrees east, respectively. Diana has a diameter of 1.55 kilometers.

Diana Craterlet is located toward the northern edge of Mare Tranquillitatis. The dark, basaltic plain primarily occupies the near side's northeastern quadrant but crosses the equator for southernmost reaches into the southeastern quadrant.

Mare Tranquillitatis ("Sea of Tranquility") is centered at 8.35 degrees north latitude, 30.83 degrees east longitude. The eastern hemisphere mare ("Latin: "sea") reaches to 19.37 degrees north and minus 4.05 degrees south for its northernmost and southernmost latitudes, respectively. The dark plain's easternmost and westernmost longitudes stretch from 45.49 degrees east to 16.92 degrees east, respectively. Mare Tranquillitatis has a diameter of 875.75 kilometers.

Grace lies as the nearest named crater to Diana in northern Mare Tranquillitatis. Grace is situated to the near southeast of Diana.

Grace is centered at 14.21 degrees north latitude, 35.89 degrees east longitude. The craterlet finds its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 14.23 degrees north and 14.18 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 35.92 degrees east and 35.87 degrees east, respectively. Grace has a diameter of 1.49 kilometers.

Mons Esam resides as Diana's nearest named northeastern neighbor. The mountain makes an isolated rise in northern Mare Tranquillitatis.

Mons Esam is centered at 14.61 degrees north latitude, 35.71 degrees east longitude. The mountain establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 14.74 degrees north and 14.48 degrees north, respectively. It marks its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 35.77 degrees east and 35.65 degrees east, respectively. Mons Esam's diameter measures 7.92 kilometers.

Diana lies somewhat midway between Lucian and Vitruvius G. Lucian is positioned to the east of Diana. Vitruvius G, which occurs as the easternmost and southernmost of the Vitruvius Crater system's six satellites, is located to the southwest of Diana.

Lucian is centered at 14.34 degrees north latitude, 36.78 degrees east longitude. The northern Mare Tranquillitatis crater obtains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 14.45 degrees north and 14.23 degrees north, respectively. It places its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 36.9 degrees east and 36.67 degrees east, respectively. Lucian Crater's diameter measures 6.85 kilometers.

Vitruvius G is centered at 13.89 degrees north latitude, 34.61 degrees east longitude. The Vitruvius Crater system's easternmost and southernmost satellite records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 13.97 degrees north and 13.81 degrees north, respectively. It registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 34.69 degrees east and 34.52 degrees east, respectively. Vitruvius G's diameter measures 4.99 kilometers.

Maraldi W is positioned to the southeast of Diana and of Grace. Maraldi W occurs as the southernmost of the Maraldi Crater system's seven satellites. Maraldi W anchors the southern point of a triangle with Vitruvius G and Lucian as northwestern and northeastern vectors, respectively.

Maraldi W is centered at 13.17 degrees north latitude, 36.09 degrees east longitude. The Maraldi Crater system's southernmost satellite is credited with northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 13.22 degrees north and 13.13 degrees north, respectively. Its easternmost and westernmost longitudes are identified as 36.16 degrees east and 36.02 degrees east, respectively. Maraldi W has a diameter of 4.22 kilometers.

Diana numbers among 95 minor features identified with first-name designations on lunar topophotomaps prepared and published by The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Diana is plotted on NASA Lunar Topophotomap 61A2S1, which was published in January 1976. The map's Names Information lists "Diana, Grace, Mons Esam" as unofficial names used "only for the identification of features on this map."

The International Astronomical Union approved Diana as the craterlet's official name in 1979. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature explains Diana as: "Latin female name."

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 61 shows Diana's (center) Montes Agricola neighborhood in lunar near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Diana's (center right) Mons Esam neighborhood in lunar near side's northern Mare Tranquillitatis: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:VallisSchr%C3%B6teriLOC.jpg

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 61 shows Diana's (center) Montes Agricola neighborhood in lunar near side's east central Oceanus Procellarum: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_61_wac.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Hampton VA: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19830003761/downloads/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. "Lunar Topophotomap Grace." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Topophotomap Edition 1 Sheet 61A2S1 (50). Washington DC: The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, January 1976.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/topophoto/61A2S1/150dpi.jpg

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Descriptor Terms (Feature Types).” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Documentation.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Diana.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1524

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Grace.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2230

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Lucian.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3503

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Maraldi W.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/11136

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mons Esam.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3979

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Vitruvius G.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 26, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/13722

