Earth and Space News: July 2018

Monday, July 30, 2018

Gretel Urban Designed Costumes for U.S. Turandot Premiere at Met Opera

Summary: Gretel Urban designed costumes for the U.S. Turandot premiere at the Metropolitan Opera, which opened during the opera house’s 1926-1927 season.

Gretel Urban’s costume designs for the U.S. Turandot premiere at Met Opera: Festival Puccini @festivalpuccini, via Twitter Aug. 17, 2015

Gretel Urban designed costumes for the U.S. Turandot premiere at the Metropolitan Opera, which opened Nov. 16, 1926, and received 12 performances during the 1926-1927 season.

Gretel was part of the production’s design team, which was directed by Viennese stage director Wilhelm von Wymetal Sr. (1862-Nov. 11, 1937). The premiere’s program credits both Gretel and Tuscanese artist Umberto Brunelleschi (June 21, 1879-Feb. 16, 1949) for costume designs. The production’s set designer was Gretel’s father, Austrian-American architect, illustrator and set designer Joseph Urban (May 26, 1872-July 10, 1933).

Joseph Urban debuted at the Metropolitan Opera Nov. 17, 1917, as designer in the opera house’s new production of Faust by French Romantic Era composer Charles-François Gounod (June 17, 1818-Oct. 18, 1893). Three years later, his daughter Gretel debuted as a costume designer Dec. 23, 1920, in the Meteropolitan Opera’s premiere of Don Carlo by Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901).

The father-daughter design team collaborated on 17 Metropolitan Opera productions between 1920 and 1933. Joseph designed sets for 55 productions in his almost 16-year career at the Metropolitan Opera, from 1917 until his death in 1933.

Gretel designed costumes for 18 productions in her almost 13-year career at the Metropolitan Opera. She only worked on one production without her father. Guillaume Tell by Italian composer Gioachino Rossini (Feb. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868) premiered as a new Metropolitan Opera production Jan. 5, 1923.

The new production’s director was Vienna, Austria-born stage manager Samuel Thewman (Feb. 27, 1872-March 22, 1940). The set designer was Pomponesco, northern Italy-born painter and stage designer Vittorio Rota (Nov. 8, 1864-November 1931).

Gretel worked on two production teams during her Met Opera career. In addition to Guillaume Tell, she costumed eight other productions for Samuel Thewman. In addition to Turandot, she designed costumes for eight other productions directed by Wilhelm von Wymetal Sr.

The Metropolitan Opera Archives Database credits Gretel Urban with costume designs for five productions that added to the opera house’s repertory as Metropolitan Opera premieres:
Don Carlo by Giuseppe Verdi (Oct. 10, 1813-Jan. 27, 1901;
Don Quichotte by Jules Massenet (May 12, 1842-Aug. 13, 1912);
La Vestale by Gaspare Spontini (Nov. 14, 1774-Jan. 24, 1851);
Le Roi d’Ys by Édouard Lalo (Jan. 27, 1823-April 22, 1892);
Pelléas et Mélisande by Achille-Claude Debussy (Aug. 22, 1862-March 25, 1918).

Gretel Urban designed costumes for the Metropolitan Opera’s staging of three U.S. premieres:
Così Fan Tutte by Wolfgang Mozart (Jan. 27, 1756-Dec. 5, 1791);
La Vida Breve by Manuel de Falla (Nov. 23, 1876-Nov. 14, 1946);
Turandot by Puccini.

She designed costumes for 10 new productions of operas already in the Metropolitan Opera’s repertoire:
Carmen by Georges Bizet (Oct. 25, 1838-June 3, 1875);
Ernani by Verdi;
Falstaff by Verdi;
Guillaume Tell by Gioachino Rossini (Fe. 29, 1792-Nov. 13, 1868);
L’Africaine by Giacomo Meyerbeer (Sept. 5, 1791-May 2, 1864);
Lohengrin by Richard Wagner (May 22, 1813-Feb. 13, 1883);
Roméo et Juliette by Gounod;
Thaïs by Massenet.

The last Metropolitan Opera production crediting Gretel Urban as costume designer is the opera house’s new production of Humperdinck’s Hänsel und Gretel. Opening night was Nov. 5, 1927. Wilhelm von Wymetal was production director. Gretel’s father was set designer.

According to the Metropolitan Opera Archives Database, the opera house’s 1948-1949 season staging of Verdi’s Falstaff marked the last revival of a production costumed by Gretel Urban and designed by her father. Gretel shared costume design credits with German designer and painter Adolfo Hohenstein (March 18, 1854-April 12, 1928).

Gretel, also known as Gretl, was Margarete Urban’s nickname. She was born Jan. 7, 1898, in Vienna, Austria. Her father immigrated to the United States to design for the Boston Opera Company's spring 1912 operas. In 1912, Gretl, her mother Maria (“Meizzi”) Lefler Urban and her sister Helene (“Elly”) joined Joseph in Boston.

In 1918 Joseph divorced Meizzi. In January 1919, he married his second wife, dancer and pageantry specialist Mary Porter Beegle (ca. 1880-ca. 1966).

