Earth and Space News: Uranian Moon Portia Was Discovered Jan. 3, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images

Summary: Uranian moon Portia was discovered in images obtained Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

"Three of the moons discovered by Voyager 2: 1986U1, 1986U3, and 1986U4. January 18, 1986. Range 4.8 million miles"; image obtained by Voyager 2 on Saturday, Jan. 18, 1986, captures (top to bottom) Cressida (S/1986U3) nine days after Thursday, Jan. 9, discovery; Rosalind (S/1986U4) five days after Monday, Jan. 13 discovery; and Portia (S/1986U1) 15 days after Portia's Friday, Jan. 3, discovery: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech, May be used for any purpose without prior permission, via NASA JPL Voyager Mission

Uranian moon Portia was discovered in images taken Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, by Voyager 2 during the interstellar and planetary space probe's flyby of the seventh planet from the sun.

Portia numbers among 11 satellites of Uranus that Voyager 2 imaged during the robotic interstellar spacecraft's flyby of the side-spinning, planetary ice giant Uranus from late autumn 1985 through winter 1986. During its observational encounter with the Uranian system from Monday, Nov. 4, 1985, to Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1986, the space probe provided the Voyager Science Imaging Team with more than 7,000 photographs, according to John Uri, NASA Johnson Space Center's History Office manager, in "35 Years Ago: Voyager 2 Explores Uranus," posted Jan. 22, 2021, on the NASA website.

Discoveries of two satellites via Voyager 2 images taken Friday, Jan. 3, 1986, were announced in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4164, dated Jan. 16, 1986, by the publication's editor, British lost asteroid and comet tracker Brian G. (Geoffrey) Marsden (Aug. 5, 1937-Nov. 18, 2010). The discovery information was conveyed by American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist B.A. (Bradford Adelbert) Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) on behalf of the Voyager Science Imaging Team. As the first new satellite of Uranus discovered in 1986, the yet-unnamed Portia received the provisional designation of S/1986 U1, according to the announcement in the circular issued by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT). Portia was configured with a revolution period of 12.32 hours; an orbital semimajor axis, or, primary body-to-secondary (orbiting) body mean distance, of 66,090 kilometers; and a satellite radius of 50 kilometers.

The satellite radius was corrected to the satellite diameter of 50 kilometers, according to Marsden's "Corrigendum" in International Astronomical Union Circular (IAUC) No. 4165, dated Jan. 17, 1986. The satellite's estimated diameter subsequently was confirmed at 50 kilometers by recalculations occasioned by a newly measured albedo of approximately 0.05 for Puck (provisionally designated S/1985 U1; systemically designated Roman numeral XV), according to IAUC No. 4168, dated Jan. 27, 1968.

Portia shared its discovery date with Juliet. As the second new Uranian satellite discovered in 1986, yet-unnamed Juliet received the provisional designation of S/1986 U2.

Voyager 2 carries a two-camera system. Its wide-angle camera has a focal length (f) of 1500 millimeters (mm). Its narrow-angle camera has a focal length of 200 millimeters. Portia and Juliet were discerned in 15.36-second exposures obtained by the space probe's narrow-angle camera, according to W.M. Owen Jr. and S.P. Synnott in "Orbits of the Ten Small Satellites of Uranus" (page 1268), published in the May 1987 issue of The Astronomical Journal.

Portia is categorized as an inner satellite. The orbits of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites are enclosed within the orbit of Miranda, the innermost and smallest of the system's five major moons. The Uranian system's ν (nu) ring, the second outermost of the system's 13 rings, orbits between Portia and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4), according to Brazilian astrophysicist Rafael Sfair and Brazilian astronomer Silvia Maria Giuliatti Winter in "Orbital evolution of the μ and ν dust ring particles of Uranus" (page 845), published in the October 2009 issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Irregularly shaped astronomical bodies occasion fluctuations in the brightness of rotational lightcurves. Portia's rotational lightcurve profiles as "slightly oblong," according to "Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope," published in the May 2001 issue of Icarus by Erich Karkoschka (born Nov. 6, 1955), planetary scientist at the University of Arizona's (Arizona; U of A; UArizona; UA) Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Tucson, Pima County, south central Arizona.

Portia heads the Portia Group of Uranian satellites. In addition to Portia, the nine-member group comprises Belinda (S/1986 U5), Bianca (S/1986 U9), Cressida (S/1986 U3), Cupid (S/2003 U2), Desdemona (S/1986 U6), Juliet (S/1986 U2), Perdita (S/1986 U10) and Rosalind (S/1986 U 4). The Portia Group displays similarities in orbits and photometric properties, according to the group's definer, Erich Karkoschka.

