Earth and Space News: August 2024

Wednesday, August 28, 2024

Uranus Moon Perdita Was Found May 1999 in January 1986 Voyager 2 Images

Summary: Uranian moon Perdita was found May 18, 1999, in images taken Jan. 18, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Uranian moon Perdita was discovered Tuesday, May 18, 1999, in images obtained Saturday, Jan. 18, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Perdita groups as one of 11 satellites of Uranus imaged by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager 2 during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of icy, planetary side-spinner Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. Voyager 2 returned more than 7,000 photographs to the Voyager Science Imaging Team during the probe's observational Uranian encounter from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

The discovery of the new Uranian satellite 13 years 4 months after its appearance in Voyager 2 images taken Saturday, Jan. 18, 1986, was announced in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was communicated by Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona. The new satellite appeared in seven Voyager 2 images that Karkoschka had compared with images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), one of NASA's series of four Great Observatories satellites. The yet-unnamed Perdita was credited with an estimated diameter of 40 kilometers, based upon an assumedly similar albedo to that of proximitous satellites, and an orbital radius of 76,416 kilometers.

The Voyager 2 probe's instrumentation includes a two-camera system comprising a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm)and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 millimeters. As with all Uranian satellites imaged by Voyager 2, Perdita was found in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

Yet-unnamed Perdita, labelled as rediscovered Uranian inner satellite S/1986 U10 (lower left), in Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) High Resolution Channel (HRC) image, exposure date Aug. 25, 2003, created from HST data from proposal 9823; M. Showalter (Stanford University/NASA Ames) and J. Lissauer (NASA Ames); image release date September 25, 2003 11:00AM (EDT); Release ID 2003-29: May be freely used as in the public domain, via NASA Hubblesite

Perdita is categorized as an inner satellite. The orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five major satellites, parameterizes the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites. Perdita's orbit lies between the ν (nu) and μ (mu) rings, the respectively 12th and 13th outermost rings in the Uranian system.

Perdita qualifies as one of nine members of the Portia Group of Uranian satellites. The Portia Group is headed by and named after its largest member, Portia (S/1986 U1). Belinda (S/1986 U5), Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4) join Perdita and Portia as the group's other seven members.

Similarities in orbits and photometric properties unite the Portia Group, as explained in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by the group's definer and namer, Erich Karkoschka. The study's photometric analyses considered 41 images taken in 1997 with the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS).

The Portia Group evinces short-term and long-term orbital instability and such potentially "chaotic behavior" as orbit crossings or collisions, as researched by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. The Portia Group also exhibits specific member pairings. The trio of Cupid, Belinda and Perdita exhibits "quite strong coupled behavior" (3.2 Orbital Variations in the Time Domain), with Belinda "sandwiched between" Perdita as the trio's outermost satellite and Cupid as the innermost satellite (3.4.2 Cupid, Belinda, and Perdita).

The Portia Group's nine members concentrate between the ε (epsilon) ring and the outermost μ (mu) ring. Their "tightly packed" orbits cover a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, as determined in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites."

Perdita's name remembers the daughter of Leontes, King of Sicily, and Hermione, Queen of Sicily, in A Winter's Tale, a romantic, happily-ending play first published in 1623 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name complies with the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union also has appended systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII to the names and provisional designations of 27 Uranian satellites. Perdita is designated Uranus XXV, abbreviated as UXXV.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Near-infrared (NIR) wide-field image obtained Monday, Sep. 4, 2023, by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap and dim inner and outer rings; annotations identify nine of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites (top, clockwise: Perdita, Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet) and Titania (upper left center), Oberon (upper right center), Umbriel (center right), Miranda (lower center) and Ariel (lower center right) as the system's five major moons; image credits NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI: Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (first arrow; upper right edge) designation of Perdita as "1986 U 10," with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

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Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Belinda Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 24, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/uranian-moon-belinda-was-discovered-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Bianca Was Discovered Jan. 23, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 21, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/08/uranian-moon-bianca-was-discovered-jan.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Cordelia Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 20, 1986." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/02/uranian-moon-cordelia-was-discovered-in.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Cressida Was Discovered Jan. 9, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 10, 2024.
Available @ https://earth-and-space-news.blogspot.com/2024/07/uranian-moon-cressida-was-discovered.html

Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Desdemona Was Discovered in Voyager 2 Images Jan. 13, 1986." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 31, 2024.
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Juliet Was Discovered Jan. 3, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, July 3, 2024.
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Ophelia Was Discovered Jan. 20, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, Aug. 14, 2024.
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Marriner, Derdriu. "Uranian Moon Portia Was Discovered Jan. 3, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images." Earth and Space News. Wednesday, June 26, 2024.
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Monday, August 26, 2024

Backbone and Chief’s Fishline Awe ‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch

Summary: Backbone and Chief’s Fishline, as respective Kaiwikuamoo and Manaiakalani navigational star families and star lines, awe ‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch.

"God talks to human beings through many vectors: through each other, through organized religion, through the great books of those religions, through wise people, through art and music and literature and poetry, but nowhere with such detail and grace and color and joy as through creation. When we destroy a species, when we destroy a special place, we're diminishing our capacity to sense the divine, understand who God is and what our own potential is." Robert Francis Kennedy Jr., April 19, 2023, Boston Park Plaza Hotel, Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts.

“And there’s many people out there who want us to move to the next planet already and I’m like, hang on, let’s not give up on this planet yet," William, Prince of Wales, July 31, 2023, Sorted Food food truck, London, England, United Kingdom.

Star maps abound with such ancient Hawaiian cultural aspects as the Kaiwikuamoo (from Hawaiian ka iwi kua mo’o, “the bone[y] back [of the] lizard”) star line. The afore-mentioned star line, as navigational star family, accommodates akau (‘ākau, north, “right [of west-ensconced sun]”) to koolau (north, from Hawaiian ko’olau, “windward”) horizons by the mythological backbone of the lizard. It accounts for Kaiwi-kuamo’o Kekua-o-kalani as the alternate appellation of Keaoua Kekua-o-kalani (died Dec. 1819), nephew of King Kamehameha I (1736?-May 8?/14?, 1819) and rebel against the afore-mentioned uncle’s son, Kamehameha II (Nov. 1797-Jul 14, 1824). Perhaps he added that alternate appellation that addresses Mo’o, who, as mythological Hawaiian archipelago (group of islands, from Greek ἀρχι- πέλαγος, "main sea") protectors and water spirits, adore mischievous actions that not always agree with moon goddess Hina (from Hawaiian hina, “prostrate”). Hina aligns with the other evening- and night-sky navigational star family, Manaiakalani (Mānaiakalani, from Hawaiian māna ia ka lani, “hook fish the chief[Māui‘s]”); Sunday, May 3, 2009, 17:27, image of Keaoua Kekua-o-kalani's gravesite, listed on National Register of Historic Places in the United States of America as reference number 74000714: W Nowicki, CC BY 3.0 Unported, via Wikimedia Commons

Backbone and Chief’s Fishline, respectively as the Kaiwikuamoo and the Manaiakalani star lines among four navigational star families associated, one per quadrant, with the celestrial sphere, awe ‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch.

Kaiwikuamoo and Manaiakalani (from Hawaiian ka iwi kua mo’o, “the bone[y] back [the] lizard[‘s]”; māna ia ka lani, “hook fish the chief[‘s]”) lines beautify sunless skies. Hawaii-state skies over University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii County and island (from Hawaiian hilo, “thread”; ha wai ‘i, “breath life-force supreme”) configure them 8:00 p.m. onward. Eight p.m. Hawaii-Aleutian Time (HAST) denotes 4:00 Chamorro, 7:00 Samoa, 10:00 Alaska, 11:00 Pacific, midnight next-day Mountain, 1:00 a.m. Central, 2:00 Eastern, 3:00 Atlantic Time onward.

The Backbone Kaiwikuamoo, exiting akau’s (‘ākau, north, “right [of west-ensconced sun]”) Hokupaa (North Star, from Hawaiian hōkū pa’a, “star immovable”), enters ho’olua (northwest, “[rain-bearing strong] wind”).