Theater art consultant Wendy Rae Waszut-Barrett notes on her theater blog, Drypigment.net: “Very little is known about her [Gretel Urban] private life and marriage.” The 1920 census lists Gretel as married to John Thurlow and living with her mother Meizzi and her sister, Elly Urban Helliwell, on Boyleston Street Boston, Massachusetts. Music publisher Carl Fisher employed Gretel as company vice president from 1950 until her retirement in 1981. She passed away Dec. 6, 1997, at the Holiday Care Center in Toms River, Ocean County, east central New Jersey.

The takeaway for Gretel Urban’s costume designs for the U.S. Turandot premiere at Met Opera is that the Austrian-American costumer designed for 18 Met Opera productions that encompassed five Met Opera premieres, three U.S. premieres and 10 new productions.

Turandot, Act II scene 2, as Turandot (Maria Jeritza) presents first of three puzzles to The Unknown Prince (Giacomo-Lauri-Volpi); Joseph Urban, setting; Gretel Urban and Umberto Brunelleschi, costumes; photo by Acme News Pictures for Musical America, Dec. 4, 1926: The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera, via Facebook Nov. 16, 2017

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Gretel Urban’s costume designs for the U.S. Turandot premiere at Met Opera: Festival Puccini @festivalpuccini, via Twitter Aug. 17, 2015, @ https://twitter.com/festivalpuccini/status/633254699253239808

Baltz, Trudy. “Pageantry and Mural Painting: Community Rituals in Allegorical Form.” Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 15, no. 3 (Autumn 1980): 211-228.
Available @ https://smartnightreadingroom.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/pageantry.pdf

Beegle, Mary Porter; and Jack Randall Crawford. Community Drama and Pageantry. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, MDCCCCSVI (1916).
Available via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/communitydramaa01crawgoog

“Debut: Gretel Urban.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 76450 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Don Carlo {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/23/1920.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=76450

“Debut: Samuel Thewman.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 76000 La Juive {29} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/15/1920.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=76000

“Debuts: Anna Meitschik, Vittorio Rota.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 45040 New production La Gioconda {28} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/15/1909.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=45040

“Debuts: Thomas Chalmers, Pierre Monteux, Joseph Urban.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 67050 New production Faust {294} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/17/1917.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=67050

“Debuts: Paul Bender . . . Wilhelm von Wymetal.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 82040 Der Rosenkavalier {28} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/17/1922.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=82040

Festival Puccini ‏@festivalpuccini. “@MetOpera i bozzetti dell'allestimento di #Turandot del 1926, realizzati da Gretel Urban.” Twitter. Aug. 17, 2015.
Available @ https://twitter.com/festivalpuccini/status/633254699253239808

Fitzgerald, Gerald, ed. Annals of the Metropolitan Opera: The Complete Chronicle of Performances and Artists. Boston MA: G.K. Hall & Co.; New York NY: The Metropolitan Opera Guild, Inc., 1989.

Italian Genealogical Group and German Genealogy Group. "Samuel Thewman in the New York, New York, U.S., Extracted Death Index, 1862-1948." Ancestry.com > New York, New York, U.S., Extracted Death Index, 1862-1948 [database online]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
Available via Ancestry @ https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=9131&h=4020416

Marriner, Derdriu. "Joseph Urban Designed Sets for 14 U.S. Premieres at Met Opera. Earth and Space News." Monday, July 23, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/joseph-urban-designed-sets-for-14-us.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Joseph Urban Designed Sets for Two World Premieres at Met Opera." Earth and Space News. Monday, July 16, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/joseph-urban-designed-sets-for-two.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Mar-a-Lago Architect Joseph Urban Also Designed Sets at Met Opera." Earth and Space News. Monday, July 9, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/mar-lago-architect-joseph-urban-also.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Turandot Is March 24, 2018, Met Opera Saturday Matinee Broadcast." Earth and Space News. Monday, March 19, 2018.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/turandot-is-march-24-2018-met-opera.html

McGillan, Jennifer. “Von Wymetal Family (1862-1970) Collection: Biographical Sketch, William (Wilhelm) von Wymetal Senior and Junior.” Carnegie Mellon University Libraries Web Space > Hunt Library > Arts > Music.
Available @ https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu/arts/music/wymetal

Met Opera Guild ‏@MetOperaGuild. "#OTD in 1926, Puccini's TURANDOT had its U.S. premiere at the @MetOpera! Below are the original costume designs by Gretel Urban. Catch TURANDOT tonight with Oksana Dyka in the title role. #TodayInOpera #TBT.” Twitter. Nov. 16, 2017.
Available @ https://twitter.com/MetOperaGuild/status/931168029093826561

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Added a New Photo.” Facebook. Nov. 16, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/photos/a.134969600532.229232.20807115532/10159718785220533/

The Metropolitan Opera @MetOpera. “Turandot premiered at the Met on this day in 1926. Check out costume sketches by Gretel Urban from the premiere production. Tonight, Nov 16, is the last performance of Turandot this fall. Puccini's final opera returns this spring on March 21.” Facebook. Nov. 16, 2017.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/MetOpera/posts/10159727478105533

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Don Carlo.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 76450 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Don Carlo {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/23/1920.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=76450

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Don Quichotte.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 93070 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Don Quichotte {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 04/3/1926.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=93070

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: La Vestale.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 91120 Metropolitan Opera Premiere La Vestale {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/12/1925.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=91120

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Le Roi d’Ys.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 79680 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Le Roi d'Ys {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/5/1922.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=79680