Portia and Portia Group members Belinda, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet and Rosalind exhibit a "nearly neutral response" at the wavelength range of 1.5 to 2.0 μm in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The findings derived from a multiband photometric analysis of images of the inner Uranian system obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), as reported by French observatory scientist Christophe Dumas, American planetary astronomer and Voyager mission lead imaging scientist Bradford A. Smith (Sep. 22, 1931-July 3, 2018) and American simulation hypothesis supporter and Voyager mission scientist Richard J. (John) Terrile (born March 22, 1951) in "Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck" (page 1083), published in the August 2003 issue of The Astronomical Journal. The authors note Erich Karkoschka's previous identification of the Portia Group in 2001 on the basis of "similar photometric behavior."

Members of the Portia Group densify their orbital space with a radial span of 20,000 kilometers, as noted by American planetary astronomer Richard G. French, American astrophysicist Rebekah I. (Ilene) Dawson and American planetary astronomer Mark R. Showalter in "Resonances, Chaos, and Short-Term Interactions Among the Inner Uranian Satellites" and published in the April 2015 issue of The Astronomical Journal. Their investigations over a timescale of 100 to 1,000 years revealed the domination of orbital eccentricity variations by interactions of one or two neighboring, dynamically-linked satellites. Portia forms an interlinked trio with Desdemona and Juliet.

Portia's name honors the lead female character in The Merchant of Venice, a dramatic, romantically comic play first published in 1600 by Elizabethan poet William Shakespeare (bapt. April 26, 1564-April 23, 1616). The satellite's name adheres to the convention of naming the Uranian system's satellites after characters from Shakespearean plays or from "The Rape of the Lock," a satirical narrative poem first published anonymously in May 1712 by Enlightenment era poet, satirist and translator Alexander Pope (May 21, 1688-May 30, 1744), according to "Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers" on the International Astronomical Union's U.S. Geological Survey-managed Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature website.

The International Astronomical Union has assigned Roman numerals I to XXVII as systemic designations to 27 Uranian satellites. Portia is designated Uranus XII, abbreviated as UXII.

Scott Sander Sheppard (born Feb. 19, 1977), an American astronomer with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, discovered the Uranian system's 28th satellite on Saturday, Nov. 4, 2023. The outer satellite, which has a diameter of 8 kilometers and an orbital period of 680 days, has received the temporary designation of S/2023 U1, according to "New moons of Uranus and Neptune announced," posted as Breaking News Feb. 23, 2024, on the Carnegie Institution of Science website.

Acknowledgment

My special thanks to talented artists and photographers/concerned organizations who make their fine images available on the internet.

Image credits:

"Discovery Image of Satellite 1986 U 10 of Uranus, Erich Karkoschka, University of Arizona, May 1999, Image Taken by Voyager 2 on January 23, 1986," image taken Thursday, Jan. 23, 1986, by Voyager 2 spacecraft's narrow-angle camera shows (bottom) designation of Perdita, with arrow pointing to its location; image credit Voyager 2, NASA, Erich Karkoschka (U. Arizona): Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus'_Satellite_1986_U10_Discovery_Image.jpg; via Internet Archive Wayback Machine @ https://web.archive.org/web/20000815092629/http://science.opi.arizona.edu/pics/disc2.jpg

Near-infrared (NIR) wide-field image obtained Monday, Sep. 4, 2023, by NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals Uranus’s seasonal north polar cap and dim inner and outer rings; annotations identify nine of the Uranian system's 13 inner satellites (top, clockwise: Perdita, Rosalind, Puck, Belinda, Desdemona, Cressida, Bianca, Portia, Juliet) and Titania (upper left center), Oberon (upper right center), Umbriel (center right), Miranda (lower center) and Ariel (lower center right) as the system's five major moons; image credits NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI: Cady Coleman @Astro_Cady, via X (formerly Twitter) Jan. 3, 2024, @ https://twitter.com/Astro_Cady/status/1742597423199846693; NIR image Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons @ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annotated_Moons_of_Uranus.png; via NASA James Webb Space Telescope Mission @ https://www.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-rings-in-holidays-with-ringed-planet-uranus/

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Earth and Space News

Wednesday, June 26, 2024

Uranian Moon Portia Was Discovered Jan. 3, 1986, in Voyager 2 Images

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