Nahiku (Big Dipper, from Hawaiian Nā Hiku ka Huihui a Makali’i, “the seven of cluster of eyes/stars little [= Pleiades]”) faces northwestwardly the hoolua, northwest horizon.

Hokuleʻa (Arcturus, from Hawaiian Hōkūleʻa, “star clear/happy”) gazes westward to the komohana (west, “[where sun] enters [sea]”) horizon, where nothing celestially gleams, glistens, glitters or glows. Hema (south, “left [of west-ensconced sun]”), malanai (southeast, “gentle breeze”), hikina (“east”), koolau (north, from Hawaiian ko’olau, “windward”), akau horizons hold night-sky I’a (Milky Way, “fish”). Hikianalia (Spica, from Hawaiian hiki, “star") and Me’e (Corvus [from Latin corvus, “crow, raven"]; Marquesan me’e, “voice of joy”; Hawaiian me’e, “admired/hero/heroic/heroine/prominent”) illuminate the komohana horizon.

Akau, hoolua, komohana, kona, hema and akau, koolau, hikina, malanai, hema horizons respectively jubilate Backbone and Chief’s Fishline star lines during ‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch.

The hema horizon knows the I’a galaxy as the southernmost kindling that August evening and night skies keepsake even as the akau horizon keeps one constellation.

I’a galaxy launches banded, faint, pale, white light even as the constellation Iwakelii (Cassiopeia, from Hawaiian ‘iwa ali’i, “frigatebird [Fregata minor] chief”), letters M- or W-like. The malanai horizon musters, as southern manifestation of Chief’s Fishline Manaiakalani Kamakaunuiamaui (Scorpius, from Hawaiian ka makau nui a māui, “the fishhook big of [demi-god] Māui”). Pimoe (Sagittarius, from Hawaiian pī moe, “sparse sleep”) nestles into niches northerly to Maui’s (from Hawaiian māui, “bruise, sprain”) big fishhook, southerly to the Navigator’s Triangle.

‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch offers night-sky observers the Backbone Kaiwikuamoo and the Chief’s Fishline Manaiakalani star lines obtaining ordinary occupancies organized over north-south, south-north orientations.

Humu, Keoe and Piraetea (Altair, Vega, Deneb, from Hawaiian humu, “fishhook-hole”; keoe, “sweet potato”; pira'etea, “white sea-swallow”) perch within the asterism presented as The Navigator’s Triangle.

Aquila bright-star Humu, Lyra bright-star Keoe, Cygnus bright-star Piraetea respectively queue ka huinakolu a ka ho’okele (“the triangle of the navigator”) along hikina, hikina-koolau, koolau horizons. The constellations recognized as Aquila, Lyra and Cygnus (from Latin aquila, “eagle”; Greek λῠ́ρᾱ, “lyre”; Greek κύκνος, “swan”) respectively regale hikina, hikina and koolau, koolau horizons. Hazy, milk-white, streaming I’a, perhaps 30 degrees in its strongest width, stretches from between north-northeast horizons; through east, southeast, south horizons; to between south-southwesterly leeward horizons.

‘Imiloa August 2024 Sky Watch nightly teams the Backbone Kaiwikuamoo and the Chief’s Fishline Manaiakalani navigational star families with the constellation Iwakelii and the galaxy I’a.

Manaiakalani (from Hawaiian māna ia ka lani, “hook fish the chief[‘s]”) star line, as navigational star family, allowed ancient Hawaiians, as it allows modern Hawaiians, to ally northwest to southwest, Hoolua, Komohana and Kona (from Hawaiian ho’olua, “northwest, “[rain-bearing strong] wind”]”; komo, “west, “[where sun] enters [sea]”; kona, “leeward”) horizons. That magic fish hook of Chief Maui (Māui, from Hawaiian māui, “bruise, sprain”) sometimes anchored a baited wing of the alae (gallinule, moorhen, mudhen, red coot, from Hawaiian ‘alae [Gallinula galeata sandvicensis]”) bird so appreciated by moon goddess Hina (from Hawaiian hina, “prostrate”); Gallinula sandvicensis, illustrated and lithographed by English zoological artist and lepidopterist Frederick William Frohawk (July 16, 1861-Dec. 10, 1946) in Scott B. Wilson and A.H. Evans, Aves Hawaiiensis: The Birds of the Sandwich Islands (1890-1899), Plate 57: Biodiversity Heritage Library (BioDivLibrary), Public Domain, via Flickr