“Metropolitan Opera Premiere: Pelléas et Mélisande.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 89850 Metropolitan Opera Premiere Pelléas et Mélisande {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/21/1925.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=89850

“New Production: Carmen.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 85200 New production Carmen {284} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/22/1923.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=85200

“New Production: Ernani.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 79300 New production Ernani {5} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/8/1921.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=79300

“New Production: Falstaff.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 88800 New production Falstaff {33} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/2/1925.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=88800

“New Production: Guillaume Tell [William Tell].” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 82700 New production Guillaume Tell [William Tell] {15} Metropolitan Opera House: 01/5/1923.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=82700

“New Production: Hänsel und Gretel.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 97060 United States Premiere (Violanta) New Production (Hänsel und Gretel) Violanta {1} Hänsel und Gretel {93} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/5/1927.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=97060

“New Production: L’Africaine.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 83730 New production L'Africaine {25} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/21/1923.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=83730

“New Production: Les Contes d’Hoffmann.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 88120 New production Les Contes d'Hoffmann {14} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/13/1924.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=88120

“New Production: Lohengrin.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 76980 New production Lohengrin {308} Metropolitan Opera House: 02/2/1921.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=76980

“New Production: Roméo et Juliette.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 82140 New production Roméo et Juliette {111} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 11/25/1922.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=82140

“New Production: Thaïs.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 82400 New production Thaïs {20} Metropolitan Opera House: 12/14/1922.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=82400

“United States Premiere: Così Fan Tutte.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 80750 United States Premiere Così Fan Tutte {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 03/24/1922.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=80750

“United States Premiere: La Vida Breve.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 92670 United States Premieres La Vida Breve {1} Le Rossignol {1} Matinee ed. Metropolitan Opera House: 03/6/1926.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=92670

“United States Premiere: Turandot.” MetOpera Database > [Met Performance] CID: 94190 United States Premiere Turandot {1} Metropolitan Opera House: 11/16/1926.
Available @ http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=94190

U.S. National Archives. "Samuel Thewman." Ancestry.com > New York, U.S., State and Federal Naturalization Records, 1794-1943 [database online]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2013.
Available via Ancestry @ https://search.ancestrylibrary.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2280&h=3980662

Waszut-Barrett, Wendy, PhD (waszut_barrett@me.com). “Historical Excerpt -- ‘Women in Scenic Art,’ Gretl Urban.” Drypigment.net > Archives > February 2017. Feb. 8, 2017.
Available @ http://drypigment.net/2017/02/08/historical-excerpt-women-in-scenic-art-gretl-urban/

Sunday, July 29, 2018

Tree Roots Branch in Fabric Containers But Circle and Girdle Plastic

Summary: Landscape transplants get stem-girdling tree roots from plastic nursery containers circling, not from fabric containers branching, Callery pear tree roots.

Barcham Trees, Europe's largest container tree nursery, uses white fabric containers that ease root development and transmit diffuse light: Caroline Vickers @CaroVickers7, via Twitter March 8, 2017

Circling, girdling, malformed roots are associated more with black plastic than with fabric containers and augur shorter-lived transplants in urban landscapes, according to an article in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry July 2018.

Container production bolsters consumer appeal, easy handling and shipping, greater production on less land, intact root balls, longer seasonal markets, shorter production cycles and uniform growth. James E. Kleet, Anthony J. Koski and Alison Stoven O'Connor of Colorado State University in Fort Collins consider number 15 industry-standard black plastic and fabric containers. Their article Container Type Affects Root Development of Chanticleer® Pear (Pyrus calleryana 'Glen's Form') During Landscape Establishment describes fabric containers as delivering air-pruned, branching secondary roots.

The three co-authors examined lightly branched, two-year-old bareroot whips of Callery pear in black plastic, a root pouch and a smart pot May 7, 2010-October 2010.

Nursery-mixed bark fines, composted woods, dehydrated poultry waste, sphagnum peat moss and volcanic pumice furnished electrical conductivity of 3.7 millimhos per centimeter and pH at 6.8.

Averna Root Pouch, High Caliper Growing Smart Pot and Lerio plastic got trees averaging 0.69-inch (17.7-millimeter) trunk calipers (diameters) 5.91 inches (15 centimeters) above soil-tree junctures. The three-year study's six-month nursery establishment personnel had caliper and height measured monthly and 1.51 gallons (5.7 liters) supplied from drip irrigation systems every other day. They installed 27 trees in a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) lawn on sandy clay loam with conductivity at 0.4 millimhos per centimeter and pH at 7.7.

The three researchers judged 8.82 ounces (250 grams) of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium topdressing necessary for container-planting but not for landscape-planting of circling root-, matting-, root ball integrity-scored transplants.

Plastic-, pot- and pouch-grown tree roots respectively knew 2.2, 4.4, 3.7 circling; 4.9, 4.3, 4.9 integrity; and 1.5, 4.0, 3.0 matting measurements on most-least 1-5 scales.

Three container types left no effects on branch growth; caliper; canopy width; leader growth; root:shoot ratio; shoot, leaf and total plant dry weight; or tree height. Second-year-harvested fabric pot- and pouch-grown trees manifested higher total root dry weights beyond original root balls than plastic-grown trees, at 27.3, 33 and 21.4 percent respectively. Second-year-harvested trees netted greater percentages of total coarse root dry weights within plastic-grown than within pot- and pouch-grown roots, at 77.0, 71.5 and 68.7 percent respectively.