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Donna Resides in Southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis on Lunar Near Side." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Nov. 30, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/11/donna-resides-in-southeastern-mare.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Topophotomap Minor Feature Names Were Approved in 1976 and 1979." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 20, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/lunar-topophotomap-minor-feature-names.html

The Moon Wiki. “Diana.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Diana

The Moon Wiki. “Grace.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > G Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Grace

The Moon Wiki. “Lucian.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > L Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Lucian

The Moon Wiki. “Maraldi.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > M Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Maraldi

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > T Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis

The Moon Wiki. "Minor Feature." The Moon > Glossary.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Minor_Feature

The Moon Wiki. “Mons Esam.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > E Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mons_Esam

The Moon Wiki. “Vitruvius.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > V Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Vitruvius

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Astronomy Encyclopedia: An A-Z Guide to the Universe. New York NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Wayman, P. (Patrick A.), ed. XVIIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 17th General Assembly Montreal, Canada, August 14-23, 1979. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1980.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/

Donna Resides in Southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis on Lunar Near Side

Summary: Donna resides in southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis on the lunar near side in the northeast quadrant to the west of northwestern Mare Fecunditatis.

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Donna's (lower left center) Cauchy-Aryabhata-Zähringer neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Donna resides in southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis on the lunar near side in the northeast quadrant to the west of northwestern Mare Fecunditatis.

Donna Craterlet is centered at 7.22 degrees north latitude, 38.3 degrees east longitude, according to the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. The northeastern quadrant craterlet marks its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 7.24 degrees north and 7.2 degrees north, respectively. It posts easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 38.33 degrees east and 38.27 degrees east, respectively. Donna has a diameter of 1.84 kilometers.

Donna Craterlet is sited in southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature's Descriptor Terms (Feature Types) webpage defines a lunar mare (Latin: "sea"; maria, "seas") as "'Sea'; on the Moon, low albedo, relatively smooth plain, generally of large extent." Mare Tranquillitatis primarily occupies the near side's northeastern quadrant but also includes terrain in the southeastern quadrant.

Mare Tranquillitatis ("Sea of Tranquility") is centered at 8.35 degrees north latitude, 30.83 degrees east longitude. The dark, basaltic plain's northernmost and southernmost latitudes tap 19.37 degrees north and minus 4.05 degrees south, respectively. The lunar mare's easternmost and westernmost longitudes touch 45.49 degrees east and 16.92 degrees east, respectively. Mare Tranquillitatis has a diameter of 875.75 kilometers.

Donna's location near the southeastern fringes of Mare Tranquillitatis places the craterlet to the west of the Sea of Tranquility's meeting with northwestern Mare Fecunditatis. The Sea of Tranquility's southeastern neighbor primarily occupies the near side's southeastern quadrant but also extends into the northeastern quadrant.

Mare Fecunditatis ("Sea of Fecundity") is centered at minus 7.83 degrees south latitude, 53.67 degrees east longitude. The lunar mare's northernmost and southernmost latitudes reach 6.11 degrees north and minus 21.7 degrees south, respectively. The eastern hemisphere plain's easternmost and westernmost longitudes extend to 63.34 degrees east and 40.77 degrees east, respectively. Mare Fecunditatis has a diameter of 840.35 kilometers.

Donna neighbors with closest named eastern craters Cauchy C and Zähringer in southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis. Cauchy C lies to the northeast of Donna. Zähringer is positioned to the southeast of Donna.

Cauchy C belongs to the 10-satellite Cauchy Crater system. Cauchy C is centered at 8.16 degrees north latitude, 38.86 degrees east longitude. Satellite C establishes its northernmost and southernmost latitudes at 8.22 degrees north and 8.1 degrees north, respectively. It places its easternmost and westernmost longitudes at 38.92 degrees east and 38.8 degrees east, respectively. Cauchy C has a diameter of 3.6 kilometers.

Zähringer Crater is centered at 5.51 degrees north latitude, 40.21 degrees east longitude. The bowl-shaped crater reports northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 5.69 degrees north and 5.33 degrees north, respectively. It gives its easternmost and westernmost longitudes as 40.4 degrees east and 40.03 degrees east, respectively. Zähringer's diameter measures 11.19 kilometers.

Cauchy M and Aryabhata are situated as Donna Craterlet's closest named western craters. Cauchy M lies to the northwest of Donna. Aryabhata Crater is located to the southwest of Donna.

Cauchy M occurs as the most southerly and westerly of the Cauchy Crater system's 10 satellites. Cauchy M lies to the southwest of Cauchy C, Donna's northeastern neighbor.