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

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Wednesday, August 21, 2024

Uranian Moon Bianca Was Discovered Jan. 23, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images

Summary: Uranian moon Bianca was discovered in images taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Bianca, new Uranian satellite discovered Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, in discovery image obtained by NASA's Voyager 2 robotic space probe: NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Uranian moon Bianca was discovered in images acquired Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Bianca participates is the group of 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of the cyan-colored, planetary side-spinner, Uranus, from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. The Voyager 2 probe's observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, yielded more than 7,000 photographs for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Voyager Science Imaging Team, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

The discovery of the new Uranian satellite by way of Voyager images taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, was revealed in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was detailed y American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the ninth Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Bianca was designated provisionally as S/1986 U9, as stated in the circular from the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Bianca was profiled with a revolution period of 10.38 hours and an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 59,100 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 50 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 50 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 50 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemic Roman numeral designation Uranus XV, abbreviated UXV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

The two-camera system carried by Voyager 2 features a wide-angle camera with a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm)and a narrow-angle camera with a focal length of 200 millimeters. As with all Uranian satellites imaged by Voyager 2, Bianca emerged in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

Bianca is considered an inner satellite. The Uranian system's 13 inner satellites orbit within the orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five major moons. Bianca's orbit falls within the ε (epsilon) and ν (nu) rings, the respectively 11th and 12th outermost rings in the Uranian system.

Bianca participates in the Portia Group of Uranian satellites. The nine-member group is headed by and named after its largest member, Portia (S/1986 U1). The group's other seven members are Belinda (S/1986 U5), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4). The group shares similar orbits and photometric properties, as explained in "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by the group's definer and namer, Erich Karkoschka, planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona.

Bianca and Portia Group members Belinda, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet and Rosalind present a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The findings source from a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), as shared by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. The authors acknowledge Erich Karkoschka's previous formation of the Portia Group in 2001 on the basis of "similar photometric behavior."

Short-term and long-term orbital instability and the potential for such "chaotic behavior" as orbit crossings or collisions characterize the Portia Group, as determined by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Portia Group member pairings occur. Interactions with nearest neighbor Cressida dominate Bianca's orbital variations. Cressida exhibits "coupled behavior" with both Bianca and Cressida's closest neighbor, Desdemona. Bianca, Cressida and Desdemona comprise an "interlocked trio" in which not only do Biance-sourced perturbations potentially effect orbital chaos in interactions between Cressida and Desdemona but also perturbations by Desdemona potentially and chaotically disrupt interactions between Bianca and Cressida, according to the team's research.

The Portia Group's nine members crowd between the ε (epsilon) ring and the outermost μ (mu) ring. Their "tightly packed" orbits cover a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, as determined in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites."

Bianca namesakes the sister of Katherine, the lead female character in The Taming of the Shrew, a comic play first published in 1600 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name exemplifies the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union additionally identified 27 Uranian satellites with systemic Roman numeral designations I to XXVII. Bianca is designated Uranus VIII, abbreviated as UVIII.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

Bianca, new Uranian satellite discovered Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, in discovery image obtained by NASA's Voyager 2 robotic space probe: NASA, Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inset-ura_bianca-large.gif

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (third arrow; left edge) designation of Bianca, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Images were taken Monday, July 28, 1997, with second (right) obtained 90 minutes after the first, by NASA Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS); annotated image (right) identifies eight of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites as (top, clockwise) Belinda, Puck (upper right), Portia, Bianca, Cressida, Juliet, Desdemona and Rosalind; image credit NASA/JPL/STScI; image Addition Date: 1999-05-21: May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Photojournal @ https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01278; credits Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA: Public Domain, via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/1997/36/560-Image.html; Permissions Content Use Policy (Public Domain), via NASA Hubblesite @ https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/1997/news-1997-36.html

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