Lower percentages of total coarse roots occurred outside plastic-grown root balls than outside fabric pot- and pouch-grown root balls, at 19.8, 25.4 and 27.9 percent respectively.

That same season, in 2012, plastic-grown tree roots presented total root ball dry weights 24 to 34 percent greater than Root Pouch- and Smart Pot-grown weights.

Pouch- and pot-grown trees queue up greater percentages of coarse roots outside original root balls than plastic-grown trees, at 32.9, 33, 32.9 and 26.4 percents respectively. Nothing retarded above-ground growth even though complete, intact systems regenerated 0.083-inch- (2.1-millimeter-) diameter coarse roots and restricted 0.07-inch- (1.9-millimeter-) diameter fine roots during three post-transplant years. The study shows that plastic nursery container-grown specimens sustain circling, matting tree roots that survive on landscape transplants and slow side growth beyond original root balls.

Stem-girdling tree roots in mature landscapes trace to tending circling, matting tree roots improperly in plastic nursery containers and to trauma after transplanting from non-fabric containers.

A 2010 study of Chanticleer® Pear (Pyrus calleryana 'Glen's Form') trees at Colorado State University in Fort Collins finds that fabric containers promote root development at the nursery and encourage healthy transplanting: The Purdue Arboretum @ThePurdueArboretum, via Facebook Dec. 17, 2016

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to:
talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet;
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for superior on-campus and on-line resources.

Image credits:

Barcham Trees, Europe's largest container tree nursery, uses white fabric containers that ease root development and transmit diffuse light: Caroline Vickers @CaroVickers7, via Twitter March 8, 2017, @ https://twitter.com/CaroVickers7/status/839411747861770241

Caroline Vickers ‏@CaroVickers7. "8 March 2017. "Pyrus calleryana Chanticleer - ornamental pear field grown at @Barchamtrees in the UK -- coming into bud now. Mature height: 4-7m." Twitter.
Available @ https://twitter.com/CaroVickers7/status/839411747861770241

Gilman, Ed. 2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning. Third Edition. Boston MA: Cengage.

Hayes, Ed. 2001. Evaluating Tree Defects. Revised, Special Edition. Rochester MN: Safe Trees.