Cauchy M is centered at 7.62 degrees north latitude, 35.05 degrees east longitude. Satellite M maintains northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 7.67 degrees north and 7.56 degrees north, respectively. It obtains easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 35.1 degrees east and 34.99 degrees east, respectively. Cauchy M has a diameter of 3.36 kilometers.

Aryabhata, Donna Craterlet's southwestern neighbor, is centered at 6.2 degrees north latitude, 35.17 degrees east longitude. The mostly lava-submerged crater records northernmost and southernmost latitudes of 6.56 degrees north and 5.84 degrees north, respectively. The arc-shaped, lunar impact crater remnant registers easternmost and westernmost longitudes of 35.54 degrees east and 34.81 degrees east, respectively. Aryabhata's diameter measures 21.89 kilometers.

Donna numbers among 95 minor features identified with first-name designations on lunar topophotomaps prepared and published by The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Donna is plotted on NASA Lunar Topophotomap 61D2S1, which was published in May 1977. The map's Names Information lists Donna as "a provisional name pending IAU approval."

The International Astronomical Union approved Donna as the craterlet's name in 1979. The Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature finds Donna's origin as: "Italian female name."

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 61 shows Donna's (center right) Cauchy-Aryabhata-Zähringer neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Dedication

This post is dedicated to the memory of our beloved blue-eyed brother, Charles, who guided the creation of the Met Opera and Astronomy posts on Earth and Space News. We memorialized our brother in "Our Beloved Blue-Eyed Brother, Charles, With Whom We Are Well Pleased," published on Earth and Space News on Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, an anniversary of our beloved father's death.

Image credits:

Detail of Near Side Shaded Relief and Color-Coded Topography Map shows Donna's (center right) Cauchy-Aryabhata-Zähringer neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis: USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/moon_nearside.pdf

Detail of Lunar Aeronautical Chart (LAC) 61 shows Donna's (center right) Cauchy-Aryabhata-Zähringer neighborhood in lunar near side's southeastern Mare Tranquillitatis: image credit NASA/GSFC/ASU, via USGS Astrogeology Science Center / Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/Lunar/lac_61_wac.pdf

For further information:

Andersson, Leif E.; and Ewen A. Whitaker. NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA Reference Publication 1097. Hampton VA: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, October 1982.
Available via NASA NTRS (NASA Technical Reports Server) @ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19830003761/downloads/19830003761.pdf

Consolmagno, Guy; and Dan M. Davis. Turn Left at Orion. Fourth edition. Cambridge UK; New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center. "Lunar Topophotomap Donna." National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lunar Topophotomap Edition 1 Sheet 61D2+S1 (50). Washington DC: The Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center, May 1977.
Available @ https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/topophoto/61D2S1/150dpi.jpg

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Aryabhata.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/411

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Cauchy C.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8173

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Cauchy M.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/8177

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Descriptor Terms (Feature Types).” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Documentation.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Donna.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1575

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Fecunditatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3673

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/3691

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Target: The Moon.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target

International Astronomical Union (IAU) / U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. “Zähringer.” USGS Astrogeology Science Center > Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature > Nomenclature > The Moon. Last updated Oct. 18, 2010.
Available @ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6772

Levy, David H. Skywatching. Revised and updated. San Francisco CA: Fog City Press, 1994.

Marriner, Derdriu. "Lunar Topophotomap Minor Feature Names Were Approved in 1976 and 1979." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 20, 2022.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2022/07/lunar-topophotomap-minor-feature-names.html

The Moon Wiki. “Aryabhata.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > A Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Aryabhata

The Moon Wiki. “Cauchy.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > C Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Cauchy

The Moon Wiki. “Donna.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > D Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Donna

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Fecunditatis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > F Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Fecunditatis

The Moon Wiki. “Mare Tranquillitatis.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > T Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis

The Moon Wiki. "Minor Feature." The Moon > Glossary.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Minor_Feature

The Moon Wiki. “Zähringer.” The Moon > Lunar Features Alphabetically > Z Nomenclature.
Available @ https://the-moon.us/wiki/Zähringer

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Astronomy Encyclopedia: An A-Z Guide to the Universe. New York NY: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2002.

Moore, Patrick, Sir. Philip’s Atlas of the Universe. Revised edition. London UK: Philip’s, 2005.

Wayman, P. (Patrick A.), ed. XVIIth General Assembly -- Transactions of the IAU Vol. XVII B Proceedings of the 17th General Assembly Montreal, Canada, August 14-23, 1979. Washington DC: Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Jan. 1, 1980.
Available @ https://www.iau.org/publications/iau/transactions_b/