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 June 2018. "Wood Decay Fungi Management of Terminal Urban Pathogens." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/wood-decay-fungi-management-of-terminal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2018. "Downtown Commercial Streetscape Tree Populations in Toronto, Canada." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/downtown-commercial-streetscape-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 April 2018. “Mushroom-Forming and Non-Mushroom-Forming Fungal Life Cycle Traits.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/04/mushroom-forming-and-non-mushroom.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 March 2018. “Emerald Ash Borer Rapid Response Community Preparedness Project.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/emerald-ash-borer-rapid-response.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 February 2018. “Tree Retention by Arborists for Wildlife Habitat Friendly Tree Care.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/02/tree-retention-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2018. “Integrated Vegetation Management Study in North and South Yukon, Canada.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/integrated-vegetation-management-study.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 December 2017. “Tree Inventories: Preemptive and Proactive or Piecemeal and Reactive.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/12/tree-inventories-preemptive-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 November 2017. “Chlorantraniliprole Reduced-Risk Insecticides Get Leaf-Eaters Not Bees.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/11/chlorantraniliprole-reduced-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 October 2017. “Palm Plant Health Care: Abiotic, Biotic Stress Culture and Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/10/palm-plant-health-care-abiotic-biotic.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 September 2017. “Predawn Leaf Water Potentials Indicate Crown Dieback and Water Status.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/09/predawn-leaf-water-potentials-indicate.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 August 2017. “Palm Tree Identification and Pruning of Native and Naturalizable Palms.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/08/palm-tree-identification-and-pruning-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2017. “Commonly Planted, Potentially Phytoremediating Street Tree Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/07/commonly-planted-potentially.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 June 2017. “Root Loss From Root Pruning and Root Shaving of Stem-Girdling Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/06/root-loss-from-root-pruning-and-root.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 27 May 2017. “Age and Canopy Area Cost Less and Tell More in Urban Tree Inventories.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/05/age-and-canopy-area-cost-less-and-tell.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 April 2017. “Urban Root Management: Big Infrastructure, Small Space, Stressed Roots.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/urban-root-management-big.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 March 2017. “Flexural Elasticity Modulus: Trees and Watersprouts Bend or Break.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexural-elasticity-modulus-trees-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2017. “Plant Health Care Diagnostics When Plants and Places Wrong One Another.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/plant-health-care-diagnostics-when.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 January 2017. “Tree Fertilization for Fine Root Growth and Whole Root System Effects.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2017/01/tree-fertilization-for-fine-root-growth.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 December 2016. “Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Low Maintenance Tree Health Care Programs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/12/abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-low.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 November 2016. “Organic Amendments to Compacted Degraded Urban Highway Roadsides.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/organic-amendments-to-compacted.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2016. “Tree Protection Zones by Arborists for All Construction Project Phases.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/tree-protection-zones-by-arborists-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 September 2016. “Stormwater Runoff Landscaping With Urban Canopy Cover and Groundcover.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/09/stormwater-runoff-landscaping-with.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2016. “Changing Places: Tree Nutrient Movement Down, Tree Water Movement Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/08/changing-places-tree-nutrient-movement.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 July 2016. “Treated or Untreated Oriental Bittersweet Vine Management Cut-Stumping.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/07/treated-or-untreated-oriental.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 June 2016. “Tree Injection Site Procedures: Manufacturer's Instructions and Labels.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/06/tree-injection-site-procedures.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 May 2016. “Electrical Utility Area Temperate Urban Street Trees: Pruned Regrowth.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/electrical-utility-area-temperate-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 April 2016. “Tree Injection Methods: Treatment Option in Integrated Pest Management.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/04/tree-injection-methods-treatment-option.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 March 2016. “Bare-Rooted Ornamental Urban Transplants: Amendments Against Mortality.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/bare-rooted-ornamental-urban.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 February 2016. “Bark Protective Survival Mechanisms Foil Deprivation, Injury, Invasion.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/bark-protective-survival-mechanisms.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2016. "LITA Model: Linear Index of Tree Appraisal of Large Urban Swedish Trees." Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/01/lita-model-linear-index-of-tree.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 December 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems: Site, Soil, Species True Designs.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/12/tree-lightning-protection-systems-site.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 October 2015. “Tree Lightning Protection Systems Tailored to Sites, Soils, Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/10/tree-lightning-protection-systems.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 August 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Amend, Fertilize, Mulch, Till!” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/08/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 June 2015. “Tree Friendly Urban Soil Management: Assemble, Assess, Assist, Astound.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/06/tree-friendly-urban-soil-management.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 April 2015. “Tree Wound Responses: Healthy Wound Closures by Callus and Woundwood.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/04/tree-wound-responses-healthy-wound.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2015. “Urban Forest Maintenance and Non-Maintenance Costs and Benefits.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/urban-forest-maintenance-and-non.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2014. “Tree Dwelling Symbionts: Dodder, Lichen, Mistletoe, Moss and Woe-Vine.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/tree-dwelling-symbionts-dodder-lichen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 October 2014. “Tree Cable Installation Systems Lessen Target Impact From Tree Failure.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/tree-cable-installation-systems-lessen.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 August 2014. “Flood Tolerant Trees in Worst-Case Floodplain and Urbanized Scenarios.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/08/flood-tolerant-trees-in-worst-case.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 June 2014. “Integrated Vegetation Management of Plants in Utility Rights-of-Way.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/06/integrated-vegetation-management-of.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 April 2014. “Tree Twig Identification: Buds, Bundle Scars, Leaf Drops, Leaf Scars.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/04/tree-twig-identification-buds-bundle.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 February 2014. “Tree Twig Anatomy: Ecosystem Stress, Growth Rates, Winter Identification.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/tree-twig-anatomy-ecosystem-stress.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2013. “Community and Tree Safety Awareness During Line- and Road-Clearances.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/community-and-tree-safety-awareness.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2013. “Chain-Saw Gear and Tree Work Related Personal Protective Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/chain-saw-gear-and-tree-work-related.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 October 2013. “Storm Damaged Tree Clearances: Matched Teamwork of People to Equipment.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/10/storm-damaged-tree-clearances-matched.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 August 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Damage Assessments: Pre-Storm Planned Preparedness.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/storm-induced-tree-damage-assessments.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 June 2013. “Storm Induced Tree Failures From Heavy Tree Weights and Weather Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/storm-induced-tree-failures-from-heavy.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 April 2013. “Urban Tree Root Management Concerns: Defects, Digs, Dirt, Disturbance.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/04/urban-tree-root-management-concerns.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 February 2013. “Tree Friendly Beneficial Soil Microbes: Inoculations and Occurrences.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/tree-friendly-beneficial-soil-microbes.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 December 2012. “Healthy Urban Tree Root Crown Balances: Soil Properties, Soil Volumes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/healthy-urban-tree-root-crown-balances.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 October 2012. “Tree Adaptive Growth: Tree Risk Assessment of Tree Failure, Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/10/tree-adaptive-growth-tree-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 August 2012. “Tree Risk Assessment Mitigation Reports: Tree Removal, Tree Retention?” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/08/tree-risk-assessment-mitigation-reports.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2012. “Internally Stressed, Response Growing, Wind Loaded Tree Strength.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/06/internally-stressed-response-growing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 April 2012. “Three Tree Risk Assessment Levels: Limited Visual, Basic and Advanced.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/04/three-tree-risk-assessment-levels.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Risk Ratings for Targets and Trees.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment-risk.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 February 2012. “Qualitative Tree Risk Assessment: Falling Trees Impacting Targets.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/02/qualitative-tree-risk-assessment.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 December 2011. “Tree Risk Assessment: Tree Failures From Defects and From Wind Loads.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/12/tree-risk-assessment-tree-failures-from.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 October 2011. “Five Tree Felling Plan Steps for Successful Removals and Worker Safety.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/10/five-tree-felling-plan-steps-for.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 August 2011. “Natives and Non-Natives as Successfully Urbanized Plant Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/08/natives-and-non-natives-as-successfully.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 June 2011. “Tree Ring Patterns for Ecosystem Ages, Dates, Health and Stress.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/06/tree-ring-patterns-for-ecosystem-ages.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 April 2011. “Benignly Ugly Tree Disorders: Oak Galls, Powdery Mildew, Sooty Mold, Tar Spot.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/04/benignly-ugly-tree-disorders-oak-galls.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 February 2011. “Tree Load Can Turn Tree Health Into Tree Failure or Tree Fatigue.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2011/02/tree-load-can-turn-tree-health-into.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 December 2010. “Tree Electrical Safety Knowledge, Precautions, Risks and Standards.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2010/12/tree-electrical-safety-knowledge.html

O'Connor, Alison Stoven; James E. Klett; and Anthony J. Koski. July 2018. "Container Type Affects Root Development of Chanticleer® Pear (Pyrus calleryana 'Glen's Form') During Landscape Establishment." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, vol. 44, no. 4: 165-173.

The Purdue Arboretum @ThePurdueArboretum. 17 December 2016. "The multi-colored fall foliage of this Chanticleer Callery Pear (Pyrus calleryana 'Glen's Form' [sold as Chanticleer (R)]) is striking even during a snow storm!" Facebook.
Available @ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=585837724958022

Saturday, July 28, 2018

American Chestnut Trees for Elementary Season Six's Meet Your Maker

Summary: Sherlock Holmes equates examining clues to extracting peas under shells from American chestnut trees on Elementary's Meet Your Maker July 23, 2018.

American chestnut (Castanea dentata), under synonym Castanea vesca; illustration of American chestnut tree full-grown fruit (fig. 1), leaves, catkin and nut (fig. 2) by French natural history artist Pancrace Bessa (Jan. 1, 1772-June 11, 1846); F.A. Michaux, The North American Sylva, vol. III (1819), Plate 104 (CIV), opposite page 9: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Accumulating pea-like clues from the severed quarters of one- to three-seeded shells from American chestnut trees allegorizes detective work in the Elementary procedural drama series episode Meet Your Maker July 23, 2018.

Director Ron Fortunato and writers Robert Doherty, Robert Hewitt Wolfe and Kelly Wheeler blend abduction, black-market weapons and forced labor in the sixth season's 12th episode. Her sister Lin Wen's (Samantha Quan) real estate company colleague, Derek Clay (Sean Meehan), contacts Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) concerning missing acquaintance Maria Rodriguez (Mirla Pereira). Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller) describes the difficulties in determining which of about 36 same-named New Yorkers within a 30-mile (48.28-kilometer) radius disappeared four days ago.

Sherlock equates examining every 20-plus- to 30-plus-year-old Maria Rodriguez to "dogged drudgery of chasing down every lead, upending every chestnut shell to find that metaphorical pea."

Finding peas (Pisum sativum, from Greek πίσον, píson, "pea" and Latin satīvum, "sown") under 1.89- to 2.95-inch (48- to 75-centimeter) diameter burrs frustrates all New Yorkers.

American chestnut trees grow scantily, unobtrusively in the Fagaceae (from Latin fāgus, "beech" and -āceae, "resembling") family member's distribution ranges in one province and 30 states. Surviving American chestnuts outside Brooklyn Heights harvest spring through fall leaves, summer flowers and fruits and summer through fall seeds in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin. American chestnut trees, identified by Humphry Marshall (Oct. 10, 1722-Nov. 5, 1801) and Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (Dec. 3, 1760-Nov. 30, 1806), increase by cuttings and seeds.

American chestnut trees juggle broad-based, pointed-tip, red-brown, 0.47- to 0.98-inch- (12- to 25-millimeter-) long and wide seeds in four-sutured, green burrs with 0.47-inch- (12-millimeter-) long spines.

American chestnut trees keep hardy in temperature minimums between minus 4 and 5 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 and minus 15 degrees Celsius) on Sherlock's brownstone rooftop.

American chestnut trees, as monoecious (from Greek μόνος, mónos, "single" and οἰκία, oikía, "house") woody plants, lodge separate female and male downy, spike-like, stalked, green-white-yellow catkins. Leaf bases near green, hairless, slender twigs manifest many June- and July-growing 0.19-inch- (5-millimeter-) long male flowers in 5.91- to 7.87-inch (150- to 200-millimeter-) long catkins. Less numerous, similarly strong-scented female flowers of American chestnut trees, named scientifically Castanea dentata (from Greek καστάνεια, kastánea, "chestnut" and dentata, "toothed"), net 0.39-inch (10-millimeter) lengths.

American chestnut trees organize hairy, pointed-tip, wedge-based, yellow-green leaves with hairless undersides and toothed margins on alternate-located, semi-angled 0.32- to 1.58-inch- (8- to 40-millimeter-) long stalks.

Shiny, 3.54- to 11.81-inch- (90- to 300-millimeter-) long, 1.18- to 3.94-inch- (30- to 100-millimeter-) wide leaves possess parallel-lined veins from foliar midribs to curved, marginal teeth.

American chestnut trees queue up alongside bundle-scarred, semi-elevated, semi-oval leaf-scars blunt-pointed, broad-based 0.19- to 0.32-inch- (5- to 8-millimeter-) long side buds with three smooth brown-green-yellow scales. Blighted 9.84- to healthy 114.83-foot- (3- to 35-meter-) tall, 3.94-inch to 3.94-foot (100-millimeter- to 1.2-meter) diameter trees reveal 0.79- to 1.97-inch- (20- to 50-millimeter-) thick bark. Mixed birch, conifer, hickory, maple and oak upland Appalachian forests with clayey, loamy, moist, rocky, semi-acidic, sunny, well-drained soils sustain black-brown-, furrow-, ridge-barked, rounded-crown, stout-branched trees.

Sherlock's brownstone rooftop theoretically tenders American chestnut trees 60- to 70-plus-year lifespans in soil pHs 4 to 6 at maximum 3,937.01-foot (1,200-meter) altitudes above sea level.

Sherlock Holmes (Jonny Lee Miller), Joan Watson (Lucy Liu) and Detective Marcus Bell (Jon Michael Hall) upend "every chestnut shell to find that metaphorical pea" in CBS Elementary tv series' Meet Your Maker (season 6 episode 12): CBS Elementary promotional photo via SpoilerTV July 19, 2018

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

American chestnut (Castanea dentata), under synonym Castanea vesca; illustration of American chestnut tree leaf, full-grown fruit (fig. 1), catkin and nut (fig. 2) by French natural history artist Pancrace Bessa (Jan. 1, 1772-June 11, 1846); engraved by J.N. Joly; F.A. Michaux, The North American Sylva, vol. III (1819), Plate 104 (CIV), opposite page 9: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NAS-104_Castanea_dentata.png;
University of Pittsburgh Library System, Copyright Status: Not provided. Contact Holding Institution to verify copyright status, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29147431;
via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/northamericansyl03mich/page/n23/mode/1up;
(1853; Plate 104, between pages 6 and 7, Not in copyright, via Internet Archive @ https://archive.org/details/northamericansyl31853mich/page/n24/mode/1up;
Not in copyright, via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51642864;
Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr @ https://www.flickr.com/photos/biodivlibrary/47869901331/

Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar. 1800. Theoretisches-praktisches Handbuch der Forstbotanik und Forsttechnologie, erster theil (April-Mai 1800): 741. Giessen und Darmstadt, Germany: Georg Friedrich Heyer.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London, England: George Newnes Ltd., 1892.

"1. Castanea dentata." Flora of North America > Family List > FNA Vol. 3 > Fagaceae > Castanea.
Available @ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500325

"Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh." Tropicos® > Name Search.
Available @ http://www.tropicos.org/Name/13100209

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 July 2018. “Bird's-Eye Pipe Tobacco and Trichinopoly Cigars: Elementary's Long Way.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/birds-eye-pipe-tobacco-and-trichinopoly.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 July 2018. “Elementary's Adventure of Ersatz Sobekneferu: West African Crocodiles.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/elementarys-adventure-of-ersatz.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 July 2018. “Blue Wildebeests and Tarragon Tea on Elementary's Nobody Lives Forever.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/07/blue-wildebeests-and-tarragon-tea-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 June 2018. “Vermont Black Bears and Elementary's Sand Trap Episode June 18, 2018.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/vermont-black-bears-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 16 June 2018. “Elementary Sober Companions, Amethysts and Agiorgitiko Red Wine Grapes.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementary-sober-companions-amethysts.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 10 June 2018. “Elementary's Give Me the Finger: Not the Southeast Asian Fruit Durian.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementarys-give-me-finger-not.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 9 June 2018. “Elementary's Give Me the Finger: Floppy Disks Dinosaurs Like Grallator.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/elementarys-give-me-finger-floppy-disks.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 June 2018. “Bird Flu on Elementary's Bits and Pieces and Wild Red Junglefowl.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/06/bird-flu-on-elementarys-bits-and-pieces.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 26 May 2018. “Boxing Kangaroos and Elementary Season 6 Episode 4 Our Time Is Up.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/boxing-kangaroos-and-elementary-season.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 20 May 2018. “American Staffordshire Terrier and Elementary's Pushing Buttons.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/american-staffordshire-terrier-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 May 2018. “Cassowaries and Elementary's Pushing Buttons Episode May 14, 2018.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/cassowaries-and-elementarys-pushing.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 May 2018. “Monoceros Unicorns: Puzzles Once You've Ruled Out God on Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/monoceros-unicorns-puzzles-once-youve.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 5 May 2018. “Sumatran Tigers and Elementary's An Infinite Capacity for Taking Pains.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/05/sumatran-tigers-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 November 2016. “Green Tree Python Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/green-tree-python-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 November 2016. “Eastern Poison Ivy Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Henny Penny.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/eastern-poison-ivy-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 November 2016. “Galápagos Marine Iguana Natural History Illustrations and Elementary.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/11/galapagos-marine-iguana-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 October 2016. "China's Imperial Jade Heirloom Seal Worth Several Cities on Elementary." Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/10/chinas-imperial-jade-heirloom-seal.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 May 2016. “Mopane Worm Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/mopane-worm-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 6 May 2016. “Johannes Vermeer Painting The Astronomer: Elementary's Invisible Hand.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/05/johannes-vermeer-painting-astronomer.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 March 2016. “Shih Tzu Dog Breed and Elementary's Up to Heaven and Down to Hell.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/03/shih-tzu-dog-breed-and-elementarys-up.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 19 February 2016. “Mushroom Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's A Study in Charlotte.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2016/02/mushroom-botanical-illustrations-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2015. "Black-Capped Central American Squirrel Monkeys and Elementary Series." Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/black-capped-central-american-squirrel.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2015. “Tienchi-Flower Tea and Elementary's Evidence of Things Not Seen.” Earth and Space News. Sunday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/11/tienchi-flower-tea-and-elementarys.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 April 2015. “Pablo Picasso Painting Woman Reading on Elementary's A Stitch in Time.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2018/03/pablo-picasso-painting-woman-reading-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 February 2015. “Extinct Quagga Plains Zebra on Elementary's The Female of the Species.” Earth and Space News. Saturday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/extinct-quagga-plains-zebra-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 23 January 2015. “Elementary's Yellow Clivia and Yellow Clivia Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2015/01/elementarys-yellow-clivia-and-yellow.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 12 December 2014. “Elementary's Nutmeg Concoction and Nutmeg Botanical Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/12/elementarys-nutmeg-concoction-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 November 2014. “Elementary's Bird in Blue-Throated Macaw Natural History Illustrations.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/11/elementarys-bird-in-blue-throated-macaw.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 October 2014. “Bearded Dragon Natural History Illustrations: Not Elementary's Nemesis.” Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/10/bearded-dragon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 2 May 2014. “Ficus Benjamina Botanical Illustrations and Elementary's Stunted Tree.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/05/ficus-benjamina-botanical-illustrations.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 February 2014. “Dimetrodon Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dimetrodon.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/02/dimetrodon-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 January 2014. “Nanotyrannus Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Dead Clade Walking.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/nanotyrannus-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 13 December 2013. “Fruit in Osage Orange Botanical Illustrations and Elementary Series.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/12/fruit-in-osage-orange-botanical.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 November 2013. “George Stubbs Painting The Godolphin Arabian and Elementary's Nutmeg.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/george-stubbs-painting-godolphin.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 15 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Darley Arabian and Elementary's Studhorse.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-darley-arabian.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 8 November 2013. “John Wootton Painting The Byerley Turk and Elementary's Thoroughbreds.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/11/john-wootton-painting-byerley-turk-and.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 30 August 2013. “Turner Fighting Temeraire Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/08/turner-fighting-temeraire-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 7 June 2013. “Paul Gauguin Painting Tahitian Women on the Beach in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/06/paul-gauguin-painting-tahitian-women-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 31 May 2013. “Rubens Painting The Incredulity of St Thomas in Elementary's The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/rubens-painting-incredulity-of-st.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 24 May 2013. “Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Painting Rousse in Elementary Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/henri-de-toulouse-lautrec-painting.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 17 May 2013. “The Bruegel Painted Parable in the Elementary Series Episode The Woman.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-bruegel-painted-parable-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 22 February 2013. “Osmia Avosetta Natural History Illustrations for Elementary's Bee.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/osmia-avosetta-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 1 February 2013. “Russian Tortoise Natural History Illustrations and Elementary's Clyde Jan. 31, 2013.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/02/russian-tortoise-natural-history.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 25 January 2013. “Costliest, World-Most Expensive Chopard Watch: 201 Carats at $25 Million.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/costliest-world-most-expensive-chopard.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 18 January 2013. “Chopard Watch Worth $25 Million on Elementary Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/chopard-watch-worth-25-million-on.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 11 January 2013. “Claude Monet Painting Nympheas 1918 in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/claude-monet-painting-nympheas-1918-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 4 January 2013. “Paul Cézanne Still Life Painting Fruit in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2013/01/paul-cezanne-still-life-painting-fruit.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 28 December 2012. “Paul Signac Painting Women at the Well in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/paul-signac-painting-women-at-well-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 21 December 2012. “The Van Gogh Pietà Painting in Elementary Series Episode The Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-van-gogh-pieta-painting-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 14 December 2012. “Edward Hopper Painting Western Motel in Elementary Series' Leviathan.” Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/12/edward-hopper-painting-western-motel-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. 29 September 2012. "Are Lesser Clovers Sherlock's Lucky Shamrocks on Elementary's Pilot?" Earth and Space News. Friday.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2012/09/are-lesser-clovers-sherlocks-lucky.html

Marshall, Humphry. 1785. "Fagus-Castanea: The Chesnut Tree. 1. Fagus-Castanea dentata. American Chesnut Tree." Arbustrum Americanum: The American Grove, Or, An Alphabetical Catalogue of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States, Arranged According to the Linnæan System: 46-47. Philadelphia PA: Joseph Crukshank, M.DCC.LXXXV.
Available via Google Books @ https://books.google.com/books?id=zUA4iXBhQvwC
Available via HathiTrust @ https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044107269326?urlappend=%3Bseq=72

Michaux, F. Andrew (François André). 1819. "American Chestnut." The North American Sylva, or A Description of the Forest Trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia, Considered Particularly With Respect to Their Use in the Arts, and Their Introduction Into Commerce; To Which Is Added A Description of the Most Useful of the European Forest Trees. Vol. III: 9-14. Paris, France: C. D'Hautel.
Available via Biodiversity Heritage Library @ https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29147431

Schoenherr, John. 8 April 2008. "Humphrey [sic]) Marshall." Find A Grave > Memorials > Region > North America > USA > Pennsylvania > Chester County > West Chester > Bradford Friends Burying Ground > Find A Grave Memorial 25835522.
Available @ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/25835522/humphrey-marshall